- 852.17 KB
- 2022-06-17 16:01:22 发布
- 1、本文档共5页,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,可选择认领,认领后既往收益都归您。
- 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细先通过免费阅读内容等途径辨别内容交易风险。如存在严重挂羊头卖狗肉之情形,可联系本站下载客服投诉处理。
- 文档侵权举报电话:19940600175。
安乡三中2013届高考英语复习资料语法教学摘要及练习第4章英语动词的时态编制人:何新武
第4章动词的时态4.0什么是时态先看下面三个句子:Mikeoftengoestoschoolbybike.迈克常骑自行车去上学。Butyesterdayhewenttoschoolonfoot.但昨天他步行去上学。Tomorrowhewillgotoschoolbybus.明天他乘公共汽车去上学。都是讲Mike去上学,英语中谓语动词采用不同的形式:goes,went和willgo。为什么呢?这牵涉到英语的时态问题。
谓语动词用来表示动作发生或状态存在时间的各种形式称为时态。时态与时间相关,但并不总是一致。如过去时可表现在,现在时可表将来。为正确运用动词的时态,我们既要熟悉它们的构成形式(前面已复习),又要掌握它们的基本用法,并了解一些特殊用法。建议大家结合讲解和例句用心地体会,然后通过练习加以巩固。千万不要死记标志词和时态的对应关系。在我们对各时态的用法进行分析之前,再复习一下时态的构成形式。
英语16种时态的名称一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking以ask为例,其16种时态的构成形式
构成:动词用原形或第三人称单数形式;be动词用现在式am/is/are.(只列肯定式,以下同。)用法指点:一般现在时是最基本的也是用得最多的时态,其用法似乎很多,难以把握。为便于理解,可以把它归结为两个主要用法:“一般”用法和“现在”用法4.1一般现在时“一般”用法请不要和“表现一般”中的“一般”混淆,那是“不好也不差”的意思。这里的一般是指“通常的情况”,即动作发生的规律性:从不、偶尔、一次、多次、经常;总在某时或每相隔一段时间;包括目前在内的一段时间或任何时间(永远)都是如此。
“现在”用法即表示现在的动作或状态:也许是因为一般现在时(英文SimplePresent,简单现在式)的谓语动词简单(肯定式不用助动词),表达很简洁,所以常被用来作现场解说和其它说明;状态动词也常用这种简单的形式表示现在的状态。至于一般现在时表将来可看作是“一般”用法的延伸,表过去是让往事重现在眼前。此时态也叫presentindefinite。另外,须注意正确理解第三人称单数,弄清其强调句、否定句和疑问句中助动词(do/does)的正确使用及主动词要用原形。下面按照语法书通常介绍的用法,结合练习或例句来加深理解:
1)表示经常性、反复性和习惯性的动作和行为。(“一般”用法。注意频度副词或短语)练习1用动词的正确形式填空:1.OnMondayshe(go)tothegym.2.Younever(arrive)ontime.3.Iseldom(go)tothezoo.4.Francisoccasionally(drink)coffee.5.Ronseldom(do)hishomework.6.They(not/often/sing)songs.7.Pierre(not/play)tenniseveryweek.8.I(not/usually/watch)TVinthemornings.9.(they/spend)theirholidaysinCanadaeveryyear?10.(he/always/wear)ahat?
1.OnMondayshe(go)tothegym.2.Younever(arrive)ontime.3.Iseldom(go)tothezoo.4.Francisoccasionally(drink)coffee.5.Ronseldom(do)hishomework.6.They(not/often/sing)songs.7.Pierre(not/play)tenniseveryweek.8.I(not/usually/watch)TVinthemornings.9.(they/spend)theirholidaysinCanadaeveryyear?10.(he/always/wear)ahat?goesarrivegodrinksdoesdonotoftensingdoesnotplaydonotusuallywatchDotheyspendDoeshealwayswear练习1用动词的正确形式填空:
2)表示客观事实(包括目前的、较长时间的、甚至永久的)和普遍真理。(“一般”用法)练习2用动词的正确形式填空:1.Paris(be)thecapitalofFrance.2.Hamlet(be)aplaybyShakespeare.3.MountEverest(reach)aheightof8848metres.4.Water(boil)at100°C.5.Ice(melt)at0°C.6.TheriverThames(flow)pasttheHousesofParliament.7.TheOlympicGames(takeplace)everyfouryears.8.Awaiter(work)inarestaurant.9.Theearth(travel)aroundthesuninapproximately365days.10.Myfather(speak)English.isisreachesboilsmeltsflowstakeplaceworkstravelsspeaks
3)表示固定的安排或肯定要发生的将来动作。(“一般”用法的延伸,动作的发生是按表格或计划的安排进行的)练习3用动词的正确形式填空:1.Theplane(arrive)inLondonat11:45.2.Thelesson(start)infiveminutes.3.Thefilm(begin)at8o"clock.4.Mybrother"sbirthday(be)onWednesday.5.Thetrain(leave)Manchesterat7:23.6.Thefestival(end)onSunday.7.Thenextbus(come)in35minutes.8.Whichday(open/theexhibition)?9.Whatday(be)ittomorrow?10.Whattime(close/thezoo)?arrivesstartsbeginsisleavesendscomesdoestheexhibitionopenisdoesthezooclose
如存在(be,cost,fit,mean,suit,拥有(have,belong),感官(feel,hear,see,smell,taste,touch),情感(hate,hope,like,love,prefer,regret,want,wish)心理活动(believe,know,think,understand).(“现在”用法)4)表示现在的状态动词:
练习4用动词的正确形式填空:1.Theboy(be)unhappy.He(have)nopennyinhispocket.2.He(hate)garlic.3.Mysister(prefer)teatocoffee.4.I(want)togetawayfromhere.5.She(not/understand)me.6.I(not/believe)it.7.I(not/know)whyyouaresomean.8.We(not/think)thatthisisright.9.What(mean/it)?10.(you/hear)themusic?ishashatespreferswantdoesnotunderstanddonotbelievedonotknowdonotthinkdoesitmeanDoyouhear
5)用于时间、条件、让步状语从句等,表示将要发生的动作。(有主句表示了将来,从句用现在式更简洁)例如:I‘lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.(时间)Ifhedoesnotcomeinaminute,Iwillfirehim.(条件)Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,I‘llmeetyou.(让步)Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(让步)I"llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(让步)Anyonethatcomes(定语从句)willbewarmlywelcomedHissuccesswilldependuponhowhestartstheplan.(名词从句)
6)其它用法:用于现场(比赛、实验操作、仪式等)解说,小说、戏剧、电影等情节介绍,新闻标题或小说章节标题,以及剧本舞台、幻灯、图片等的说明。还可用于描述发生在过去或将来的情景。祈使句也用现在式。(现在式简洁生动)(广播人员现场报导说话时发生的情况)NowthebandisplayingandtheKingentersthehall.Thespectators(观众)raiseacheer(发出欢呼).Hestops,greetsthespectatorsandthentakeshisseat.(说话时发生的情况)Ihandyouthisletter.Icometoseeyou.HerecomesAdam.(=Adamiscoming.)Theregoesthebus.(=Thebusisgoingthere.)(在剧本中描写角色的动作)Bob:Hello!(HestandsupandgreetsHelen.)Helen:Hello,Bob!(AssoonassheseesJimmy,whositsatadistance,shewishestoturnback,butistoolateto.)
(讲述过去情况)AssoonasIarriveattheinn,twostrangerscomeandgreetme,andaskmeifIhavemurderedawoman.-“Whatareyoudoing?”sheasks.-“IamwatchingTV,”hesays.(想像的未来的情况)Nowimagineyourselfinaschoolroom,Itislargeanddingy(昏暗的;肮脏的).Thepupilssitonlongbenches(长凳).Theyrecite(背诵)theirlessons.Howhardtheywork!(祈使句)Tom,Don’tlookoutofthewindow.Lookattheblackboard.Trytopointoutthemistakesinthesentence.
“一般”用法:强调规律性。“现在”用法:强调现在的状态,即使描述过去和将来,也仿佛在眼前。表达简洁生动。1)表示经常性、反复性和习惯性的动作和行为。4)表示现在的状态动词:如存在(be,cost,fit,mean,suit,拥有(have,belong),感官(feel,hear,see,smell,taste,touch),情感(hate,hope,like,love,prefer,regret,want,wish)和心理活动(believe,know,think,understand)2)表示客观事实和普遍真理。5)用于时间、条件、让步状语从句中,表示将要发生的动作。3)表示固定的安排或肯定要发生的将来动作。6)其它用法:用于现场(比赛、实验操作、仪式等)解说,小说、戏剧、电影等情节介绍,新闻标题或小说章节标题,以及剧本舞台、幻灯、图片等的说明。还可用于描述发生在过去或将来的情景。祈使句也用现在式。一般现在时的用法一览
构成:am/is/are+V-ing用法指点:现在进行时的谓语动词通常是动作动词,因为它主要用来描述说话的时刻正在进行的动作,即真正的“现在进行”。但它还有与之相关的多种用法。我们结合实例来谈。4.2现在进行时1)表示说话时刻正在进行或发生的动作。a.-Whatareyoudoing?-Iameatingadinner.(说话时,我正在吃饭。)b.Look!Thelittlegirliscrying.(说话时,可看到那小女孩在哭。)2)表示现阶段正在进行而说话时刻不一定在进行的动作。(Twogoodfriendschatinabar.)-Iamwritinganovel.Whataboutyou?-Iamreadingyourlastnovel.(说话时,他们不是在写或读小说,而是在聊天或喝酒。)
3)表示将来的动作。A.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。(主语是人,常带将来的时间状语。动词不限于位置移动的动词)TheyareleavingforBeijingtomorrow.Wearemeetinghimnextweek.B.用在时间条件状语从句中表示将来正进行的动作。Iwilltelephoneyouthisafternoon,whileIamwaiting.Ifyouarelookingforthatnewbook,youwillfinditonmydesk.4)表惊讶、不满等感情态度(与always,continually,forever连用)Johnisalwaysaskingstupidquestions!Sheiscontinuallycomplainingabouteverything!Sheisforeverchangingherclothes.Motherisalwaysthinkingofus.(赞扬)
5)表动作的反复或持续性(用短暂动词)Someoneisknockingatthedoor.(反复)Ourcountryisgettingricher.(持续)Thebusisstopping.(持续)6)暗含动作的暂时性(主要用持续动词,注意和一般现在时比较)Heworksintherestaurant.(一般现在时,指长期的工作。)Heisworkingintherestaurantthisweek.(现在进行时,表示这周在餐馆工作,以后有可能去别处。)Tomispolite.(一般现在时,指性格特点。)Tomisbeingpolite.(现在进行时,暂时的表现。)
现在进行时用法一览基本用法其他用法1)表示说话时刻正在进行或发生的动作4)表惊讶、不满等感情态度(与always,continually,forever连用)2)表示现阶段正在进行而说话时刻不一定在进行的动作。5)表动作的反复或持续性(用短暂动词)3)表示将来的动作。A.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。B.用在时间条件状语从句中表示将来正进行的动作。6)暗含动作的暂时性(主要用持续动词,注意和一般现在时比较)
练习5用动词的正确形式填空(一般现在时或现在进行时):A.1.JoeandDennis(be)bestfriends.2.Theyoften(meet)intheafternoon.3.What(do/they)atthemoment?4.They(play)football.5.They(love)football.6.Joe(practise)withhisfathereveryweekend,butDennis(not/play)footballveryoften.aremeetaretheydoingareplayinglovepractisesdoesnotplay
B.7.These(be)LindaandJeff.8.Linda(be)Jeff"slittlesister.9.Atthemoment,thetwokids(sit)onthefloor.10.Jeff(hold)abookrightnow,he(read)astorytoLinda.11..Look!Linda(listen)carefullyandshe(look)atthebeautifulpictures.12.Linda(love)Jeff"sstories.13.He(read)astorytohereveryday.14.Jeffsometimeseven(write)hisownstoriesareisaresittingisholdingisreadingislisteningislookinglovesreadswrites
C.15.It(be)earlyinthemorning.16.Sally(get)outofbed,(open)thewindowand(go)intothebathroom.17.Thenshe(have)breakfast.18.Afterbreakfast,Sallyusually(cycle)toschool.19.Afterschool,she(go)backhome.20.Sallyusually(eat)herlunchathome.21.Intheafternoons,shefirst(do)herhomeworkandthenshe(meet)herfriendsinthepark.22.What(do/she)now?23.She(play)theguitar.24.Herfriends(listen)andsomeofthem(sing)along.25.WhenSally(come)homeintheevening,she(have)dinnerandthenshe(watch)TV.26.She(go)tobedatabout8o"clockeveryday.isgetsopensgoeshascyclesgoeseatsdoesmeetsisshedoingisplayingarelisteningaresingingcomeshaswatchesgoes
D.27.Look!Jenny(go)toschool.28.She(wear)araincoatandwellies(长统雨靴)andshe(carry)anumbrella.29.Jennyusually(cycle)toschool,buttodayshe(take)thebusbecauseit(rain).30.Thebus(leave)at7.35and(arrive)atJenny"sschoolat7.45.31.Thefirstlesson(begin)at8o"clock.isgoingiswearingiscarryingcyclesistakingisrainingleavesarrivesbeginsE.32.Sue(be)astudentfromSouthKorea.33.She(live)inSeouland(study)medicine.34.Atthemoment,however,Sue(live)inLondon.35.She(do)asix-monthspracticalcourseinaLondonhospital.36.Infivedays,Sue(go)backtoSouthKoreabecausethenexttermatuniversity(start)intendays.islivesstudiesislivingisdoingisgoingstarts
4.3一般过去时构成:动词的过去式;be的过去式是was/were用法指点:理解一般过去时的关键是抓住过去二字。一是时间在过去。包括最近的过去(aminuteago,twohoursago,lastnight,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,lastmonth…)和遥远的过去(in1949,alongtimeago,whenIwasachild,agesago,acenturyago,in841B.C.,5,000yearsago…)。二是动作或状态(无论是短暂的一刹那,还是漫长的时间)都已发生了或完成了,而且过去了,与现在没有联系。看例句:Johncuthisfingerlastweek.(割破手指是上周的事,现在可能好了。)IlivedinNewYorkfor10years(在纽约住了十年,现在不住那儿了。).Hewroteacompositionlastnight.(他昨晚写了一篇作文。作文写完了,如没完成,就要用其他时态。)
一般过去时的用法大体上可比照一般现在时推出:1)表示过去的动作或状态Hecamein,tookoffhiscoatandsatdown.IsawmyunclewhenIwasachild.WhenIwashavingbreakfast,thephonesuddenlyrang.HewasinthefactorylastSunday.另外,须弄清其疑问句、否定句和强调句中助动词(did)的正确使用及主动词要用原形。Helivedthere.(肯定句)Didhelivethere?(疑问句)Hedidnotlivethere.(否定句)Hedidlivethere.(强调句)
2)表示过去习惯的动作(和一般现在时一样,可使用频度副词)Hetookawalkeverymorning.Marylearnedcookingtwiceaweek.Johnseldomwrotetome.Iswamintheevening.JohnlivedinCalcutta.NobodytaughtJapaneseinthiscity.注意下列句子不用频度副词,因为usedto和would含有“过去常常”的意思。①Heusedto(表示过去习惯)drinkcoffeeatnight.(=Hewoulddrinkcoffeeatnight.)②Heusedtobefat.(不能用Hewouldbefat.)usedto和would表过去习惯的用法差别:would只用于过去的动作,usdto对过去的动作和状态都可用。
3)表过去将来(用在表示时间、条件的状语从句中,表示一个从过去看来将发生的情况)Hepromisedtogivemefivedollarswhenhegothispay.HesaidhewouldrewardmeifIworkedhard.WeknewDadwouldpunishusunlesswebehaved.4)表虚拟条件或婉转客气IfIhadalotofmoney,Iwouldshareitwithyou.(表现在或将来的虚拟)Ihopedyouwouldgivemeahand.(比Ihope婉转客气)Iwonderedifyou’dlookaftermychildwhileIgoshopping.(比Iwonder婉转客气)
练习6看故事,用动词的过去式填空:1.Onceuponatimethere(be)threebears:hugePapaBear,ordinaryMamaBearandtinylittleBabyBear.They(live)inagreatbigwood.2.Oneday,ordinaryMamaBear(cook)adeliciousporridgeforherfamilyand(put)itintobowls:ahugebowlforhugePapaBear,anordinarybowlforordinaryMamaBearandatinylittlebowlfortinylittleBabyBear.3.Togivetheporridgesometimetocooldown,thethreebears(go)forawalk.4.Nearthegreatbigwood,there(live)alittlegirlcalledGoldilocks5.She(be)notallowedtogointothewood.Butoneday,she(sneak)outofthehouseand(run)intothegreatbigwood.6.Afterawhile,she(come)tothehouseofthethreebears.7.She(knock)atthedoor.She(look)throughthewindows.Butnobody(seem)tobethere.8.So,littleGoldilocks(step)inside.werelivedcookedputwentlivedsneakedwasrancameknockedlookedseemedstepped
9.InthekitchenGoldilocks(smell)theporridge.10.She(get)veryhungryand(try)theporridgeinthehugebowl-toohot.11.Thenshe(taste)someoftheporridgefromtheordinarybowl-toocold.12.Buttheporridgeinthelittlebowl(be)justrightandGoldilocks(eat)itallup.13.Inthesitting-room,there(be)threechairs.14.Goldilocks(sit)downinthehugechair-toohard.15.She(not/like)theordinarychaireither-toosoft.16.She(love)thelittlechair,however.Butshe(not/sit)onthatoneverylong,assoonit(break)intopieces.17.So,Goldilocks(go)onexploring.smelledgottriedtastedwasateweresatdidnotlikeloveddidnotsitwentbroke
18.Inthebedroom,there(stand)thethreebears"beds.19.Goldilockssuddenly(feel)verytired.20.She(climb)ontothehugebed-toohard.21.Thenshe(crawl)intotheordinarybed-toosoft.22.Thelittlebed,however,(be)justright.23.So,Goldilocks(lie)down.24.Andinnexttonotime,she(fall)asleep.25.Afterawhile,thethreebears(return)home.26.Onelookattheirbowlsandchairsandthey(start)wondering.Something(not/be)right.stoodfeltclimbedcrawledwaslayfellreturnedstartedwasnot
27.They(come)intothebedroom.Andtherethey(see)littleGoldilocksinBabyBear"sbed.28.Thethreebears(watch)herforawhileandthenthey(wake)herup.29.Goldilocks(open)hereyes.30.She(see)thebears,(begin)toscreamandasfastasshe(can),Goldilocks(run)outofthebears"house.31.Thethreebears(follow)her.32.Butattheedgeofthewood,thebearssuddenly(stop).33.FrightenedlittleGoldilocks,however,(not/stop).34.She(hurry)hometoherparents.35.Andshenever(visit)thebears"houseagain.camesawwatchedwokeopenedsawbegancouldranfollowedstoppeddidnotstophurriedvisited
4.4过去进行时构成:were/was+V-ing用法指点:参照现在进行时的用法,用法基本一样,只是时间由现在推移到过去。注意过去进行时常作为“背景”,和一般过去时使用;还常用来描述两个过去同时发生的动作。1)表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.(时刻)Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.(时刻)Iwastravellingduringtheweek.(阶段)Betweentwoandfouro"clockIwasplayingbasketball.(阶段)IwastalkingwithJameswhenthetelephonerang.(和一般过去时)WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.(和一般过去时)IwaswatchingTVandBarbarawasreadingabook.(同时发生的动作)WhenBobwaspaintingwindows,Marywasworkinginthekitchen.
2)过去某时将发生的事。TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork. HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.3)用于时间或条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。Hepromisednottomentionthiswhenhewastalkingtoher.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.练习7用动词的正确形式填空(一般过去时和过去进行时)1.WhenI(get)upyesterday,thesun(shine).2.It(is)abeautifulmorning.3.SoI(decide)tocyclearoundalittle.gotwasshiningwasdecided
4.I(go)totheshedand(take)outmybike.5.WhileI(cycle)pastsomevillages,I(see)somepeopleintheirgardens.6.Oneman(mow割草)thegrasswhilehiswife(pick)strawberries.7.Afteronehourofcyclinginsunshine,abigfatraincloudsuddenly(appear)andit(start)torain.8.Luckily,afarmer(notice)meand(tell)metocomein.9.Whileit(rain)outside,I(sit)inthefarmer"shouse.10.Afterawhile,thesun(come)outagain.11.I(thank)thefarmerforhishospitality(热情好客)and(move)on.wenttookwascyclingsawwasmowingwaspickingappearedstartednoticedtoldwasrainingwassittingcamethankedmoved
4.5现在完成时构成:have/has+过去分词用法指点:分析时,一看联系,二看时间。现在完成时是用来表达过去和现在的一种联系。这种联系可以是一种因果关系,也可以是一种时间的连续。所以现在完成时的句子或者不用时间状语,或者用与现在相关的时间状语,绝对不用确定的过去时间状语。为便于理解,可把现在完成时概括为三种用法。1)表示影响;2)表示延续;3)表示经历。
1)表示影响(过去所发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,即过去和现在是因果联系)常与just,yet,already,before,recently,lately(最近),ever,never等表时间的副词搭配使用。Hehasfinishedhiswork.(Sohecannowrest…)Ihavealreadyeatenthedinner.(SoI"mnothungry…)Hehashadacaraccident.(That"swhyheisinthehospital…)Hehasjustgoneout.Hehasn"tseenherlately.Ihaven"tfinishedthebookyet.Ihaveworkedhardthisweek.Ithasrainedalotthisyear.Wehaven"tseenhertoday.这种用法可能和哪些表时间的词搭配使用呢?
2)表示延续(一个动作或状态从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在,也有可能持续下去,即过去和现在有时间联系)常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime(很长时间),uptopresent(直到现在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几年里),thesedays(目前)……Hehasworkedherefor15years.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.Sofar,Ihaven"treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.这种用法可能和哪些表时间的词搭配使用呢?
【注】某些非延续性动词,在现在完成时的肯定句中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。常见的非延续动词:die,arrive(到达),join(加入),leave(离开),go,refuse(拒绝),fail(失败),finish,buy,marry,divorce(离婚),awake(醒),borrow,lend...中文正确错误她离开一个月了。ShehasbeenawayforamonthShehasgoneawayforamonth.那男人死了两年了。Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.这本书你买多久了?Howlonghaveyougot/hadthebook.?Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?但在否定句中,非延续动词可以与一段时间的状语连用。例如:Ihavenotbuyshirtsfor3years.Ihaven’tseenmyuncleforalongtime.点击此处返回幻灯片43
3)表示经历(表示从过去某时到现在动作发生的次数)(含因果和时间双重联系)常和频度状语一起搭配使用(见下面例句的斜体词)。Ihavenever(ornotyet,hardlyever,seldom,rarely,occasionally,sometimes,often,frequently,always)seenhimintheoffice.Theyhaveseenthatfilmsixtimes.Ithashappenedseveraltimesalready.Shehasvisitedthemfrequently.Wehaveeatenatthatrestaurantmanytimes.
4)和现在完成时相关的问题:现在完成时表将来(和一般现在时一样,可在时间和条件状语从句中表将来。)Iwillgoshopping,iftherainhasstopped.(此处不能用一般现在时)②现在完成时的回答-Haveyouseenmystamps?-Yes,Ihave./No,Ihaven’t.orYes,Isawthemonyourdeskaminuteago.-Haveyouhadbreakfast?-Yes,Ihave.orNo,Ihaven’thadityet.orYes,Ihaditatseveno’clock.orYes,IhaditwithMary.(注意回答中过去时的句子是完整的。)
③比较下列句子的不同含义:ShehasbeentoBeijing.她去过北京。(表经历)ShehasgonetoBeijing.她去北京了。(表影响)Shehasbeentheretwice.她去过那儿两次。(表经历)Shehasbeenthereforfiveyears.她来这里五年了。(表延续)
④itis+一段时间+since+一般过去时或现在完成时非延续动词不能和一段时间状语用于现在完成时的肯定句,但下面的不同说法都是可以的:ItisthreeyearssinceI(last)sawBill.(特定句式)自从我(上次)和比尔见面到现在已经三年了。ItisthreeyearssinceIhaveseenBill.(特定句式)自我和比尔那次见面以来已经有三年了。IlastsawBillthreeyearsago.(一般过去时)我最后一次见到比尔是在三年以前。Ihaven’tseenBillforthreeyears.(现在完成时的否定句)我已经有三年没见到过比尔了。ItistwomonthssinceTom(last)smokedacigarette.汤姆最后一次抽烟到现在已有两个月了。ItistwomonthssinceTomhassmokedacigarette.汤姆已经两个月没抽烟了。Helastsmokedacigarettetwomonthsago.他最后一次抽烟是两个月以前。Hehasn’tsmokedacigarettefortwomonths.他已经有两个月没有抽烟了。点击此处参看幻灯片38
⑤用于下列句型的定语从句中(其先行词有形容词最高级或序数词等修饰):ThisisthebestwineIhaveeverdrunk.这是我喝过的最好的葡萄酒。ThisistheworstbookIhaveeverread.这是我读过的最糟的书。ItistheeasiestjobIhaveeverhad.它是我干过的最容易的工作。去掉ever,不用形容词的最高级形式,和thefirst,thesecond,theonly等连用:It/ThisisthefirsttimeIhaveeatenmutton.这是我第一次吃羊肉。Itisonlythesecondtimehehasbeeninacanoe.这才是他第二次乘独木舟。Thisistheonlybookhehaswritten.这是他写的唯一的一本书。
用法联系时间状语影响强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。因果过去的动作是“因”并已表明,现在的情况是“果”没有说出。或者不用时间状语,或者与just,yet,already,before,recently,lately(最近),ever,never等表时间的副词搭配使用。绝不能用确定的过去时间状语(如in2008,threedaysago)。但today,thisweek,thisyear可以用,因为不是过去时间。thismorning在早上可用,但下午或晚上就是过去时间了。延续动作或状态从过去延续到现在。时间一段时间从过去开始延续到现在。常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime(很长时间),uptopresent(直到现在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几年里),thesedays(目前)……故非延续性动词不能用于肯定句。经历从来没有过,一次或多次。因果/时间时间很少明说,但暗含着“到现在为止”的意思。常与频度状语连用:never,notyet,hardlyever,seldom,rarely,occasionally,sometimes,often,frequently,always)现在完成时用法一览
练习8用动词的正确形式填空(一般过去时和现在完成时)1.He(leave/just)hishouse.2.We(build)atreehouselastweek.3.Twoyearsago,Fiona(break)herleg.4.I(wash/already)thedishes.5.Theotherday,ourcat(bring)homeamouse.6.She(be/not)thereanhourago.7.He(lose/not)anygamesofar.8.Mybrother(pick/not)meupat8o"clock.9.I(make/not)upmymindyet.10.(you/see)Bobrecently?11.Who(switch)offthelightsaminuteago?12.When(she/become)ateacher?13.(you/ride/ever)anelephant?14.(you/hurt)yourkneewhenyouwereplayingfootball?hasjustleftbuiltbrokehavealreadywashedbroughtwasnothasnotlostdidnotpickhavenotmadeHaveyouseenswitcheddidshebecomeHaveyoueverriddenDidyouhurt
练习9用动词的正确形式填空LastweekI(be)verybusyandI(havenot)thetimetodoalotinthehousehold.OnMondayI(work)threehoursovertimeand(come)homeverylateintheevening.FromTuesdaytoThursdayI(be)onabusinesstrip.OnFridayI(go)toafriend"sbirthdaypartyandattheweekendI(visit)mygrandparents.Tomorrowsomefriendsarecomingover.I(see/not)themforagesandthey(be/never)atmyplacebefore.I(clean/just)myhousesoIcanshowthemaround.Noweverythingisperfect.havejustcleanedwasdidnothaveworkedcamewaswentvisitedhavenotseenhaveneverbeen
Myfriend(be)toEdinburgh([‘edinbərə]n.爱丁堡)threetimes.Someyearsagohe(study)Englishthere.Lastmonthhe(visit)somefriendsinEdinburgh.Unfortunately,I(can/not)gotoEdinburghwithhim.Thisisapity.Theyaremyfriends,too,andI(see/not)themforages.练习10用动词的正确形式填空hasbeenstudiedvisitedcouldnothavenotseen
4.6过去完成时构成:had+过去分词用法指点:现在完成时强调的是与现在联系,过去完成时强调的是和过去的联系。即必须以某一过去时间为参照:或谈论“过去的过去”,或“从较早的过去延续到某一过去时间”。这一过去时间可以用by,at,before,until,assoonas等引起的短语或分句表示,也可以通过主句或上下文表示。1)表示过去之前已完成的动作或状态。(过去的过去)Bytwelveo’clock,wehadhadlunch.JohnhadstudiedChinesebeforehecametoChina.Herecalledthattheyhadmet(twoyears)before.Mr.Bushsaidhehadbeentherethenightbefore.Themanthatcame yesterdayhadtravelledinfiftycountries.Thisman,whowas successfulnow,hadfailedahundredtimesThatmorningshedidnotfeelwell.Shehadcaughtabadcold.
2)表示过去某时已开始的动作或状态延续到过去的另一个时间。(延续到某一过去时间)Bysixo’clocktheyhadworkedfortwelvehours.JohnandJanehadknowneachotherforalongtimebeforetheirmarriage.Uptothattimeallhadgonewell.Hehadlivedheresincehegotmarried.(Hewasstillhere.)3)表示过去没有实现的希望、打算或意图。A.适用于intend,mean,hope,expect,want,plan,suppose,think等动词过去完成时+不定式的一般式Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.(……原/本想昨天去看你……)Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecauseofthebadweather.(……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……)这一用法可看作是“过去的过去”的特例,其译文常在那些动词前加原/本。
Ihadintendedtogo.=Iintendedtohavegone.(Iintendedtogo,butIdidnotgo.)Hehadhopedtohelpyou.=Hehopedtohavehelpedyou.(Buthedidnothelpyou.)B.适用于intend,mean,hope,expect,want,plan,suppose,think等动词一般过去时+不定式的完成式Ionyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.(……原/本想昨天去看你……)hadintendedtocallintendedtohavecalledTheyafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecauseofthebadweather.(……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……)planedtohaveheldhadintendedtocallHaveago(试一试).A→B
4)表示虚拟(关于过去)IfIhadhadenoughmoneythen,Iwouldhaveboughtthehouse.IfMaryhadstudiedharder,shewouldhavepassedtheexam.IwishIhadgotthereintime.IfonlyIhadknowntheanswertothatquestion.5)过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型结构中。(意为:“一……就”)Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.=Hardly/Scarcelyhadshegonetobedwhenthebellrang.Hehadnosoonerarrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.=Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.
过去完成时在特定的情况下它也可用一般过去时代替:①如果所用连词或状语已表示了时间的先后;Hewenttoschoolassoonas(orafter)he(had)dressedhimself.Theaudienceapplaudedwhenhe(had)finishedhisspeechHespokeafterhe(had)studiedhisspeech.Hefoundhiswatch.He(had)lostittwodaysbefore.HesaidhecamefromCanada.②在追叙时,如果一连串动词全都用过去完成时会显得很累赘;Finallytheygotmarried.TheyhadfalleninloveinTokyo.Theyhadloved/lovedeachothertenderly.Theirparentshadbeen/wereopposedtotheirmarriage,andtheyhadtried/triedtwicetocommitsuicide.(为了避免累赘,可以把追叙部分第一句中的hadfallen保留,后面句子中的过去完成时全可以用一般过去时代替。)
③按动作发生的时间顺序连续写一段话时;Iborrowedabookandreaditatnight.Aweeklater,Ireturnedittothelibraryandborrowedanother.(按时间顺序叙述)但:IreadatnightabookwhichIhadborrowed.Aweeklater,afterIhadreturnedittothelibrary,Iborrowedanother.Whenhecourted(向…献殷勤)her,sheturnedhimdown.Buttwoyearslater,theywerehusbandandwife.Shefounditqueer(奇怪的)indeed.(按时间顺序叙述)但:Shefoundthematterqueerindeed.Sheandhewerenowhusbandandwife.Butonlytwoyearsbefore,whenhehadcourtedher,shehadturnedhimdown.(后面一句追叙更早的事)
④如果主句中包含了过去完成时,从句中的过去完成时常以一般过去时代替;Iknewhehadlostmoneywhenhe(had)gambled.HesaidJimhadbeencaughtbecausehe(had)solddrugs⑤另外,历史事实通常应用一般过去时表示。HesaidHitler(不用had)killedmillionsofJews.IlearnedthatColumbus(不用had)discoveredAmerica.
练习11用动词的正确形式填空(一般过去时和过去完成时)1.Whenhe(wake)up,hismother(already/prepare)breakfast.2.We(go)toLondonbecausetheQueen(invite)usfortea.3.He(hear)thenews,(go)tothetelephoneand(call)afriend.4.Whenshe(start)tolearnEnglish,she(already/learn)French.5.Jane(already/type)tenpageswhenhercomputer(crash).6.Bythetimehe(arrive)atthepub,they(run)outofbeer.7.Beforethatdaywe(never/think)ofgoingtoJapan.8.I(know)himforalongtimebeforeI(meet)hisfamily.9.They(not/know)wheretomeetbecausenobody(tell)them.10.It(be)cloudyfordaysbeforeitfinally(begin)torain.wokehadalreadypreparedwenthadinvitedheardwentcalledstartedhadalreadylearnedhadalreadytypedarrivedcrashedhadrunhadneverthoughthadknownmetdidnotknowhadtoldhadbeenbegan
练习12用动词的正确形式填空(一般过去时和过去完成时)1.Bob(wake)upearlyinthemorning.2.He(feel)verytiredbecausehe(sleep/not)verywellthenightbefore.3.Astrangenoiseinthegarden(keep)himawake.4.Nowit(be)sixo"clockandBob(get)upand(go)tothebathroomwherehe(have)acoldshowertowakeup.5.Thenhe(make)himselfanicecupofcoffee.6.WhenBob(look)outofthekitchenwindow,he(believe/not)hiseyes.7.There(be)abearinhisgarden!8.He(search)Bob"sgardenforfoodlastnight.9.Bob(knock)atthewindow.10.Thebear(hear)thatand(run)away.11.Butwhatamessthebear(make)inthegarden!
练习12用动词的正确形式填空(一般过去时和过去完成时)1.Bob(wake)upearlyinthemorning.2.He(feel)verytiredbecausehe(sleep/not)verywellthenightbefore.3.Astrangenoiseinthegarden(keep)himawake.4.Nowit(be)sixo"clockandBob(get)upand(go)tothebathroomwherehe(have)acoldshowertowakeup.5.Thenhe(make)himselfanicecupofcoffee.6.WhenBob(look)outofthekitchenwindow,he(believe/not)hiseyes.7.There(be)abearinhisgarden!8.He(search)Bob"sgardenforfoodlastnight.9.Bob(knock)atthewindow.10.Thebear(hear)thatand(run)away.11.Butwhatamessthebear(make)inthegarden!wokefelthadnotslepthadkeptwasgotwenthadmadelookeddidnotbelievewashadsearchedknockedheardranhadmade
4.7现在完成进行时构成:have/has+been+V-ing用法指点:现在完成进行时和现在完成时的延续用法类似,即表达一个在过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作,但同中有异。某些延续性动词既可以用现在完成时,也可以用现在完成进行时,和一段时间状语连用时,意义一样。这样的动词有expect,hope,learn,lie,live,look,rain,sleep,sit,snow,stand,stay,study,teach,wait,work等:HowlonghaveyoulearntEnglish?你学习英语多久了?HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?(译文同上。)b)Hehassleptfortenhours.他已经睡了十个小时了。Hehasbeensleepingfortenhours.(译文同上。)c)Ithassnowedforalongtime.雪下了好长时间了。Ithasbeensnowingforalongtime.(译文同上。)相同之处
They’vealwayshadabiggarden.他们一直有一座大花园。Howlonghaveyouknownthat?你知道这事多久了?He’sbeeninhospitalsincehisaccident.他从发生事故之后,一直在医院里。不同之处1状态动词可用于现在完成时,一般不用于现在完成进行时。以下例句中的状态动词可用现在完成时,但不能用现在完成进行时代替:
2不与一段时间状语连用时,现在完成进行时仍表示动作延续,但现在完成时则表示完成了的一个动作。I’vebeenpolishingthecar.我在擦车来着。(动作不一定已结束。)I’vepolishedthecar.我擦了车。(这件事已经结束了。)He’sbeentakingphotos.他一直在拍照。(他大概手里正拿着照相机。)Hehastakenphotos.他拍过相片。(这件事可能是也可能不是最近发生的。)
I’vewrittensixletterssincebreakfast.早饭后我已经写了六封信。I’vebeenwritingletterssincebreakfast.早饭后我一直在写信。Ihaveknockedfivetimes.Idon’tthinkanyone’sin.我敲了五次门。我想屋里没有人。I’vebeenknocking.Idon’tthinkanybody’sin.我一直在敲门。我想屋里没有人。3现在完成时可表示反复的动作,现在完成进行时强调连续的动作。所以提到做一件事的次数或一共做了多少事情时不能用现在完成进行时。
辨析一览表时态用法条件现在完成进行时表延续延续动词,(一段时间状语)现在完成时表延续延续动词/状态动词,一段时间状语表影响表经历动作已完成一次,多次,从未…从上表可知,只有当使用延续动词且与一段时间状语连用时,现在完成时和现在完成进行时的用法和意义才相同。但如果要强调动作的连续性或不间断,最好使用现在完成进行时。现在完成时表延续时,还可用状态动词,另外现在完成时还有表“影响”和“经历”的用法,现在完成进行时则没有。
练习13用动词的正确形式填空(现在完成时和现在完成进行时)1.A:(you/take)thedogforawalkyet?2.B:I(work)allday.I(come/just)homefromworkandI(have/not)thetimeyettowalkthedog.3.A:Howlong(thedog/be)homealone?4.B:Forabout6hours.You(walk/not)thedogforalongtime.Don"tyouwanttogo?5.A:Well,I(laze(偷懒)/not)aboutalldayeither,youknow.IhaveaveryimportantmeetingtomorrowandIstill(finish/not)mypresentation.6.B:Okay,Iwillgothen.Where(you/put)collarandleash(颈圈和皮带)?7.A:Theyareinthekitchen.Bytheway,(you/eat)anythingyet?Ifnot,couldyougetussomethingfromthesupermarket?Haveyoutakenhavebeenworkinghavejustcomehavenothadhasthedogbeenhavenotwalkedhavenotbeenlazinghavenotfinishedhaveyouputhaveyoueaten
4.71过去完成进行时(仅供教师参考,对学生不作要求)构成:hadbeen+V-ing用法指点:凡不能用于进行时的动词均不能有这种时态。但动词want(有时还有wish)除外:Theboywasdelightedwithhisnewknife.Hehadbeenwantingoneforalongtime.男孩对新小刀很高兴。他早就想要一把了。注意:这一时态没有被动语态。过去完成进行时与过去完成时之间的关系,同现在完成进行时与现在完成时之间的关系相同。1)表示动作在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始并持续到那一时刻或者在那一时刻之前刚刚停止时,常可以用两个时态中的任一个:Itwasnowsixandhewastiredbecausehehadworkedsincedawn.已经6点了,他感到很累,因为他从天亮起一直工作到现在。Itwasnowsixandhewastiredbecausehehadbeenworkingsincedawn.那时正是6点,他因从一大早就干活而累了。
2)用过去完成时表示的反复的动作,有时可以作为一种连续的动作用过去完成进行时表示:hehadtriedfivetimestogetheronthephone.他曾试着打了五次电话要找她。Hehadbeentryingtogetheronthephone.他一直在试着打电话找她。3)一个用过去完成时表达的单一动作和一个用过去完成进行时表达的动作不同:Bysixo’clockhehadrepairedtheengine.到6点钟时他已经修好发动机了。(这项工作已经完成。)但Hehadbeenrepairingtheengine.他一直在修理发动机。Hehadpaintedthedoor.他油漆了门。(可能是最近,也可能是一段时间之前。)Hehadbeenpaintingthedoor.他当时一直在油漆门。(油漆大概还未干。)
4.8一般将来时构成:shall/will+动词原形,……用法指点:1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称。在征求意见、表示请求时,常用shallI/we…?Willyou…?2)表将来较为复杂,一要记住多种形式,二要掌握用法差异。表示将来时的形式1will/shall+动词原形2begoingto+动词原形3be+V-ing进行时4一般现在时5beto+动词原形6beaboutto+动词原形7beonthepointof+V-ing
记住了这7种表将来的形式了吗我们来看看它们的基本用法
将来时的形式用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形表示“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或根据现有迹象预测很有可能要发生某事We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.It’sgoingtoclearup.3be+V-ing进行时go,come,start,等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.Aretheyleavingfor?4一般现在时时刻表或日程安排早已确定的事情;在时间或条件状语从句中。以here,there等开始的倒装句Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock..I"llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.Herecomesthebus.5beto+动词原形用于正式的安排或公务;用于命令或指示We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.Heistostayheretillwereturn.6beaboutto+动词原形表示马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语Look!Theraceisabouttostart.7beonthepointof+V-ingLook!Theraceisonthepointofstarting.
表示将来时间的各种方式的比较观察下面各类句子,体会不同的含义。1)Ishall(orYouwill,Hewill)leaveforHongKong.(单纯未来情况)2)Iwill(orYoushall,Heshall)leaveforHongKong.(表现了说话人的意愿)3)IleaveforHongKongnextmonth.(事前安排,通常带有时间状语)4)IamtoleaveforHongKong.(事前安排)5)IamleavingforHongKongnextmonth.(事前安排,较随便的说法,常带时间状语)6)Heis(orYouare,Iam)goingto(=intendsto)leaveforHongKong.(表示个人打算)
7)He(orThetree)isgoingto(=isverysureto,isverylikelyto)die.(根据现有的迹象推测很可能发生)8)IamreadytoleaveforHongKong.(表示已准备好)9)Iam(just)abouttoleaveforHongKong.(快发生的事)10)IamonthepointofleavingforHongKong.(即将发生的事)11)IshallbeleavingforHongKong.(亲切客气的说法)12)IshallhaveleftforHongKongbynextmorning(orwhenyoucallagain).(将来某时将已完成的动作)13)WereItoleaveforHongKongnextweek,Ishouldbelateforthemeeting.(虚拟,下周不去。)
注意:shall/will+动词原形除表将来外,还有其他用法。1.shall用于第二、三人称后,表达说话人(而不是句子的主语)的意志:允诺、命令、警告、威胁等语气。Youshallpayforthis.你要为此付出代价的。(威胁)Youshallhaveacarforyourbirthday.你过生日会得到一辆汽车。(允诺)Theyshallnotpass!不会让他们通过的。(决心)Whenhecomesin,nobodyshallsayaword.他进来的时候,谁也不许说话。(命令)2.will表示意愿或临时的决定。I(orYou,He)willdoit.Youcandoanythingyouwill.Whowillclosethedoor?Iwill.Ifyouwillsmoke,youwillbeillagain.(这两个will意思不同,前面的Will表示“坚持要……”,后面的Will单纯表示将来情况。)
won’t和wouldn’t表示拒绝(不肯,表意愿will的否定式)Drinkyourmilk,Jimmy!–Iwon’t.吉米,把你的牛奶喝了!-我不。(也可由人引申到物)Thecarwon’tstart.汽车发动不了。Thecarwouldn’tstartthismorning.今天上午汽车发动不了。3.Will可以表示现在或将来的习惯或倾向(特征),would表示过去的习惯,常和一个频度状语一起用(用于第一人称时较少):Hewilloftenreadallnight.(现在习惯)HeWillboastofhissonwheneverhemeetsfriends.(现在习惯)Hewillsometimeseatsupperinthisrestaurant.(现在习惯)HeWouldreadallnight.(过去习惯)Iwouldsometimesseeher.(过去习惯)Jealousywill(=can)spoilfriendship.(倾向,“往往”)Thehallwillsitathousandpeople.IfIdropthisglassitwillbreak.如果我把这个杯子掉到地上,它就会摔碎。Whenitgetswarmerthesnowwillstarttomelt.天气变暖时,雪开始融化。
练习14用动词的正确形式填空(will,begoingto,一般现在时或现在进行时)1.IloveLondon.I(probably/go)therenextyear.2.Ourtrain(leave)at4:47.3.What(wear/you)atthepartytonight?4.Ihaven"tmadeupmymindyet.ButIthinkI(find)somethingniceinmymum"swardrobe.5.Thisismylastdayhere.I(go)backtoEnglandtomorrow.6.Hurryup!Theconference(会议)(begin)in20minutes.7.Myhoroscope(占星术;星象)saysthatI(meet)anoldfriendthisweek.8.Lookatthesebigblackclouds!It(rain).9.Hereistheweatherforecast.Tomorrow(be)dryandsunny.willprobablygoleavesareyougoingtowearwillfindamgoingbeginswillmeetisgoingtorainwillbe
4.81将来进行时构成:will/shall+be+V-ing用法指点:两种用法。1)表将来某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作。设想一个班的学生在将来正在做什么,可以这样表达:(Nowtheyaresittingintheirclassroom.Theyarelisteningtoatape.)Thistimetomorrowtheywillbesittinginthecinema.Theywillbewatchingafilm.OnSaturdaythereisnoclass.SoonSaturdaytheywillnotbesittingintheclassroom.Theywillbedoingotherthings.Billwillbeplayingtennis.Annwillbeshopping.Georgewillstillbehavingbreakfast.(现在他们正坐在教室里。他们在听录音。)明天这个时候他们会坐在电影院里看电影。星期六没有课。因此,星期六这时候他们不在教室里。他们会做别的事情。比尔会在打网球,安会去买东西,乔治会还在吃早饭。
2)用来表示不含意图又未发生的动作(即单纯表将来)。IwillbehelpingMarytomorrow.明天我帮玛丽干活。这个句子仅仅说明这一动作将要发生。如果要表示说话人已安排好要帮助玛丽或者想帮助她。须用一般将来时的表现形式(will/begoingto+动词原形等)。4.82将来完成时(仅供教师参考,对学生不作要求)构成:will/shall+have+过去分词用法指点:这一时态用来表示在将来的一个特定时刻将成为过去的动作或在该时刻刚刚结束的动作。它常与by开头的时间短语连用:bythen到那时,bythattime到那时,bythe24th到24号那天。
Bytheendofnextmonthhewillhavebeenherefortenyears.到下月底,他在这儿就够十年了。(假设现在是12月3日,大卫对他将参加的12月13日的考试很担心。某个筹划举办聚会的人可能说:)We’dbetterwaittill14December.Davidwillhavehadhisexambythen,sohe’llbeabletoenjoyhimself.我们最好还是等到12月14日。到那时大卫就考完试了,这样他就能够玩得痛快。(同时请注意以下句子:)Isave£50amonthandIstartedinJanuary.SobytheendoftheyearIwill/shallhavesaved£600.我每月储蓄50英镑,是从1月份开始的。这样的话,到年底我就有600英镑的存款了。Bill(lookingatTom’scellar):You’vegotover400bottles.Howlongwillthatlastyou?Twoyears?比尔(瞧着汤姆的地下室):你有四百多瓶酒。够你喝多久?两年?Tom:Notahope.Idrinkeightbottlesaweek.I’llhavedrunkallthesebytheendofthisyear.汤姆:不可能。我每星期喝八瓶。到今年年底我就会把所有这些酒都喝完了。
4.83将来完成进行时(仅供教师参考,对学生不作要求)构成:will/shallhavebeen+V-ing用法指点:正如将来完成时一样,它通常与一个以by开头的时间短语连用:Bytheendofthisyearhe’llhavebeenactingforthirtyyears.到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。将来完成进行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进行时与现在完成时的关系一样即在以下情况下可以用将来完成进行时而不用将来完成时:1)动作本身就是连续的:Bytheendofthemonthhewillhavebeenliving/working/studyingherefortenyears.到了月底他在这里居住/工作/学习就满十年了。2)一种经常进行的动作被表示为连续的动作:Bytheendofthismonthhewillhavebeentraininghorses/climbingmountainsfortwentyyears.到了这个月底他驯马/登山就满20年了。
注意:如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的山峰的数目,或用任何方式把动作分割为一次又一次的动作,就必须用将来完成时:Bytheendofthemonthhewillhavetrained600horses/climbed50mountains.到本月底,他驯服的马就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了。4.9过去将来时构成:would/should+动词原形用法指点:表示从过去某时看将来发生的动作或存在的状态,这就是一般过去将来时。在这个时态中主要用would,很少用should。如果今天是5月15日,我今天说Hewillcomeinthreedays.我的意思是:HewillcomeonMay18.如果这话是3月5日说的,我的意思是:HewouldcomeonMay8.Wouldcome也可以说是willcome的过去形式:
TendaysagoheaskedmewhetherIwouldgotoHongKongthefollowingday.(一般过去将来时)IhopedIshouldbewellagainverysoon.Heaskedforthethinghewouldneverget.Hewouldbeoneyearoldinsixdays.Hewasinahurry.HewouldleaveforSingapore.Heaskedmesomequestions.WouldIbebusytoday?WouldIdinewithhim?注意:如将4.8表格中的形式改为相应的过去式形式都可以用来表示“过去将来”。点击此处返回表格
构成:would/should+have+过去分词用法指点:表示从过去某时看将来某时将业已完成的事:Ithoughthewouldhavegonewhenthepolicearrived.(从过去观念看)比较:Ithinkhewillhavegonewhenthepolicearrives.(从现在观念看)IhopedIshouldhaveleftthisterriblecitybythenextMonday.Thewaytothestationwassolong.Thetrainwouldhavestartedwhenhearrivedatthestation.4.91过去将来完成时(仅供教师参考,对学生不作要求)构成:would/should+be+V-ing用法指点:表示从过去某时看将来某时将正在进行的动作:Ithoughtyouwouldbesleepingnow.Shedidn"tknowweshould(would)beworryingabouther.4.92过去将来进行时(仅供教师参考,对学生不作要求)
4.93过去将来完成进行时(仅供教师参考,对学生不作要求)构成:would/should+havebeen+V-ing用法指点:表示从过去某时看将持续到将来某时的动作:IknewIshouldhavebeensleepingbeforeshefinishedmakingherselfup.Hesaidby1979hewouldhavebeenlivingintheforestfor20years.在一些复合句中,有些从句的时态要受主句时态的影响,要作必要的改变,这称为时态的呼应(SequenceofTenses)。4.94时态的呼应至此,关于各时态的用法,我们做了相应的分析。但我们还是面临一些问题:一个句子的时态是否影响另一个句子的时态?在复合句中,主句和从句的时态是否必须一致?接下来的一节会给我们答案。
主句从句Hewashonest,thoughhewaspoor.(状语从句)Hedidnotleaveoffuntilhehadsucceeded.Weweretalkingwhenthebellrang.Thebellrangwhileweweretalking.Iinquired(询问)whathehaddoneathome.(名词从句)Weunderstoodhowhewasfeeling.Isuspectedthattheywouldrefusetosurrender(投降).Hefoundthebookwhichhehadlosttwodaysago.(定语从句)HespoketoJohn,whoheknewwouldhelphim.在复合句中,主句中动词为过去时(一般过去时,过去完成时及过去进行时),从句中的动词就受到影响,也要用过去时:
在复合句中,如主句动词为现在时或将来时,从句动词(可用任何时态)不受主句影响:主句从句Iknow,oryouwilllearnthatheishelpful.(宾语从句)Iknow,oryouwilllearnthatheworkshard.Iknow,oryouwilllearnthatIhavebeendoingmybest.Iknow,oryouwilllearnthathewillbedoingsomethinggreat.Iwanttoseethemanwhocameyesterday.(定语从句)Iwanttoseethemanwhoiswaitingthere.Iwanttoseethemanwhowillshowmesomething.Iwillwaitifhesaidhewantedtoseeme.(状语从句)Iwillwaitwhileyouarepreparing.Iwillwaituntilyouareready.
在名词从句表示一个永恒真理或现在仍然经常发生的动作时,尽管主句的动词为过去时,从句动词的时态可以不受影响(不过这时用过去时也可以):主句从句Theylearnedatschoolthathonestyisthebestpolicy.Iaskedhimhowtheatomicbombexplodes.Pasteventsshowed usthefactthatallmenareselfish.Hewastoldthattheshowstartsateight.Shelearnedthathesellsriceandcoffee.Thestudentsweretaughtthattheearthmovedroundthesun.Shebecameawarethathewasalwaysreadytosacrificehimself.IforgotwhatIlookedlike.DidhetellyouwhereIlived?
在日常口语中,尽管主句动词用过去时,从句中的动词可以用现在完成时、现在进行时,甚至将来时态。在这种特殊情况下,观点突然从过去转到现在,特别是这样可以使时间关系更明确:1)Hetoldmelastmonththathewillbetwenty-twoandgraduatefromtheuniversitynextyear.2)Hesaidthismorningthathehasboughtthesteamerticketandwillleavetomorrow.3)Hesaidtwodaysagothatheisworkingwithacompanythisspring.4)HewrotemeyesterdaythathewillleaveforEuropeinthreemonths.5)YesterdayImettheladywhoisnowstandingthere.6)Theoldmanwhowillcooperatewithmeearnedlotsofmoneylastyear.7)HewasverybusytheseseveraldaysbecauseheleavesforEuropetomorrow.
在表示比较的句子中,主句和从句可以各自有自己的时态,彼此互不影响:1)Helikesyoubetterthanhelikedme.2)Hewilllikeyoubetter thanhehaslikedme.3)Helikedyouasmuch ashelikesme.一个句子中动词的时态不必受前后句子中动词时态的影响:Hearrived(一般过去时)yesterday.Heisnowstaying(现在进行时)atahotel.Tomorrowhewillstart(一般将来时)forLondon.在并列句中,一个分句中动词的时态也不必受另一分句时态的影响:Johncameyesterday,andMaryiscomingnow,butWilliamwillbeabsent.
同学们,至此本章已经探讨了16个时态的用法,但重点只有8个时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,现在完成进行时。为此本章对它们作了详细地讲解并配备了相应的练习,但这些练习只是少量的针对性的练习,更多的练习有待我们复习完动词的语态之后再做。因为语态和时态是紧密相连的,所以下一章我们复习动词的语态。