高考英语语法教学摘要及练习第3章英语的词序和修饰语x 49页

高考英语第一轮复习资料语法教学摘要及练习第3章英语词序和修饰语编制人：何新武 我们在第一章认识了英语的五种基本句型，在第二章又加深了对动词的理解，以此为基础我们将对英语的词序进行探讨。其实英语的五种基本句型，也反映了句子的基本词序。在陈述句中，主语在前，谓语在后。而谓语动词的特点又决定了不同的谓语结构和词序：当谓语动词是连系动词时，后面接表语。当谓语动词是不及物动词时，后面不接宾语。当谓语动词是及物动词时，后面接宾语；有的还需接两个宾语；还有的需接宾语补足语。由此可知，有的句子只含两个成分，有的多达四个，但不管是哪种句型，如果它少了其中的一个成分，句子的意义就不完整。 3.1基本成分我们把主语、谓语动词、宾语、宾语补足语和表语这些构成基本句型的成分叫基本成分。如前述，基本成分的词序是由基本句型决定的。3.2附属成分但为了更好地描述事物，表达更加丰富的内容，我们还需要使用定语和状语等附属成分。定语起一个形容词的作用，主要是修饰名词的。状语起一个副词的作用，是用来修饰动词、形容词和其它副词的。所以定语和状语也叫修饰语。 这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的。我们在分析句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。即所谓去修饰，抓主干。请看下面一组句子：1.Isawahouse．2.Isawabighouse．3.Isawabighouseontheoppositeside．4.Isawabighouseontheoppositeside，whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost．（注：haunt[hɔ:nt]vt.常出没于…；经常去…；ghost[ɡəust]n.鬼，幽灵）5.YesterdayIsawabighouseontheoppositeside，whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost.6.YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighouseontheoppositeside，whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost． 讨论：上面的句子分别属于哪种基本句型？分析：都属于同一基本句型，即“主语+及物动词+宾语”。但从第2句起，包含了不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含25个词的第6句和包含4个词的第1句同属一个句型。另外，我们还可对作修饰语的定语从句和状语从句进一步分析。 练习1看下面一段话，并判定各句的基本句型：①WiththehelpofMr.Zhang,ImakegreatprogressinmyEnglish.②Ifeelsogratefulforhim.③OnTeacher’sDayIspeciallyboughtMr.Zhangabunchofflowersandsomeapplesthathelikestoeat.④IfoundhimexcitedwhenIputthepresentsonhisdesk.⑤Iranawayquicklybeforehesaidanything.Key:①S+V+O;②S+V+P;③S+V+o+O;④S+V+O+C;⑤S+V 修饰语的词序较复杂，但有几个基本规律可遵循。一般说来，单个的形容词用在所修饰的名词前，形容词性的短语和从句则在所修饰的名词后。关于名词修饰语（即定语），我们后面再谈。作状语的可以是一个副词，一个短语或一个从句。这里我们主要探讨作状语的副词和一些副词性的短语在句子中的位置。 3.3副词的位置副词或副词性短语在句中的位置规则如下：一、多数的副词都可以放在动词后面，如果是及物动词，一般就放在宾语后面。例如：Herunsfast.（动词后）他跑得很快。Irememberhavingseenhimsomewhere.（宾语后）我记得在哪儿见过他。这些副词包括:方式副词（如fast,slowly,happily,bravely,well,kindly,foolishly）地点副词（如here,there,inside,by,down,downstairs,near,up）时间副词（如now,soon,then,still,yet,today,lately） 如果这三类副词同时出现，我们通常按照如下顺序：方式副词---地点副词---时间副词。例如：Shedidherhomeworkcarefullyinthestudyyesterday.方式地点时间【注】①时间副词也可放在句首：Yesterdayshedidherhomeworkcarefullyinthestudy.②如动词表示运动的方向，地点副词（短语）移到方式副词前，紧跟在动词后。③表目的副词性短语（如不定式）可放在句子最后或句子前面。Iwillgotothelibrarybybustomorrowtoreturnthebook.动词地点方式时间目的 练习2调整下列句子的词序，组成有意义的句子，注意开头字母要大写。A1.go/now/home/will/I→Iwillgohomenow.2.give/thepresent/tomorrow/we/him/will→Wewillgivehimthepresenttomorrow.3.her/met/lastnight/at/we/thestation→Wemetheratthestationlastnight.4.was/lastweek/he/inhospital→Hewasinhospitallastweek.5.inGreece/spend/I/will/nextyear/myholiday→IwillspendmyholidayinGreecenextyear. 6.must/atfiveo"clock/leave/we/thehouse→Wemustleavethehouseatfiveo"clock.7.thelibrary/take/I/thebook/will/today/to→Iwilltakethebooktothelibrarytoday.8.mymum/breakfast/inthemorning/made→Mymummadebreakfastinthemorning.9.tonight/want/tothecinema/togo/we→Wewanttogotothecinematonight.10.wrote/lastweek/they/atschool/atest→Theywroteatestatschoollastweek. B11.Shespeaks.(slowly)→Shespeaksslowly.12.Theysang.(wonderfully)→Theysangwonderfully.13.Hetreatedher.(respectfully)→Hetreatedherrespectfully.14.JohnspeaksEnglish.(well)→JohnspeaksEnglishwell.15.Thedogbarks.(loudly)→Thedogbarksloudly.16.Mysisterplaysthepiano.(awfully)→Mysisterplaysthepianoawfully.17.Shemethim.(secretly)→Shemethimsecretly.18.Thechildrenlaughed.(happily)→Thechildrenlaughedhappily.19.Shehurtherleg.(badly)→Shehurtherlegbadly. 20.Theysneakedoutofthehouse(quietly).→Theysneakedoutofthehousequietly.21.is/overthere/thecinema→Thecinemaisoverthere.22.inside/go/let"s→Let"sgoinside.23.thekitchen/downstairs/is→Thekitchenisdownstairs.24.playing/thekids/are/outside→Thekidsareplayingoutside.25.she/not/been/here/has→Shehasnotbeenhere.26.thebathroom/is/upstairs→Thebathroomisupstairs.27.were/everywhere/we/for/looking/you→Wewerelookingforyoueverywhere.28.we/anywhere/you/find/couldn"t→Wecouldn"tfindyouanywhere.29.?/there/apostoffice/nearby/is→Isthereapostofficenearby?30.must/we/walk/backhome→Wemustwalkbackhome. C31.haven"t/recently/seen/I/him→Ihaven"tseenhimrecently.32.I"ll/you/see/soon→I"llseeyousoon.33.afterwards/met/atthepub/him/we→Wemethimatthepubafterwards.34.help/immediately/I/need→Ineedhelpimmediately.35.was/arrogant/he/then/very→Hewasveryarrogantthen.36.?/now/are/where/you→Whereareyounow?37.?/togo/where/you/do/want/today→Wheredoyouwanttogotoday?38.?/do/yesterday/did/you/what→Whatdidyoudoyesterday?39.assoonaspossible/you/him/thetruth/tell/should→Youshouldtellhimthetruthassoonaspossible.40.hasn"twon/lately/myteam→Myteamhasn"twonlately. 二、频率副词（如always,often,sometimes,once,never）通常都放在动词前面，但若句子里面有情态动词，助动词或动词be，就放在这类动词的后面。例如：Heoftendoesthis.他常常这样做。Youmustalwaysbearthisinmind.这一点你要常记在心里。Sheisseldomill.她很少生病。三、程度副词（如very,so,quite,rather,too）一般放在它所修饰的词的前面。例如：Iamverysorryforit.这事我非常抱歉。Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.我不完全同意你的意见。 四、如果副词修饰整个句子，就放在句首。例如：Fortunatelyhesucceededinit.幸运地他成功了。Trulyitisanimportantaffair.这的确是一件重要的事。五、疑问副词（how,when,where,why）放在句子的开头。例如：Wheredidhegoyesterday?他昨天去哪儿了？Whydidn’tyouhelpyourclassmateswiththeirlessons?为什么你不帮助你的同学们学习功课？六、关系副词和连接副词放在所连接从句的开头。例如：I‘dliketoknowwhenthenewtermwillbegin?我想知道新学期什么时候开始。Thatistheplacewherehewasborn.那就是他出生的地方。 练习3改写下列句子，注意括号内的词或短语的正确位置。D1.IhavebeentoLondon.(often)→IhaveoftenbeentoLondon.2.HaveyoubeentoBoston?(ever)→HaveyoueverbeentoBoston?3.HeplaysgolfonSundays.(sometimes)→HesometimesplaysgolfonSundays.4.TheweatherisbadinNovember.(always)→TheweatherisalwaysbadinNovember.5.ItrainsinCalifornia.(never)→ItneverrainsinCalifornia.6.Wehavefishfordinner.(seldom)→Weseldomhavefishfordinner.7.Shewillseehim.(rarely)→Shewillrarelyseehim. 8.Peterdoesn"tgetupbeforeseven.(usually)→Peterdoesn"tusuallygetupbeforeseven.9.TheydonotplaytennisonSundays.(always)→TheydonotalwaysplaytennisonSundays.10.MarywatchesTV.(hardly/ever)→MaryhardlyeverwatchesTV.11.Sheanswers.(correctly,rarely)→Sherarelyanswerscorrectly.12.Theyworked.(quickly,today)→Theyworkedquicklytoday.13.Wearrive.(early,sometimes)→Wesometimesarriveearly.14.Wepicktheflowers.(carefully,usually)→Weusuallypicktheflowerscarefully. E15.Wewouldhavegonetothebeach.(otherwise,yesterday)→Otherwise,wewouldhavegonetothebeachyesterday.16.Heiswrong.(however,seldom)→However,heisseldomwrong.17.Wewillattendtheconcert.(therefore,tonight)→Therefore,wewillattendtheconcerttonight.18.Wefoundthehotel.(easily,nevertheless)→Nevertheless,wefoundthehoteleasily.19.Shewinsfirstprize.(always,furthermore)→Furthermore,shealwayswinsfirstprize.20.Wereachedthestation.(quickly,consequently)→Consequently,wereachedthestationquickly.21.Youspeak.(loudly,never)→Youneverspeakloudly. F22.Theyleft.(quietly,thismorning)→Theyleftquietlythismorning.23.Hefinished.(late,often)→Heoftenfinishedlate.24.Weate.(attherestaurant,well,yesterdayevening)→Weatewellattherestaurantyesterdayevening.25.Thechildrenwhispered.(onChristmasEve,excitedly,infrontofthetree)→ThechildrenwhisperedexcitedlyinfrontofthetreeonChristmasEve.26.Wehungthepicture.(onthewall,carefully)→Wehungthepicturecarefullyonthewall. 27.Thebirdstwittered（吱吱叫）.(thismorning,outsidethewindow,loudly)→Thebirdstwitteredloudlyoutsidethewindowthismorning.28.Theboysandgirlswaited.(fortheparadetopassby,impatiently)→Theboysandgirlswaitedimpatientlyfortheparadetopassby.29.Weslept.(allafternoon,onthegrass,soundly)→Wesleptsoundlyonthegrassallafternoon.30.Thechoir（合唱队）sang.(lastweek,beautifully,atthecompetition)→Thechoirsangbeautifullyatthecompetitionlastweek.31.Themoonshone.(overthewater,longafterthesunhadset,brilliantly)→Themoonshonebrilliantlyoverthewaterlongafterthesunhadset. G32.Theystood.(atthebusstop,fortwentyminutes,patiently)→Theystoodpatientlyatthebusstopfortwentyminutes.33.Wearrived.(here,lastnight,onfoot)→Wearrivedhereonfootlastnight.34.Theyoungchildwalked.(byherself,thismorning,toschool)→Theyoungchildwalkedtoschoolbyherselfthismorning.35.Shearrived.(inablackcar,atthehotel)→Shearrivedatthehotelinablackcar.36.Thewavescrashed.(againsttheshore,loudly)→Thewavescrashedloudlyagainsttheshore.37.Hesat.(untiltheannouncementswerefinished,ontheedgeofhischair,expectantly)→Hesatexpectantlyontheedgeofhischairuntiltheannouncementswerefinished. 上面我们主要讨论了动词的修饰语副词和起副词作用的介词短语在句中的位置。关于充当状语的从句和非谓语动词短语等，我们另外讨论。接下来我们讨论名词的修饰语定语 3.4什么是定语？定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的单词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语有限制性和非限制性之分。对中心词来说必不可少的定语叫限制性定语，一般不用逗号将两者分隔；只起补充说明、用逗号隔开的定语叫非限制性定语。定语有的在所修饰的名词之前（前置），有的在名词之后（后置）。我们应特别注意定语和它所修饰的名词的位置。e.g.Shehadmanyredpencils.(red作限制性定语）Shehadmanypencils,red.(red作非限制性定语） 3.5定语主要由形容词担任。此外，名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式（短语）、分词和定语从句等相当于形容词的作用时，都可用作定语。3.51．形容词作定语：Thegreenbikeismine.Isthereanythingwrongwithyourradio?Shetoldusgoodnews.MissGreenisaresponsiblegirl.Hegavehischildrenavividdescriptionofthebattle.Themanfellinlovewiththatcharminggirlatfirstsight. 3.52“数”词作定语：Hefailedninety-ninetimesbeforehesucceededindoingtheexperiment.Ourofficeisonthe12thfloorofthatbuilding.注意：表“数”的词或短语(限定词）必须根据“单数或复数”和“可数或不可数的情况修饰它后面的名词。An（orEvery，Each，Another，This，That，Suchan，Acertain）egg（单数可数名词）isrotten．Both（orSeveral，Three，Few，Afew，Those，These，Many，Alargenumberof）eggs（复数可数名词）arerotten．Little（orAlittle，Much，Agreatdealof，Alargequantityof，The，This，That）milk（不可数名词）wasspoiled． 比较下列一组句子：Some（orNo，Anabundanceof，Alotof，Plentyof，Enough，All，My，John"s，The，Any，Such）eggs（复数可数名词）havebeensold.Some（orNo，Anabundanceof，Alotof，Plentyof，Enough，All，My，John"s，The，Any，Such）milk（不可数名词）hasbeensold．注意：上面两个句子的限定词（相同的绿色部分）后，既可跟复数可数名词，也可跟不可数名词。 Ifyouhavemuchmoney，youhavemanyfriends；ifyouhavealittlemoney，youhaveafewfriends；ifyouhaveverylittlemoney，youhaveveryfewfriends；andifyouhavenomoney，youhavenofriends．Let’splayagame.Readthefollowingin15secondsandthentrytoretellit.Ifyouhavemuchmoney，youhavemanyfriends；ifyouhavealittlemoney，youhaveafewfriends；ifyouhaveverylittlemoney，youhaveveryfewfriends；andifyouhavenomoney，youhavenofriends． 3.53代词作定语：Hisparentstriedineverywaytosatisfyhisneeds.Electricityhaschangedourlivesenormously.Canyouanswerthosequestions?Yourhairneedscutting.Whichclassareyouin?3.54名词或名词所有格作定语:Therearethreewomendoctorsinthemedicalteam.Thisismybike.Tom’sbikeisoverthere.TheyaregoingtosendatradedelegationtoChina.3.55（地点或时间）副词作定语：Onmywayhome,Icontinuedangrywithhim.Thebuildingsaroundwerebadlydamaged.Thetrendnowisbeyondourimagination. 3.56介词短语作定语：Wouldyouliketohelptheladywithababyinherarm?Nowmanypeopleinthecityadmirethelifeofpeopleinthecountry.Heisamanofhonour（=honourableman）.Doyouseethemanatthedoor？Passmethebookonthedesk.Iwenttotheshopoppositethepostoffice.Sheisagirlwithcurlyhair.Fruitsinseasonaredeliciousandcheap．Hegavethemalectureaboutsmoking，drinkingandgambling．Thedutyoflookingafterthehousebelongstome．Theknowledgeofhowtomakeitwasasecret．3.56介词短语作定语：Wouldyouliketohelptheladywithababyinherarm?Nowmanypeopleinthecityadmirethelifeofpeopleinthecountry.Heisamanofhonour（=honourableman）.Doyouseethemanatthedoor？Passmethebookonthedesk.Iwenttotheshopoppositethepostoffice.Sheisagirlwithcurlyhair.Fruitsinseasonaredeliciousandcheap．Hegavethemalectureaboutsmoking，drinkingandgambling．Thedutyoflookingafterthehousebelongstome．Theknowledgeofhowtomakeitwasasecret． 3.57不定式作定语：Perhapsinyearstocomeweshallmeetagain.Theywerethefirsttobearhardships,thelasttoenjoycomforts.Heisanhonestmantobedependedon.Shehadonlyacoldroomtolivein.常见的能跟不定式作定语的名词有ability,attempt,chance,courage,determination,decision,eagerness,effort,failure,opportunity,plan,promise,struggle,wish.Idon’thavethecouragetotellyou.Youhavenorighttodosuchathing! 3.58分词作定语：Toourgreatjoy,wereachedarunningstream.Theheadmastergaveaninspiringspeechyesterday.IhaveabookcontainingalltheinformationyouneedShehadaworriedlookonherface.Whatdoyouthinkoftheplayputonbythestudents?Whenwesawthevalley,wethoughtwehadreachedthepromisedland!3.59动名词作定语Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.Heboughtsomesleepingpillsinthehospital.Sheisinthereadingroom.现在分词作定语时,强调其动作;动名词作定语表示名词的用途:asleepingboyasleepingcarrunningwaterrunningshoes 3.6不定代词等的定语后置如前所述，作定语的形容词、限定词等通常在名词前面，而短语（介词短语和非谓语动词短语等）作定语和以后将被讨论的定语从句则在名词之后。定语后置的情况还有一些值得重视：①修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置Let’sgosomewherequiet.咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。Thereisnothingimportantintoday"snewspaper.今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。Doyouhaveanythingmoretosay?你还有什么话要说吗?②动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible结尾的形容词作定语后置Heisapersondependable.他是一个可以依靠的人。Thisistheonlytransportationmeansavailable.这是唯一可行的交通工具。③成对的形容用作定语可以后置：Therewasahugecupboard,simpleandbeautiful.有一个大食柜，简朴而美观。 3.7名词前多个定语的排列在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词，形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为：1限定词2观点3形状4年龄5颜色6国籍7材料8用途限观形龄颜国材县官行令宴国材限定词（a，an，the,that,those,four,her,our,several,some，alotof)观点或评价（beautiful,interesting,delicious,lovely,charming）形状（small,huge,tiny;round,square,rectangular）年龄（old,young,new,ancient）颜色(red,black,pale)国籍(French,American,Canadian)材料(woolen,silk,wooden)用途(rockingchair,huntingcabin,bookcover)限观形龄颜国材县官行令宴国材 实际上，前置定语不可能有这么多，三个以上就算多的了。afamousAmericanuniversityanewplasticbucketapurplevelvetcurtainsalovelyoldredpost-boxsomesmallroundplastictablessomecharmingsmallsilverornamentsaninterestinglittleredFrenchoilpainting看例句：HeboughtanicesmallroundnewbrownFrenchoakwritingdesk.他买了一个好看的小小的圆形的新的褐色的法国产的橡木做的写字台。并列的形容词之间可用标点或连词inexpensive,comfortableshoes.inexpensivebutcomfortableshoestwobigandbrighteyes Lookatthetable 3.8表倍数或分数的词、all、both和half用在其它限定词前短语twicemysalarydoublemysalarytentimesmysalaryhalfmysalaryone-thirdmysalaryallmysalarybothmysalaries例句Charliefinishedinone-fourth[of]thetimehisbrothertook.Two-fifthsoftherespondentsreportedthathalfthemedicationwassufficient.Thisvanholdsthreetimesthepassengersasthatsportscar.Mywifeismakingdoublemy/twicemysalary.Thistimeweaddedfivetimestheamountofwater. 前位限定词中位限定词后位限定词twice,double,tentimes,…a,an,the,two,fourth,…half,twothirds,…this,that,these,thosenext,last,previous,subsequentall,bothmy,your,his,her,its,our,theirmany,several,few不能同时使用，如：不能说*allhalfmysalary不能同时使用可以说mynexttwoprojects限定词的位置多个限定词在一起容易出错，如果记住下列表格简单多了。 练习4调整词序，组成正确的句子，注意大小写。1.I‘ll/have/a/half/cup/just2.Shecalls/her/children/twice/aweek/two3.Yourphotograph/is/in/all/papers/the4.these/both/books/were/published/lastyear/5.Otherpeople/get/the/double/amount/weget6.Tomis/a/wealthy/young/business/man/very7.The/Russian/dolls/are/overthere/expensive8.Imet/many/friends/all/myI‘lljusthavehalfacup.Shecallshertwochildrentwiceaweek.Yourphotographisinallthepapers.Boththesebookswerepublishedlastyear.Otherpeoplegetdoubletheamountweget.Tomisaverywealthyyoungbusinessman.TheexpensiveRussiandollsareoverthere.Imetallmymanyfriends. 1.Hedroppedthe_____andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.cupforcoffeeC.coffee’scupD.coffeecup2.Therearefivepairsofshoes______,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing3.----howwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?----itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthe_____daysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfewD.fewsunnylast练习5选择填空DBB 4.The_______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit.A.bicycle’sshopB.bicycleshopC.bicyclesshopD.bicycles’sshop5.IfIhad_____,I’dvisitEurope,stoppingatallthesmallinterestingplaces.A.alongenoughholidayB.anenoughlongholidayC.aholidayenoughlongD.alongholidayenough6.I’llikeyoutogiveme_____toread.A.differentnothingB.somethingdifferentC.differentanythingD.anythingdifferentBAB 7.----Whoisthemantalkingtotheheadmaster?----Aprofessor_____avisittoourschool.A.payingB.ispayingC.paidD.pays8.Ifthework_____bytheendofmonthisdelayedtheconstructioncompanywillbefined.A.beingcompletedB.tobecompletedC.havebeencompletedD.willbecomplete9.This______girlisLinda’scousin.A.SpanishprettylittleB.SpanishlittleprettyC.prettylittleSpanishD.littleprettySpanishABC 前面我们讲了句子的基本成分和附属成分，它们在句子中都有语法联系。可有时一个词或一个词组，在句子中和其他词或词组没有语法上的联系，我们把这样的词或词组称作独立成分。独立成分可以是感叹语，呼语或是插入语。（见下面的斜体部分。）感叹语：Oh！Whatisthat？Fire！Bequick！Thief！Thief！呼语:Waiter，fourcupsoftea，please．MayIhelpyou，madam？插入语:Theboy，Ithink，hascomefromthecountry．Theboyhascomefromthecountry，Ithink．Hismanners，itistrue，areawkward．Hismannersareawkward，itistrue．独立成分在口语中常出现，对它有所了解，有助我们把握句子的结构。3.9独立成分 讨论：下面句子中的Ithink和Itistrue不是插入语。知道为什么吗？Ithink（that）theboyhascomefromthecountry．Itistrue（that）hismannersareawkwardandsilly．分析：①I（主语）think（that）theboyhascomefromthecountry（宾语）．②It（形式主语）is（谓语动词）true（表语）（that）hismannersareawkward（主语）． 本章回顾，英语的词序和句子的成分是密切相关的。本章我们探讨了基本成分、附属成分和独立成分。基本成分（主语、谓语动词、宾语、宾语补足语和表语）构成了5个基本句型，换句话说构成了句子的主干词序。附属成分（状语和定语）使句子的表达更丰富，附属成分在句子中的位置与所修饰的词相关：定语是修饰名词的，状语主要是修饰动词的。它们可能在所修饰的词的前面或后面。要特别注意作状语的副词的位置和作定语的限定词的位置以及多个形容词的排列顺序。 有必要指出的是句子的成分往往由相应的词类充当，或者是由相当于这类词的其他词、短语或句子来充当。如：主语和宾语主要是由名词充当，也可由代词（代替名词的词）充当，也可由动名词短语和不定式短语（它们起名词的作用）来充当，还可由一个相当于名词作用的句子（即所谓的名词从句）来充当等等。 状语是修饰动词的，常由副词充当，动作的发生可能有它的方式、时间、地点、频率、程度、目的、原因和结果等，于是就有了不同名称的状语。当然，除副词充当状语外，还有起副词作用的一些短语（介词短语和非谓语动词短语等）和从句（状语从句）也同样可充当状语。定语是修饰名词的，主要由形容词来充当。而起形容词作用的其他词、短语（介词短语和非谓语动词短语等）和从句（定语从句），也同样可充当定语。如果我们进一步探讨会发现表语和宾语补足语都是用来修饰或补充说明名词的，因此，它们尽管和定语有些差异，但有更多的相似之处。所以没必要去死记它们由哪些词或短语来充当了。 Seeyouinthenextchapter.