高中英语语法复习名词 37页

语法专题（一）名词 名词要点精讲名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词的考查点。 专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。名词 专有名词(ProperNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns) 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（CountableNouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（UncountableNouns）。 ProperNouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYear’sDay注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写 CommonNouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1.IndividualNouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指具体的人或物。Eg:aunts;apanda;apartments也可指抽象东西。Eg:ayear;fairytales;adream 2.CollectiveNouns:表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。Hisfamily_____notlarge.(be)Cf:Hisfamily______allmusiclovers.(be)在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Eg:Theaudiencewas(were)excitedbytheshow.isare 有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim. 3.MaterialNouns:指无法分为个体的物质。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.(两份）Threebeers,please.(三杯）Itwasaspecialtea.(一种）2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg:rains（雨季）sands（沙滩）snows(积雪）waters(海域)… 4.AbstractNouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg:He’slearningFrenchforfun.Iwishyougoodluck.抽象名词转化为可数名词。Failureisthemotherofsuccess.(失败与成功在此为抽象概念）Asateacher,sheisasuccess,butasamother,sheisafailurebecauseshedevoteslittletimetolookingafterherchild.(成功者，失败者，可数) 名词的数不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。 情况加法例词一般情况以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词以辅音＋y结尾的词以辅音+o结尾的词以f或fe结尾的词加-s加-es去y加-ies多数加-es把f/fe改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watches;dishes*1Ladies;countries;*2Heroes;tomatoes*3Halves;leaves;*4可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种： Notes:*1:stomachstomachs*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys*3:以元音+oeg:videos;studios以oo结尾eg:zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos一些缩写词eg:kilos;photos;memos一些专有名词eg:Eskimos;Filipinos直接在词尾加-s.*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。 单复数相同的情况：sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子);glasses(眼镜);compasses(圆规)apairofthanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle 复合名词的复数形式：1.词末+-s:film-goers;forget-me-nots2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on;editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：womendoctors;mencooks*这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman 不规则复数：1.manmenEg:woman–women;chairman-chairmen2.ooeeEg:foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese3.+enEg:child-children;ox-oxen4.ouseiceEg:mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）aglass(玻璃杯)acopper(铜币／板)atin(罐头)apaper(报纸，证件，论文)aniron(熨斗)awood(树林)agold(金牌)ayouth(年青人)apower(大国)abeauty(美人，美的东西)apleasure(使人感到愉快的事)arelation(亲戚） 英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。apoem(一首诗)amachine(一台机器)ajob(一件工作)alaugh(一个笑声)apermit(许可证)agarment(一件衣裳)abag(case)(一件行李)aloaf(一只面包)ahair(一根头发)poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发) 几个名词的特殊用法hair_______________.（他的头发是白的。）______________________.（他有几根白的头发。）HishairiswhiteHehasafewgreyhairsfruitThefruitissweet.Helikespears,peaches,grapesandotherfruits. policeThepolice_______searchingforthemurderer.weredozen,scoretwo(many,several)dozenpencilsthree_________them/thesepencilsdozensofstudentstwoscoreofstudentsscoresofpeopledozenofword（消息，通知）,man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。 名词的格所有格的形式：一般的名词所有格在后面加’s，如：Mary’sbook以–s结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加’，如：Teachers’Day,thestudents’reading-room以–s结尾的专有名词所有格，如：Engels’sworks或Engels’works ’s结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：today’snewspaper,fifteenminutes’ride等与时间有关的名词。凡不能加’s构成所有格的名词，都可以与of结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如：Doyouknowthenameofthegirlstandingatthegate? 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：Thisisnotmypen,butMary’s.有时某些’s结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：WecanmeetatMary’s.Hewenttohissister’sfordinneryesterday.Ihadthedressmadeatthetailor’satthecornerofthestreet.LastweekwevisitedSt.Paul’s. 属格形式应用场合举例用在表示有生命的名词后TomandMike"sroom(两人共有)Tom"sandMike"srooms(两人分别所有)用在时间名词后threeweeks"leave,today"spaper"s属格用在距离,长度名词后twentymiles"journey用在地点名词后China"sindustry用在天体名词后theearth"ssurface用在价格名词后adollar"sworthof属格用在表无生命事物名词后thedoorofourclassroom双重属格名词前有a,some,any,few,no,several等词修饰时afriendofmybrother"sseveralclassmatesofhis 名词所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)somepatterns:I’lltaketheriskforfriendship’ssake.Shewasatherwit’send.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheart’scontent.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharm’sway.Wehadbestkeepthematarm’slength.Forgoodness’sake,stoparguing.Janegotthemoney’sworthoutofthecoat.(为了友谊）（黔驴技穷）（尽情地）（不受损害）（保持距离）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算） 名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。名词作定语时，需注意：anenemysoldierseveral_______________aboystudentthree____________amanteacherthree_____________awomandoctorthree_________________________（一家鞋店）名词在句子中的作用enemysoldiersboystudentsmenteacherswomendoctorsashoestore hearttroublesnowmountainheartywelcomesnowytable-clothraindropsstonehouserainyseasonstonyheartrosegardenrosyfacegoldringgoldensunshine/times/age/wedding用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较： 1._______turngreeninspring.(NMET1986)A.LeafB.LeafsC.LeaveD.Leaves2.Hedroppedthe_______andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup(NMET1993)3.Ineed_______cloth,forI’mgoingtomake_______clothes.(上海1993)A.alotof;manyB.much;muchC.many;manyD.many;alot历年高考试题 4.Hegainedhis_______byprinting_______offamouswriters.(NMET1995)A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works5.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof_______.A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material(上海1996)6.You’llfindthismapofgreat_______inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET1998)A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness 7.----Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?----_______.(上海1998)A.Palmer’sB.ThePalmers’C.ThePalmersD.ThePalmer’s8.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown_______ofliving.(上海1998)A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion9.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_______ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol(上海1998) 10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_______oftheearthquake.(上海1998)A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough_______formystationery.(上海1998)A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_______.(上海2000)A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results 13.Inthebotanicgardenwecanfinda(n)_______ofplantsthatrangefromtalltreestosmallflowers.(上海2001)A.speciesB.groupC.amountD.variety14.----Canyoushootthatbirdatthetopofthetree?----No,it’soutof_______.(上海2001)A.rangeB.reachC.controlD.distance15.ThelifeofLondonismadeupofmanydifferent_______.(上海2001)A.elementsB.sectionsC.materialD.realities 16.Forthesakeofherdaughter’shealth,shedecidedtomovetoawarm_______.A.weatherB.temperatureC.seasonD.climate(上海2002)17.Toregaintheir______afteranexhaustinggame,theplayerslayinthegrass.(上海2002)A.forceB.energyC.powerD.health18.IsawBobplaythepianoatJohn’spartyandonthat_______hewassimplybrilliant.A.sceneB.circumstanceC.occasionD.situation(上海2002) 19.Itcan’tbea(n)_______thatfourjewelrystoreswererobbedinonenight.(上海2002)A.coincidenceB.accidentC.incidentD.chance20.Accordingtotherecentresearch,heavycoffeedrinkandheartattackisnotnecessarily_______andeffect.(上海2002)A.reasonB.impactC.factD.cause21.----I’msorryIsteppedoutsideforasmoke.Iwasverytired.----Thereisno_______forthiswhileyouareonduty.(上海2003)A.reasonB.excuseC.causeD.explanation 22.Themanagerhasgotagoodbusiness________sothecompanyisdoingwell.A．ideaB．senseC．thoughtD．thinking(2003北京春季)23.Don’tleavematchesorcigarettesonthetablewithin______oflittlechildren.(2004湖北)A.handB.reachC.spaceD.distance24.Theenvironmentalistsandwildgoats’_______onthevastgrasslandswasagoodindicationofthebetterenvironment.(2004上海)A.escapeB.absenceC.attendanceD.appearance 25.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It‘s_____walk.(2004上海春季)A.afourhour                B.afourhour"sC.afour-hours               D.afourhours’26.Ihavereadthematerialseveraltimesbutitdoesn"tmakeany________tome.A.meaning   B.importanceC.sense  D.significance(2004上海春季)