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Ⅰ词类: 词类英语名称意义例词 名词TheNoun(缩写为n)表示人或事物的名称Basket,mouth,hospital,year,train 冠词TheArticle(art)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a,an,the 代词ThePronoun(pron)用来代替名词、形容词或数词They,his,him,mine,which,all 形容词TheAdjective(adj)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征Long,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungry 数词TheNumeral(num)表示数量或顺序Three,thirteen,twenty,second 动词TheVerb(v)表示动作或状态Hear,write,swim,eat,borrow,sing 副词TheAdverb(adv)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimes 介词ThePreposition(prep)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From,with,at,into,behind,between,for 连词TheConjunction(conj)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And,or,but,so,because 感叹词TheInterjection(interj)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dear (一)名词: 专有名词:表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China,John,London,theUSA,Harbin. 1.名词个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,apple.可数名词
集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,class,police. 普通名词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton. 抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。如health,help,work,friendship.不可数名词 2.名词的数。可数名词有单复数,不可数名词没有单复数。 3.名词的格:名词有三个格:主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。 (二)冠词 1.定冠词-the. ○1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。Thestudentsareverygood. ○2说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Whereisthetoilet? ○3重复提到上文的人或事物。Ihaveacat,thecatiswhiteandblack. ○4表示世界上独一无二的事物。Themoonmovesaroundtheearth. ○5形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。Iamtheoldest.Heisthefirsttoschool.Iliveinthesouth. ○6洋乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the。Ilikeplayingthepiano/violin. ○7和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人。Weshouldhelpthepoor.但playErhu. ○8放在某些专有名词前。WewillgotovisittheGreatWallnextweek.thePeople’sRepublicofChina. ○9放在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇两人。TheWhitesarewatchingTV.
○10固定词组中。Inthemorning/afternoon/evening. 2.不定冠词-a/an. ○1指人或事物的某一种类。Ahorseisausefulanimal.Atablehasfourlegs. ○2指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Passmeapencil,please.Wewritewithapen. ○3指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。Thebookwaswrittenbyapeasant.Lastmonthwewereworkinginafactory. ○4不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”,如“每日”、“每斤”等。Hereisaletterforyou.Themeatis18yuanakilo.3.零冠词。 ○1泛指人类或男女。Manwillconquernature. ○2抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时,通常不加冠词。Knowledgebeginswithpractice. ○3有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义,其前面也常不加冠词。Wehadbettersendhimtohospitalatonce. ○4在专有名词前一般不用冠词。Chinaisagreatcountry.MrSmithisanartist. ○5在三餐饭、球棋类运动名称之前不用冠词。Heoftengoesoutforawalkaftersupper.SometimesIplaybasketball. ○6在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。September10thisTeachers’Day. ○7称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Grannyissleepingnow.Wecallhimmonitor.
○8在语言名词前,名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时,不用冠词。Thisishisbook.IcanspeakEnglish. ○9不用冠词的惯用语。Atnight/onfood/gototown/athome/inclass/atwork等。 (三)形容词 1.形容词的构成。 ○1简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping. ○2复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking. 2.形容词的用法。 ○1修饰名词作定语。Sheisabeautifulgirl. ○2作表语。Heisverystrong. ○3作宾语补足语。Letthedooropen.Youmustkeepyourclassroomclean. ○4“定冠词+形容词”表示一类人或物,在句子中可作主语或宾语。Weshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely. ○5大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语,但少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语。如:asleep,ill,awake等。 ○6有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如:many,little,wooden,golden等。 3.形容词的位置。 ○1形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。Aheavybox.
○2与表示度量的词连用,形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3metreslong.12kilometersaway. ○3与不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing等连用时,可以放在这些词之后。Somethingimportant.nothingserious. ○4当名词前有多个形容词修饰时,一般按下面的词序排列:冠词(包括物主代词、序数词、基数词)-描述形容词(brave,beautiful)-表示形状(大小、长短、高矮)的形容词-表示年龄或新旧的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词-表示材料、物质的形容词-表示用途或类别的形容词-被修饰的词。Mynicesmallbrownleatherbag.thoselargeroundblackwoodentables. 4.形容词的比较级和最高级。(一般加er/est,不规则见表) ○1原级的用法:“……和……相同” A.肯定句:A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.Heisastallasme. B.否定句:A…+notas+形容词原级+as+B(即A不如B那么…) A…+notso+形容词原级+as+B=A…+less+形容词原级+than+B. ○2比较级的用法: A.A+动词+形容词的比较级+than+B.(A比B更…,在这种句型中,比较级前面可用much,even,still,alittle,abit,alot,any,far等修饰,表示“…得多”,“甚至…”,“更…”,“…一点儿”。 B.“比较级+and+比较级”、“moreandmore+部分双音节或多音节的原级”译为“越来越…”。 ○3最高级的用法:(个体用-of,范围用-in,最高级前面要用定冠词-the) A.三种最高级表示法。
最高级:ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina. 比较级:ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina./ShanghaiislargerthantheothercitiesinChina. 原级:NoothercityisaslargeasShanghaiinChina./NoothercityislargerthanShanghaiinChina.(四)副词 1.副词的种类: ○1时间副词:often,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,justnow… ○2地点副词:here,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywhere… ○3方式副词:hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefully… ○4程度副词:very,quite,much,still,almost,little,too,enough… ○5疑问副词:how,when,where,why… ○6关系副词:when,where,why…(引导定语从句) ○7连接副词:how,when,where,why,whether… ○8频率副词:often,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,everyday,always,hardly… ○9其他副词:really,certainly,surely,maybe… 2.副词的用法: ○1作状语:Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.
○2作定语(要后置):ThestudentsherearefromHarbin. ○3作表语:Imustbeoffnow. ○4作宾补,构成复合宾语:Showhimup.Isawhimoutwithmysisterlastnight. 3.副词的比较级和最高级。(一般加er/est,不规则见表) ○1副词的原级: A.as+副词的原级+as“与…一样” B.notas(so)+副词的原级+as“与…不一样” C.too+副词的原级+todosth.“太…而不能” D.so+副词的原级+that从句“如此…以致于…” E.副词的原级+enoughtodosth.“足够…能做…” ○2副词的比较级: A.A+动词+副词比较级+than+B B.副词比较级前也可以用much,even,still,far,any,alittle,abit,alot等修饰。 C.比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越…”,themore…themore…表示“越…就越…” D.副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词the.(五)数词 1.基数词: 1-1213-1920-90100-
1one13thirteen20twenty100ahundred 2two14fourteen21twenty-one300threehundred 3three15fifteen22twenty-two1,000athousand 4four16sixteen30thirty5,000fivethousand 5five17seventeen40forty1,000,000amillion 6six18eighteen50fifty1,000,000,000abillion 7seven19nineteen60sixty 8eight70seventy 9nine80eighty 10ten90ninety 11eleven 12twelve 2.序数词: 1-1011-1920-90100- 1first1st11eleventh11th20twentieth20th100onehundredth100th 2second2nd12twelfth12th21twenty-first21st103onehundredandthird103rd 3third3rd13thirteenth13th30thirtieth30th134onehundredandthirty-fourth134th 4fourth4th14fourteenth14th37thirty-seventh37th200twohundredth200th
5fifth5th15fifteenth15th40fortieth40th1000onethousandth1,000th 6sixth6th16sixteenth16th50fiftieth50th1,000,000onemillionth1,000,000th 7seventh7th17seventeenth17th60sixtieth60th1,000,000,000onebillionth1,000,000,000th 8eighth8th18eighteenth18th70seventieth70th 9ninth9th19nineteenth19th80eightieth80th 10tenth10th90ninetieth90th ○1作主语:Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond. ○2作宾语:Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive. ○3作表语:Heisthefirsttocometoschool. ○4作定语:Theninthletteroftheword“restaurant”is“n”./Therearethreethousandworkersinthefactory.(六)代词 类别作用例词例句 人称代词代替人或事物,主格作主语,宾客作宾语数 格人称单数复数Iamateacher. Theyarestudents. Wealllikehim. Hegavethebooktome.
一二三一二三 主格IyouheSheitweyouthey 宾格meyouhimHeritusyouthem 物主代词形容词性只作定语,名词性可以作主、宾、表语等,表示所属关系词义 类型我的你 的他的她 的它 的我们的你们的他们 的Mybookisthere. Herfatherisaworker. Thisbikeisyours,oursisbroken. 形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir 名词词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs 反身代词起强调作用,只作同位语和宾语数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称Weourselvesdidthework. Hedidtheworkbyhimself. 单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself 复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves 相互代词表示相互关系,作宾语宾格所有格Weshouldhelpeachother.
Pleasecorrecteachother’smistakes. eachother(两者相互)eachother’s(相互的) oneanother(三者或三者以上)oneanother’s(相互的) 指示代词起指示作用,作定语、主语、宾语、表语等This,that,these,those,it,such,sameTakethisbooktohisroom. Mypointisthis. 不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some,any,no,none,many,few,little,all,both,every,one,either,neither,other,afew,alittle,another,somebody,nobody,nothing,eachIhavesomethingtotellyou. Neitheranswerisright. 疑问代词表示疑问,构成特殊问句who,what,whose,which,whomWhomdidyousee? 关系代词引导定语从句which,that,who,whom,whoseThebookthatIlostwasnew. 连接代词引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)what,who,thatIknowwhatyouaredoing. at’swhatIhope. (七)动词 类别意义例子例句 行为动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语Open,visit,hear…HevisitedGaozhouyesterday. 不及物动词后面可以不接宾语Laugh,cry,live…HelivesinBeijing.
连系动词(linkv)本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。Be,become,grow,get,turn,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem…Themeatsmellsbad. Heisastudent. 助动词(v.aux.)本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式Do,does,did,am,is,are,have,has,had,shall,will,should,would…Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish. Weareplayingfootball. HehadgonetoBeijing. 情态动词(ModalVerbs)本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。Can,may,must,should,need,dear,shall,will,haveto…ShecanspeakEnglish. MayIspeaktoAnn,please、 Wemustgonow. 注:动词(除情态动词,只有原形和过去式)有原形、第三人称单数、动词-ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。 (八)介词 1.介词的种类: ○1简单介词:in,at,of,from,since,around,to… ○2合成介词:onto,into,without,upon,within… ○3短语介词:becauseof,infrontof,accordingto… ○4分词介词:regarding,following,concerning…
2.介词短语在句子中的作用: ○1作定语。Iknowtheanswertothequestion. ○2作状语。Thechildrenareplayingbasketballintheplayground. ○3作表语。Mikeisintheclassroom. ○4作宾语补足语。Hefoundhimselfinthemiddleoftheriver. ○5作主语补足语。Tomwasseeninsidethecinema. 3.常用介词的基本用法: ○1表示时间的介词(at,in,on,for,since,after,by,during,before,from,to,until,within…) ○2表示位置,方位的介词(in,at,on,to…) ○3表示交通方式的常用介词(by,on,in…) ○4其他一些词组搭配介词(beangrywith/at/aboutsb/sth.bestrictwith/in/sb/sth…) (九)连词 1.并列连词: ○1表联合关系连词。(and,or,but,for,notonly…butalso,aswellas,both…and…,neither…nor.) ○2转折连词。(but,while,yet,however.) ○3选择连词。(or,orelse,either…or…,otherwise.) 2.从属连词:
○1引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用,主要有三个:that,whether,if.Ihearthatheisastudent. ○2引导状语从句的从属连词: A.连接时间状语从句:when,before,after,while,assoonas,since,until,as,whenever,eversince… B.连接让步状语从句:although,though,evenif,however… C.连接原因状语从句:as,because,since,nowthat,for… D.连接目的状语从句:that,sothat,inorderthat… E.连接条件状语从句:if,unless,once,incase… F.连接结果状语从句:so…that,such…that… G.连接方式状语从句:as,asif,asthough… H.连接地点状语从句:where. I.连接比较状语从句:as,as…as,notas/so…as,than…(十)非谓语动词 1.定义:动词除在句子中作谓语以外,还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等,这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种:动词不定式、分词和动名词。 2.动词不定式:to+动词原形(在某些情况下可以不带to)。(没有人称和数的变化,可以有自己的宾语和状语,可以有时态和语态的变化) ○1一般式:主动语态:todo,被动语态:tobe+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2进行式:主动语态:tobedoing,被动语态:无(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生) ○3完成式:主动语态:tohave+动词过去分词,被动语态:tohavebeen+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生) ○4用法: A.作主语:Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.=It’snoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage. B.作表语:Themostimportantthingistofinishtheworkontime. C.作宾语: a.动词+todo.Hedecidedtobuyanewwatch.(agree,choose,want,hope,like,wish,learn,love,plan,try,start,afford…) b.动词+疑问词+todoIdon’tknowwheretoputthebike. c.动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+todoIfinditimportanttolearnasecondforeignlanguage. D.作补语: a.动词+宾语+todoTomaskedmetoshowhimthenewshoes.(tell,wish,ask,want,like,beg,invite,allow,encourage…) b.动词+宾语+不带to的动词HeoftensawTomplayfootball.(see,hear,feel,watch,notice,have,make,let…) E.作状语: a.表示目的:HewenttoGuangzhoutoseehissons.Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.
b.表示结果:Heistootiredtowalkanyfarther.Theyaren’toldenoughtogotoschool. c.表示原因:Heissorrytohearthat.Iamgladtoseeyou. F.作定语:Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Iwanttobuysomethingtoeat. ○5动词不定式to的省略: A.在感官动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice及使役动词have,let,make等后面要省to,但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。 Ioftensawhimgooutoftheroom.--------Hewasoftenseentogooutoftheroombyme. B.在hadbetter,wouldrather,donothingbut等后面常省to。 ○6动词不定式的否定形式:not+todo,有时也可以用-never+todo结构。 3.动名词:动词原形+ing。具有名词、动词一些特征。 ○1一般式:主动语态:doing,被动语态:being+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生) ○2完成式:主动语态:having+动词过去分词,被动语态:havingbeen+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)Childrenenjoywatchinganimatedcartoon.Idon’trememberhavingeverseenthefilm. ○3动名词的否定形式:not+动名词(v-ing)Iregretnotbeingabletohelpyou. ○4用法: A.作主语:
a.动名词作主语如果太长,可以用形式主语it代替。LearningEnglishisveryimportant.---It’sveryimportanttolearnEnglish. b.No+动名词表示“禁止”。Nosmoking,Noparking. B.作宾语:Hefinisheddoinghishomework. C.作表语:Hisfavouritesportisplayingbasketball. D.作定语:shoppingbasket,finishingline.(表明名词的用途、功能等) E.动名词的复合结构:名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Doyoumindmy/WeiFang’sopeningthewindow? 4.分词:动词原形+ing。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。(可分为现在分词、过去分词) 现在分词 ○1一般式:主动语态:doing,被动语态:being+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生) ○2完成式:主动语态:having+动词过去分词,被动语态:havingbeen+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状 态之前就发生) ○3动名词的否定形式:not+动名词(v-ing)Nounderstandingthemeaningofthewords,hecouldn’texplainthesentence. ○4用法: A.作表语。Theresultissurprising. B.作定语。Developingcountry(主谓关系)sleepingboy(boy所做的动作)
C.作状语。Passingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.=whenhewaspassingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano. D.作宾补。Ifoundhimlyingonthegrass. 过去分词 ○1形式:规则动词+ed,和不规则动词的过去分词。 ○2过去分词的否定形式:not+动词过去分词。 ○3用法: A.作表语:Mybikeisbroken.Heisveryworried. B.作定语:developedcountry,fallenleaves,spokenEnglish. C.作状语:Askedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill.=Whenhewasaskedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill. D.作宾补:Youhadbetterhaveyourshoesmended.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.(十一)动词的语态 1.语态定义:英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。WeteachEnglishinourschool.(主动)Englishistaughtinourschool.(被动) 2.被动语态:助动词Be+及物动词的过去分词(be+p.p.),be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表: 时态谓语动词的形式例子 一般现在时Am/is/are+动词过去分词ColourTVsaremadeinthefactory.
一般过去时Was/were+动词过去分词Myhometownwasliberatedin1949. 一般将来时Shall/will+be+动词过去分词Thefilmwillbeshownagain. 现在进行时Am/is/are+being+动词过去分词Thewallsarebeingpainted. 过去进行时Was/were+being动词过去分词Theticketswerebeingwellsoldthen. 现在完成时Has/have+been+动词过去分词Anewroadhasbeenbuilthere. 时态谓语动词的形式例子 过去完成时Had+been+动词过去分词Muchhadbeendonebeforemothercameback. 含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+动词过去分词Thecompositionmustbehandedintoday. 3.被动语态中值得注意的问题: ○1带有双宾语的动词,可以把任何一个宾语变被动,一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。Myfathergavemeabook./Iwasgivenabookbymyfather./Abookwasgiventomebymyfather. ○2英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。Theclothwasheswell./Thiskindofbagssellswell./Theshoeswearlong./Theknifecutswell./Thepenwritessmoothly./Thiscoatlastslong. ○3在英语中有时“be+V-ed”结构并不是被动语态,而是系表结构。Themountainswerecoveredwithsnow. ○4在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中,要补留宾语补足语。Wefoundthedoorbroken./Thedoorwasfoundbroken.
○5宾语补足语为省to的不定式,变为被动语态后,要还原to。Hemademelaugh./Iwasmadetolaugh. ○6如果短语动词是及物动词时,可以用被动语态,但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。Thenurselookedafterthebaby./Thebabywaslookedafterbythenurse./Wemustmakeupforthelessonswemissed./Thelessonswemissedmustbemadeupfor. ○7下列情况不能用被动语态: A.不及物动词:Theaccidenthappenedonabusyroadyesterday. B.连系动词:Thegirllookslikehersister. C.宾语为反身代词:Healwaysdresseshimselfneatly. D.宾语为相互代词:Thestudentsoftenhelpeachother. E.同源宾语:Atthattime,theylivedahappylife. F.表示状态的及物动词:Ihaveanewcar./Thebookcostme30yuan. (十二)动词的时态: 时态表示内容谓语动词的构成常用的时间状语例句 一般现在时现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态动词原形(包括第三人称单数形式+s/es)often、usually、always、sometimes、everyday、inthemorning(afternoon…)等Heisoftenlateforschool. Sheusuallygoestoworkonfoot. 一般将来时将要发生的动作或存在的状态shall/will+动词原形 am/is/aregoingto+动词原形 am/is/areto+动词原形
am/is/areaboutto+动词原形 am/is/are+动词-ingtomorrow、nextweek、thismonth、inanhour、thedayaftertomorrow等HewillgotoShanghainextweek. Iamgoingtobuyabooktomorrow. Theyaretoseeafilminahour. Sheisabouttomendthebikelater. IamflyingtoGuangzhounextweek. 一般过去时过去发生的动作或存在的状态动词过去式(一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表)yesterday、lastweek、threedaysago、before、thedaybeforeyesterday等Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday. HewenttoGaozhouthreedaysago. 现在进行时现在正在进行的动作am/is/are+动词现在分词now、It’ssixo’clock.也可用look、listen等词提示Theyaredoingtheirhomeworknow. Look!Theboyisplayingbasketball. 过去进行时过去某个时刻正在进行的动作was/were+动词现在分词atsixyesterdaymorning、thistimeyesterday、也可用when等引导的从句Iwassleepingat11lastnight. Theywerecookingwhenthebellrang. 现在完成时动作发生在过去,已结束,对现在有影响;或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。have/has+动词过去分词(一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表)already、ever、never、justforthreedays、since1998、bytheendofthisterm、yet等Ihavealreadyfinishedmywork.
Hehasn’tfoundoutwhobrokethedoor. 过去完成时过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作had+动词过去分词Bytheendoflastmonth、when、before等引导的从句IhadseenthefilmwhenIwasincollege. Themeetinghadbegunbeforewearrived. 过去将来时从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作should/would+动词原形 was/weregoingto+动词原形 was/wereto+动词原形 was/wereaboutto+动词原形 was/were+动词-ing通常在宾语从句中出现,主句为共有4条文章页次:2/4分页: 过去时Hesaid(that)hewouldgotoMaomingthenextday. Shetoldme(that)shewasmovingtoFranceintwodays.Ⅱ句子 句子的成分 1.定义:组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。 句子成分意义例句 主语表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。LucyisanAmericangirl. WestudyinNo.1MiddleSchool.
谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致WeloveChina./Sheissinging. Mikehopestobeadoctor./Hisparentsarefarmers. 表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。Herauntisadriver./Areyouready? Wewereathomelastnight. 句子成分意义例句 宾语表示动词、行为的对象,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。Heoftenhelpsme./WestudyEnglishatschool. Didyouseehimyesterday? 定语用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外,还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。Theblackbikeismine./What’syourname,please? Wehavefourlessonsinthemorning? 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示。Peopleareallworkinghard./Itisverynice. Wehadameetingthisafternoon. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。这类词有:make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let等。Hemademeveryangry. Ifindhimagoodboy.
句子的种类 1.英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 A.陈述句。 ○1陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。 a.陈述句的肯定式。Ihavealreadypostedthephotos./Theyarestudents./Imustgonow./Hewasreadingabookat8:00lastnight. b.陈述句的否定形式。 (1)谓语动词是系动词be,助动词have,will,shall,be或情态动词,只须在其后面加not构成否定句。 Sheisn’tastudent./Hehasn’tbeentotheGreatWall./Icannotswim./Youwillnotgotheretomorrow./Theyaren’tsleeping. (2)若谓语动词是实义动词,在实义动词前加上donot,第三人称单数现在时用doesnot,过去时用didnot。 Hedidn’tsendmeaninvitation. (3)由具有否定含义的词never,nobody,hardly,little,dislike,seldom,few,too…to等构成的否定句。 Notallthebooksinourschoollibrarycanberenewed. B.疑问句。 ○1疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
a.一般疑问句:以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始,语调为升调,通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。 (1)一般疑问句的基本结构: Be动词(is,am,are,was,were)+主语+表语…? Have动词(表示“有”:have,has,had)+主语+宾语…? 情态动词(can,may,must等)+主语+行为动词或be…? 助动词(do,does,did)+主语+行为动词…? 助动词(shall,will,have,has)+主语+行为动词…? (2)否定形式的疑问句,通常把助动词与not缩写,放在句首。构成回答: Aren’tyouastudent?Yes,Iam.(不,我是)No,Iamnot.(对,我不是) b.特殊疑问句:以疑问代词who,what,whom,whose,which或疑问副词when,where,why,how开头。 (1)如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时,其语序如陈述句。Whoisondutytoday?/Whichbookisyours. (2)如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语,用“疑问词+一般疑问句”形式。Wherehaveyoubeen? c.选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况,供回答者选择,并由or连用,但不能用Yes或no来回答。 (1)疑问句+选择成分1+or+选择成分2?Doyouwantcoffeeorcocoa?/AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmerican? (2)特殊问句+选择答案1+or+选择答案2?whorunsfast,Tom,MaryorLilei.
d.反意疑问句:陈述部分+提问部分。 (1)◎前肯后否,前否后肯。◎前后人称、数和时态要一致,疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes,非事实回答用No.◎前陈述句用降调,后问句用升调;如对前陈述句内容有把握,后问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词:hardly,little,few,never,rarely,nothing,none,nobody,not,no等,后面疑问句应该用肯定式。 (2)陈述句中有:haveto,hadto,oughtto,usedto,don’t(imperative),somebody/someone,everybody/everyone时,附加疑问句需分别用:don’t,didn’t,shouldn’t,usedn’t/didn’t,will,they等。 Mygrandmausedtobeateacher,usedn’t/didn’tshe?Don’tturnontheTVset,willyou? (3)陈述句部分是复合句时,提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。Hewasreadingwhentheteachercamein,wasn’the? (4)在“Ithink(guess,suppose,believe)+宾语从句”中,当主语是第一人称时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致;但若主语不是第一人称时,则附加问句与前面主句一致。 Idon’tthinkhecanpasstheexam,canhe?Hebelievedyouhadseenherbefore,didn’the? (5)在含有情态动词must的句子中,若must表示推测,提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时,用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止时,提问用must。 Hemustbetired,isn’the?YoumustgotoGaozhou,needn’t?Youmustn’tsmokehere,mustyou? (6)陈述句部分为祈使句,疑问部分常用willyou(表请求)。注:let’s用shallwe(包括说话人),letus用willyou(不包括说话人)。Haveacupoftea,willyou?Let’sgonow,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?
e.祈使句:可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。(省主语,动词用原形) (1)let+第一人称,第三人称+(not)动词原形。Letmetryagain. (2)动词原形+其他成分。Listentomecarefully. (3)Don’t(never)+动词原形+其他成分。Don’tlookoutofthewindow. (4)Do+动词原形+其他成分。Dogivehimanotherchance.f.感叹句:表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情,句尾用“!”。What修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词。 (1)How+形容词/副词。 ◎How+形容词+主+谓+•••!Howcolditistoday!Howclevertheboyis! ◎How+副词+主+谓+•••!Howfastsheruns!Howhardthegirlsareworking! ◎How+形容词+a/an+名词+主+谓+•••!Howcleveraboyheis!Howfunnyanelephantitis! (2)What+名词。 ◎What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主+谓+•••!Whatafinedayitistoday! Whatanhonestmanhisfatheris! ◎What+形容词+可数名词复数+主+谓+•••!Whattalltreestheyare!Whatgoodstudentstheboysare! ◎What+形容词+不可数名词+主+谓+•••!Whatcoldwateritis!Whatdeliciousmilkitis!
句子类型 1.从结构上看,英语的句子可分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。 2.简单句:由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型: 型号句型例子 1主语+不及物动词(+状语)TheFrenchmancoughedbadlyatnight./Thecityliesinavalley. 2主语+连系动词+表语ThatisamapofChina./Thatpieceofmeatlooksquitegood./Itsoundslikethesingingofrails. 3主语+及物动词+宾语You’redoingtherightthing./Jacklikestostayathomeandplaybyhimself. 4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语CanyoutellmethewaytotheSummerPalace?/Ittookmeaweektofinishthework. 5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语WecallhimLiMing./Therichmanaskedthesingertocomeuptothesittingroom. 6There+be+主语+状语Therearesomeflowersontheteacher’sdesk./Thereare365daysinayear. 3.并列句:由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and,but,for,or,nor,so,yet,neither…nor,either…or,still,however,notonly…butalso等。并列句的结构:简单句+并列词+简单。 Hurryup,oryou’llmisstheearlybus./Welovepeacebutwearenotafraidofwar./Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.
Shehasnotonlyknowledge,butalsoexperience./Hewasill,sohedidn’tgotoschool./Workhard,andyouwillsucceed. 4.复合句:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个成分,不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语(主语从句)、表语(表语从句)、宾语(宾语从句)、定语(定语从句)、状语(状语从句)。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。 A.状语从句:在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等类。 ○1时间状语从句:由when,while,as,themoment,theminute,once,whenever,before,after,till(until),since,assoonas等连词引导。 主句从句例子 一般将来时一般现在时Iwillgooutforawalkifitdoesn’traintomorrow. 带有情态动词Youmustlookleftandrightwhenyoucrossthecrossing. 祈使句Askhimtogivemeacallassoonashecomesback. 过去时的某种时态过去时的某种时态Iwenttobedattenafterthefilmwasover./ThefilmhadbegunwhenIreachedthecinema. Iwasreadingabookwhilehewassingingasong. ○2条件状语从句:由if,unless,solongas,aslongas,incase,ifonly,providedthat等引导。(注:在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时,表示相应的将来时)。 I’llshowyouaroundthecityifIamfreetomorrow./IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuythecar.
C.定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有:who(人,主格),whom(人,宾客),whose(人,所有格),which(物),that(人,物)。引导从句的关系副词有:where(地点),when(时间),why(原因)。 Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman./YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo./WewillneverforgetthedaywhenwevisitedGaozhou. 主句/先行词从句主句主句/先行词从句主句/先行词从句 ○1从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。 a.主谓关系:Heaskedtheman(作从句主语)who/thatwassmoking. b.动宾关系:Thenoodles(作从句宾语)that/whichIcookedweredelicious. ○2只能用that的情况: a.先行词为all,any,few,no,some,much,little等修饰。Ihavedonealltheworkthathetoldustodo. b.先行词被序数词修饰。Thatlast/firstquestionthatheaskedmewashardtoanswer. c.先行词同时有人和物。Theyoftentalkaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremember. d.先行词是everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词。Irememberedeverythingthattheteacherstaughtmebefore. e.先行词被形容词最高级修饰。ThatisthebestbookthatIhaveread. f.先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame修饰。ItistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.
g.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe. h.先行词是指示代词that,one,those,this,another,all等。IsthisschooltheonethatIsawinthepicture? i.主句以who/which开头,定语从句用that。whoisthegirlthatspoketoyoujustnow?/whichisthecarthatwasmadeinChina? ○3只能用which的情况: a.关系代词前有介词。Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear. b.先行词本身是that。TheclockisthatwhichIboughtyesterday. c.非限制性定语从句。HisEnglish,whichusedtobeverypoor,isnowexcellent. ○4定语从句在句中作定语,所以在使用时,相当于现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式短语,介词短语作后置定语的句子。 a.IboughtabookthatwaswrittenbyLuXun.=IboughtabookwrittenbyLuXun. b.Tellthechildrenwhoareplayingbasketballnottodothat.=Tellthechildrenplayingbasketballnottodothat. c.Thehousethatstandsatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.=Thehousestandingatthecornerwasbuiltin1987. d.Wehavenothingthatweshouldfear.=Wehavenothingtofear. e.Thebookthatisonthetableisexpensive.=Thebookonthetableisexpensive.
○5引导词when,where和why可用相应的表示时间(in,on,at,during等)、地点(in,on,at等)和原因(for)的介词+which表达为介宾结构。 a.IstillrememberthedaywhenImetherforthefirsttime.----IstillrememberthedayonwhichImetherforthefirsttime. b.ThatistheplacewhereIwentwhenIwasachild.-----ThatistheplacetowhichIwentwhenIwasachild. c.MayIknowthereasonwhyyouarelate?-----MayIknowthereasonforwhichyouarelate? ○6在定语从句中,不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。 Ijustcan’tfindthebookwhich/thatshelentittome.(×)----Ijustcan’tfindthebookwhich/thatshelenttome.(√) ○7注意下面的变化: a.Thisisthehouse(不作lived的宾语)wherewelivedlastyear. Thisisthehouse(作livedin的宾语)which/thatwelivedinlastyear. b.Thisistheday(不作left的宾语)whenweleftforShenzhen. Thisistheday(作spent的宾语)which/thatwespentinShenzhen. ○8限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别: a.限制性定语从句:是句中不可缺少的组成部分,没有从句,先行词意思不明确,主句也不完整,从句主句不用逗号分开。 b.非限制性定语从句:是主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整,这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开,在非限制性定语从句中,一般不用that。 ◎LastSundaytheyreachedDalian,whereameetingwastobeheld.
◎Shehastwobrothers,whoarebothdoctors.ⅢTherebe句型 1.英语“There+be+(not)”结构表示“有(没有)某人或某物”时,there是无词义的引导词,be是谓语动词,它后面的名词是主语,两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。 2.肯定句:There+(助动词或情态动词)+be主语+地点(时间)状语。 Thereisapenonthetable./Therewillbeafootballmatchtomorrow. 3.否定句:There+be(助动词或情态动词)+not(any)(或+no)+主语…。 Therearenotfairiesintheworld./Therewasn’taundergroundinShanghaibefore./Therewon’tbeafootballmatchtomorrow. 4.一般疑问句:Be+there+(any)+主语…?/助动词或情态动词+there+be+(any)+主语…? IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?/Willtherebecloudtomorrow? 5.特殊疑问句:疑问词(+名词)+be+there+状语? Howmanyweeksarethereinayear?/Whatisthereonthedesk?/Wherewilltherebeafootballmatchtomorrow? 6.如果there+be之后是并列主语,应根据离be最近的名词来选择be的形式。 Thereisaappleandtwopearsonthetable./Therearetwopearsandaappleonthetable. 7.含有引导词there的句子用seemtobe,happentobe,usedtobe或live等作谓语的结构。
Therehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineintheshop./Thereusedtobeatemplehere. Ⅳ主谓一致 1.主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面:形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。 2.单数名词、不可数名词作主语,谓语用单数;复数名词作主语,谓语用复数;若主语表示单数或整体概念时,谓语应用单数。 Timeismoney./Mybookisnew./Ourbooksarethere./Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge./Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers. 3.有些名词以“s”结尾,但谓用单数。(news,physics,maths,politics等)Mathsisveryimportanttous. 4.People,police,youth,cattle等常作复数处理。Theyoutharefullofliving. 5.既作单数又是复数的名词,可作单、复数。(sheep,fish,deer,Chinese,Japanese…) Thereisonedeer/aresomedeerinthezoo./ImetaJapaneseinthestreet./TheJapaneseImetinthestreetwerefriendly. 6.当主语是两个名词由and连接时,若表示一种事物或一种概念时,谓语用单数。 Theteacherandwriteriscoming(同一个人)./Theteacherandthewriterarecoming.(不同人) 7.有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数,第二个every或each可省略。Everyboyand(every)girlhasanewbook. 8.表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词,一般视为一个整体,谓语用单数。Ahundredmilesisalongdistance.
9.有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词,常用复数处理。Thericharegettingricher./Theblindaresittingontheroad. 10.Number,population等词可作单数或复数,主要从意思决定。Anumberofbooksarenew./Thenumberofbooksis3,000. ThepopulationofChinaisverylarge./Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers. 11.当名词后有with,together,like,but,except等介词短语时,谓语随名词的数而变。TomwithhisparentshasbeentoBeijingtwice. 12.Each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待。Eachofushasanapple./Somebodyisusingthephoto. 13.What,who,which,any,more,most,all等代词可以是单、复数,主要靠意思决定。Whichisyourroom?/Whichareyourrooms? 14.“None或noneof+名词(代词)复数”可作单、复数,若名词为不可数,则谓语只用单数。 Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus./Noneofushasgotacamera./Noneofmilkisgood. 15.“Either,neither(+of+名(代)词复数”作主语时,通常看作单数。NeitherofushasbeentoHongKong./Eitheransweriswrong. 16.“manya+单数名词”或“morethanone+单数名词”作主语时,谓语多用单数形式。Morethanonepersonhasthatkindofexperience. 17.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+不可数名词,谓语用单数。Allofmeatisbad. 18.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+可数名词复数,谓语用复数。Someofstudentsareabsent.
19.“oneof+名(代)词复数”为主时,谓语通常用单数。OneofthegirlsisfromAmerica. 20.“apairof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语常用单数,若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。 21.“(a)partof+名词”作主语时,若名词是单数,谓语用单数;若名词是复数,谓语用复数。 22.“agroupof+名词”作主语时,强调整体,谓语用单数;若强调group中的各成员,谓语用复数。 23.“alotof/lotsof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。 24.“mostof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。 25.“plentyof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。 27.由either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,or或therebe+名词+and+名词等连接的主语,通常根据就近原则,谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定。 MyparentsorIamgoingtovisitmygrandparents. EitheryourfatheroryourmotherhasbeentotheGreatWall. NeitheryounorLaoYangistodothework. Thereisamanandthreechildrenoverthere. Notonlyyoubutalsoheknowsthatthing. 28.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语时作单数处理。 Toseeyouisveryglad.=Itisverygladtoseeyou.
Takingmeansnoholes. Seeingisbelieving. Finishingtheworktakesmealongtime.=Tofinishtheworktakesmealongtime.=Ittakesmealongtimetofinishthework.