人教版八年级下册英语语法解析总结 11页

新目标英语八年级(下)重点语法句型总结 Unit1 Willpeoplehaverobots?                                                          本单元语法讲解：一般将来时                             1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。本时态标志词：                             ①含tomorrow;next短语；②in+段时间；③howsoon；                             ④by+将来时间；⑤bythetimesb.do…；⑥祈使句句型中：or/                             andsb.willdo；                             ⑦在时间/条件状语从句中，如果从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时；⑧anotherday                                比较begoingto与will:                                begoingto表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will表示的将来时间则较远一些。                             如：Heisgoingtowritealettertonight. Hewill                             writeabookoneday.                             2.begoingto表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will                             表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。                                Heisseriouslyill.Heisgoingtodie. He                             willbetwentyyearsold.                             3.begoingto含有“计划，准备”的意思，而will则没有这个意思，如：                                Sheisgoingtolendusherbook. Hewillbe                             hereinhalfanhour.                             4.在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用begoingto,而多用will。如：                                Ifanybeastscomesatyou,I"llstaywithyou andhelpyou.                                掌握了它们的这些不同，你就能很好的区分begoingto与will了。                                一般将来时常见的标志词                               ①含tomorrow;next短语；②in+段时间；                               ③howsoon；④by+将来时间；                             5.祈使句句型中：or/andsb.willdo                             例：Bequick,oryouwillbelate=Ifyoudon"tbequick,youwillbelate                             6.在时间/条件状语从句中，如果从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时  Unit2 WhatshouldIdo?                                                        本单元目标句型：                             1.What"swrong(withyou)?/What"sthematter?                             2.WhatshouldIdo?我该怎么办？                             3.Youcouldwritehimaletter.你可以给他写封信。                                Youshouldsaysorrytohim.你应该给他道歉。                             4.Theyshouldn"targue.他们不应该争吵。                             5.Whydon"tyoutalktohimaboutit?                              =Whynottalktohimaboutit?=Youshould/                              couldtalktohimaboutit.                              =What/Howabouttalkingtohimaboutit.=                             You"dbettertalktohimaboutit.                                   Unit3 WhatwereyoudoingwhentheUFOarrived?                                                          本单元语法讲解                             过去进行时（PastProgressiveTense）                             句型S+was/were+V-ing…                             例1：Shewasdoingherhomeworkat8:30yesterday                             evening 昨天傍晚八点半她正在做家庭作业。                             例2：Wewerehavingsupperatthattime那个时候我们正在吃晚饭                             解说：如例1所示，在单句中使用过去进行时来表达时必须把该动作正在进行中的时间表明清楚，否则就不合逻辑了。例如：I                             wastakingabathyesterday.（错）                             （昨天我正在洗澡——昨天24小时都正在洗澡吗？）                                 所以本句应该如例1来表达，或者用一般过去时表达如下：                                 Itookabathyesterday.昨天我洗了澡                             如果由上下文的文意，或者对谈中的话意可以了解“动作正在进行中的时间”，单句里就使用过去进行时来表达是很普通的，例如：                             A：Icalledyouupyesterdayevening.                             B：Didyou?Atwhattime?                             A：Ataroundteno"clock.大约在十点钟。                             B：Oh,Iwastakingabaththen.哦，当时我正在洗澡。过去进行时在表达上常用的句式是如例2所示和另一个一般过去时的动作相搭配。请观察下面的图解说明：                             过去有二动作A和B（如图示），在B动作发生时稍早发生的A动作正好在进行中，所以这种表达法通常都是复句（主句                             +副词从句）。例如：                                 WhenIgotupthismorning,Motherwas                             preparingbreakfastinthekitchen.                                 (今天早上我起床时妈妈正在厨房里准备早餐。“Mother….”是主句，“when                             …，”是副词从句。)                                 常用于修饰过去进行时的时间副词：过去的某一定点时刻（at+过去的时刻），then(=                             atthattime)(那时，当时)，all+时间，“When…/While…/                             As…”等副词从句，etc                             Unit4 HesaidIwashard-working.                                                        本单元语法讲解                                  直接引语和间接引语                                                              （一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。                             1.时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said，asked                             等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变。                             一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时等。例如：                                 Tomsaidtome,“Mybrotherisdoinghis                             homework.”                             　→Tomsaidtomethathisbrotherwasdoinghis                             homework.                             2.人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化；根据意义进行相应的变化。如：                             　SheaskedJack,“Wherehaveyoubeen?”→Sheasked                             Jackwherehehadbeen.                             　Hesaid,“Thesebooksaremine.”→Hesaidthat                             thosebookswerehis.                                                              （二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。                             1.陈述句的间接引语：陈述句由直接引语变间接引语，由that引导，可以省略。                                 “Iwanttheblueone.”hetoldus.“我想要兰色的。”他说。                             　→Hetoldusthathewantedtheblueone.他说他想要兰色的。                                 Shesaidtome,“Youcan"tdoanything                             now.”她对我说：“此刻你无法做任何事情。”                               →ShetoldmethatIcouldn"tdoanythingthen.                             她对我说那时我无法做任何事。                             2.疑问句的间接引语                             　　直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接疑问句。间接疑问句为陈述语序，句末用句号，动词时态等的变化与间接陈述句相同。引述动词常用                             ask,wonder,wanttoknow等间接疑问句一般有三种：                             (1)一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，由whether或if 引导。如：                                 “HasheeverworkedinShanghai?”Jim                             asked.“他在上海工作过吗？”吉姆问。                             　→Jimaskedwhether/ifhehadeverworkedin                              Shanghai.吉姆问他是否在上海工作过。                                 “Canyoutellmethewaytothehospital?”The                             oldmanasked.                                 那个老人问："你能告诉我去医院的路吗？                             　→TheoldmanaskedwhetherIcouldtellhimthe                             waytothehospital.                                 那老人问我是否能告诉他去医院路。                             (2)特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，仍由原来的疑问词引导。如：                                 “Whichroomdoyoulivein?”Heasked.                             “你住哪个房间？”他问我。                             　→HeaskedmewhichroomIlivedin.他问我住哪个房间。                                 “Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?”Sheasked.                             她问：“你怎么看这部电影？”                             　→Sheaskedherfriendwhatshethoughtofthe                             film.她问她朋友怎么看这部电影。                             (3)选择疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，由whether/if…or引导。如：                                 “IsityourbikeorTom"s?”Mumasked.                             妈妈问：“这是你的自行车还是汤姆的？”                               →Mumaskedwhether/ifitwasmybikeorTom"s.                             妈妈问这是我的自行车还是汤姆的。                                 “Doesyoursisterlikebluedressesorgreen                             ones?”Kateasked.                                “你妹妹喜欢兰色的裙子还是绿色的？”凯特问。                             　→Kateaskedwhether/ifmysisterlikedblue                             dressesorgreenones.                                 凯特问我妹妹喜欢兰色裙子还是绿色的。                             3.祈使句的间接引语当祈使句变为间接引语时，间接祈使句的引述动词常用tell,ask,                             order,beg,request,order等，而把直接祈使句变成带to的不定式短语。如：                             　　Jacksaid,“Pleasecometomyhousetomorrow,                             Mary.”杰克说：“玛丽，明天请到我家来。”                             　→JackaskedMarytogotohishousethenextday.                             杰克请玛丽第二天到他家去。                             　　Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Stop                             talking.”老师对学生们说：“不要讲话了。”                             　→Theteachertoldthestudentstostoptalking.                             老师让学生们不要说话了。                             　　“Don"ttouchanything.”Hesaid. “不要碰任何东西。”他说。                             　→Hetoldusnottotouchanything.他对我们说不要碰任何东西。                                                         Unit5 Ifyougototheparty,you"llhavea                             greattime!                                                          本单元语法讲解                                 if引导的条件状语从句。If是连词，所连接的句子叫条件状语                             从句，表示假设或条件，意思是“如果……的话”，用法如下：                             1.表示假设，表示将会发生和可能发生的事，或进行提醒警告。句子结构如下：                                If+句子(一般现在时)，+主句（主语will/may/can)+动词）                                a.Ifyoufinishyourhomework,youcangoout                             and play.                                b.IfIhaveenoughmoneynextyear,Iwillgo                             totravel.                             2.表示真实条件、客观真理、自然现象、定理定义、民间谚语等，句型是：                                If+句子(一般现在时)，+主句(一般现在时).例：                                Ifyoustudyhard,youaresuretosucceed.                                                                      Ifyouputiceinawarmplace,itturnsinto                             water.                                Ifaglassfallsonthefloor,itusually                             breaks.                                Ifyoucookabanana,itbecomesverysoft.                                Ifaplantdon"tgetenoughlight,itgrows                             verytallandthin.                             Unit6Howlonghaveyoubeencollectingshells?                                                       本单元语法讲解                                现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时开始到现在这一段时间里一直在延续的动作。                                现在完成进行式结构：have/has+been+doing                             1.Ihavebeenwritingthelettersince                             then.从那时起我一直在写这封信。（动作从过去一直持续到现在还在继续）                             2.Ihavebeencollectingstampsfortenyears.                             自从10年前我就收集邮票了（动作从过去一直现在还在收集）。                             3.Howlonghaveyoubeenlivinghere?                             你在这儿已经住了多长时间了。（“居住”动作从过去一直现在还在继续）                                现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：                             1.现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的延续性；                             2. 如果没有时间强调，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，现在完成时则表示动作已经结束，                             3.现在完成进行时一般不适用于表状态的动词，而现在完成时则可。                             Unit7 Wouldyoumindturningdownthemusic?                                                        本单元目标句型：                             1.Wouldyoumindcleaningtheyard?你介意打扫院子吗?                             2.Notatall.I"lldoitrightaway.一点也不。我马上就扫。                             3.Wouldyoumindnotplayingbaseballhere.                             你介意不要在这打棒球吗?                             4.Wouldyoumindgivingmeasmallerone?                             5.Sorry,we"llgoandplayinthepark.                             对不起，我们到公园去打。                             6.Couldyou(please)makedinner?请做晚饭好吗?                             7.That"snoproblem.没问题。                             8.Couldyou(please)notfeedthedog?=Would                             youmindnotfeedingthedog?                              =Wouldyou(please)notfeedthedog?=Please                             don"tfeedthedog,willyou?                                请不要喂狗好吗?                                                         常见动名词、分词的习惯用法总结                             使用-ing分词的几种情况                             1.在进行时态中。如：                                ①HeiswatchingTVintheroom.                                    ②Theyweredancingatnineo"clocklastnight.                             2.在therebe结构中。如：Thereisaboyswimminginthe                             river.                             3.在havefun/problems结构中。如：Wehavefunlearning                             Englishthisterm.                                Theyhadproblemsgettingtothetopofthe                             mountain.                             4.在介词后面。如：Thanksforhelpingme. Areyougoodat                             playingbasketball？                                What/Howaboutdoingsth?做某事怎么样? Iam                             interestedinplayingfootball.                                                          Unit8Whydon"tyougetherascarf?                                                          本单元目标句型：                             1.WhatshouldIgetmymomforherbirthday?                              我应该为我的妈妈买什么?                             2.Whydon"tyou/Whynotbuy/Whataboutbuying/                             Howaboutbuyingascarf?                                为什么不买条围巾呢?                             3.What"sthebestgiftyouhaveeverreceived?                             你曾收到的最好礼物是什么?                             4.Whataluckyguy!多幸运的家伙!                             5.Ithinkadogisagoodpetfora6-year-old                             child.                                                         Unit9 Haveyoueverbeentoanamusementpark?                                                       现在完成时句型举例：                             1.Haveyoueverbeentoanamusementpark?                             你曾经去过游乐园吗？                                Yes,Ihave./No,Ihaven"t.                             2.Ihaveneverbeenthere.Meneither=Neither                             haveI.我也没有。                             3.Whereishe?HehasgonetotheBeijing.                             4.HowlonghashebeeninBeijing?（不能用come/                             arrive）                             5.I"veneverbeentoanaquarium.我从没去过水族馆。                             6.Ihavebeenastudenthereforayear.                             我成为这里的学生有一年了。（不能用become）                              =Ibecameastudenthereayearago.                             7.Hehasbeendeadfortwoyears.（不能用die）=he                             diedtwoyearsago.                             8.Ihavebeenateachersincetenyearsago(for                             tenyears.)（不能用become）                             9.Ihavejust/ever/already/neverseenthemovie.                             Haveyoueverheardofthemanbefore?                             本单元语法讲解                             现在完成时                             1.现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。本时态标志词：                                already（“已经”，用于肯定句中，放在have/has之后或句尾）                                yet（“仍然；还”，用于疑问句或否定句的句尾）                                just（“刚刚”，放在have/has之后）                                before（“以前”，放在句尾）                                ever（“曾经”，放在have/has之后）                                 never（“从没有”，在have/has之后）                             例句：                                1.Ourteacherhasjustleft.                                2.WehavestudiedEnglishalready.                                3.Ihavenotfinishedthehomeworkyet.                                4.HehasneverbeentoBeijingbefore.                             2.                             某个动作从过去已经开始,一直持续到现在,还有可能持续到将来.动作的持续性要通过一段时间来表示一段时间的表达方法有两种：                                for+一段时间  forayear，fortwoweeks，forthree                             years                                Since+过去的某一时刻 sincenine，sincelastweek                                Since+一般过去时态的时间状语从句sinceyoucame;sinceyou                             gothome                             注意：结束性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是它们可以转换成相应的延续性动词。                                                         现在完成时态常见标志词                             1.already(已经),just(刚刚),never(从未/从没有),ever                             (曾经),yet(仍然/还),before(以前)(句尾时)                             2.since+点时刻或从句; for+段时间;howlong(疑问句中用来提问                             since/for短语的)                             3.sofar/tillnow/bynow到目前为止；迄今                             4.recently近来，inthepast/last+段时间 在过去的几年中                             5.once(一次)，twice,three(four…)times                             6.Itisthe+最高级+n.+(that)sb.haveeverdone                             例：What"sthebestgiftyouhaveeverreceived?                             你曾收到的最好礼物是什么?                             Unit10It"saniceday,isn"tit?                                    反意疑问句句型如下：                             注意：以下本单元语法反意疑问句容易考到的几个句型：                             1.Itlookslikerain,doesn"tit?Yes,itdoes./                             No,itdoesn"t.看起来要下雨了,是吗?                             2.He"sreallygood,isn"the?他确实好，是吗?                             3.Youarenewhere,aren"tyou?你是新来的，是吗?                             4.YouhaveneverbeentoBeijing,haveyou?(                             never表达否定含义,后面用肯定)                             5.Shehasfewfriends,doesshe?(few                              表达否定含义,后面用肯定)                             6.Tomhadlittleworktodo,didhe?(little                             表达否定含义,后面用肯定)                             7.Youcanhardlydothework,canyou?(hardly                             表达否定含义,后面用肯定)                             8.Let"sgohome,shallwe?                              9.Don"tbelateagain/Letusgohome,willyou?                             (祈使句用willyou;但Let"s开头的用shallwe)                                                          附：初二常见动词过去式、过去分词默写表                             1.是am,is--                             2.是are--                             3.击败;敲打beat--                             4.成为/变成become--                             5.开始begin--                             6.吹;刮blow--                             7.折断;打破break--                             8.带来bring--                             9.建设;建造build--                             10.买buy--                             11.能够can--                             12.抓/捉住;乘车catch-                             13.选择;选choose--                             14.来come--                             15.值cost--                             16.切;割;砍cut--                             17.做do--                             18.绘画;画draw--                             19.喝drink--                             20.驾驶drive--                             21.吃eat--                             22.掉下;降落fall--                             23.感到;感觉feel--                             24.发现;找到find--                             25.飞fly--                             26.忘记forget--                             27.取;获得get--                             28.给 give--                             29.去;走go--                             30.种植;成长grow--                             31.有/吃have/has--                             32.听见hear--                             33.保持keep--                             34.知道;认识know--                             35.学习;学会learn-                             36.离开;落下leave--                             37.借出/给lend-                             38.让let--                             39.位于lie--                             40.丢失lose--                             41.可以may--                             42.意味;意思mean---                             43.遇见/到meet--                             44.放put--                             45.读read--                             46.骑ride--                             47.铃响ring--                             48.跑run--                             49.说say--                             50.看见;看望see--                             51.卖sell--                             52.送send--                             53.将;应该shall--                             54.照耀shine--                             55.唱sing--                             56.坐sit--                             57.睡觉sleep--                             58.闻;嗅smell--                             59.说;讲speak--                             60.花费;度过spend--                             61.站stand--                             62.扫;拖地sweep--                             63.游泳swim--                             64.拿走;带走take--