【8A版】初中英语语法概述 10页

【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】初中英语语法概述一、同步知识梳理电影《碟中谍4》在世界最高楼-迪拜塔拍摄的场景喂，你说这帅锅爬这么高的楼他害不害怕呀？我哪知道，我对帅锅不感兴趣，我只想知道这么高的楼，是怎么盖成的呀？？摩天大楼都是由钢筋和一块块砖瓦共同建造起来的，即使有再多的砖瓦，没有钢筋，不管几层楼都建不成，更不要说是摩天大楼了。同理，英语学习也是一样。我们可以做个类比：英语语法词汇+=砖瓦钢筋摩天大楼=+由此类比可知，如果把英语比作一栋摩天大楼，那语法就是钢筋，词汇就是一块块的砖瓦，缺少了语法，光有词汇的堆砌，是不能进行正确的英语表达的。所以，同学们，请拒绝“BrokenEnglish”！用心去建造我们自己的语言大楼吧！在正式动工之前，我们需要先开启英语语法学习之旅。知识点1：语法概说语言通常包括三部分，即语音、词汇和语法。语法，简单的说就是一套系统并完善的语言规则，即按照这种我们可以将词汇串联起来构成句子。语言语音词汇语法知识点2：英语语法的构成词法主要研究词类性质、词形变化以及词的用法。英语语法句法主要研究句子种类和结构。知识点3：词法的相关概念Diagram1.英语的词类及其划分【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】哈哈，看我会72变已经很厉害了吧！原来比我还能变的是英语单词啊！！！1英语中主要有十大词类，分别是名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。2.词形变化同学们，英语中大部分的词汇用在具体语境中都会“变身”哦！2动词第三人称单数过去式过去分词现在分词...1名词单复数变化4数词基数词序数词3代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词...6.冠词不定冠词定冠词零冠词5.形容词、副词原级比较级最高级知识点4：句法的相关概念1.句子的成分主语、谓语（主谓一致原则）宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语句子成分主要成分次要成分2.句子的分类结构上功能上陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句简单句并列句复合句二、同步例题分析知识点1：词法题例1：（13.南京.1）---DoyouknowMoYan?---Ofcourse.Hewonthe20XXNobelPrizeforLiterature____B_____theageof57.A.inB.atC.onD.to例2：（13.常州.1）-HaveyougotanybooksonEnglishgrammar?Iwanttoborrow___A___.-Yes,hereyouare.ButyoumustreturnitbyFriday.AoneBitCsomeDthat例3：（13.苏州.7）Paulmadeanicecage___D____thelittlesickbirdtillitcouldfly．A．keepB．keptC．keepingD．tokeep例4：（13.南京.4）Linda’sfatherhateswaitinginlonglines.Ithinkhe’sjustnotvery___A____.A.patientB.talentedC.popularD.powerful知识点2：句法题例1：（13.南京.9）---_____D_____weatheritis!Wecan’tgoboatingontheGuanwuLake.---Don’tworry.Let’sgototheScienceMuseuminstead.A.WhatgoodB.HowgoodC.HowbadD.Whatbad例2：（13.常州.9）-Howsoonwillyoustartyourjourney?-I’mnotsure.Ihaven’tdecided__B____.AwhenshallIaskthebossforleaveBwhereIwillgotospendtheholidayCwhetherIwouldgobytrainorbyplaneDwhocouldinvitemetogo例3：（13.南京.7）There_____C_____stillsomeapplejuiceinthefridge.It’snotnecessaryforustogotothesupermarketnow.A.wasB.wereC.isD.【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】Are三、课堂达标检测检测题1：---EGcuseme,isthere____B____bookbyMoYan?---Yes.It’son_________bookshelfoverthere.A.a;/B.a;theC./;theD.the;a检测题2：---Wow!You’vegotsomanyclothes.---But____D____ofthemareinfashionnow.A.allB.bothC.neitherD.None检测题3：IfIamwantedinthetelephone,askhimtoleavea____A_____.A.messageB.letterC.diaryD.sentence检测题4：Mygrandmother______B____inYangzhou.Shewasbornthereandhasneverlivedanywhereelse.A.livedB.livesC.waslivingD.willlive检测题5：---Couldyoutellme_____D____?---Morethanayear.A.howsoonwillYangzhou-TaizhouAirportbebuiltB.howlonghasYangzhou-TaizhouAirportbeeninserviceC.howsoonYangzhou-TaizhouAirportwillbebuiltD.howlongYangzhou-TaizhouAirporthasbeeninservice检测题6：EagleFatherwasso______D____withhissonthathekeptthefour-year-oldsonrunninginthesnowwithoutclothes.A.leasedB.sorryC.carefulD.strict检测题7：---I’llgototheUSAneGtmonth.---_____D_____for?A.WhyB.HowC.WhichD.What初中英语语法考点（词法和句法）一、专题精讲语法考点一：词法考点知识点1：名词名词名词的格名词分类’s格of格双重所有格普通名词专有名词可数名词不可数名词用以表示人、事物、时间、地点或抽象概念的名称。批注：名词是英语中一大实词，是中考中的重要考点。前几年的中考中，名词的考察偏重单复数、名词所有格等考点，但是近几年的趋势是重点考察名词词义的辨析。例1：（13.南京）MrWhite,theprincipal,hasmadeagreat_____A____tothegrowthoftheschool.A.contributionB.progressC.inventionD.protection例2：（12.南京）JustinBieber′sfirstsingle,OneTime,isaboutoneofhisfavourite______(topic),puppytime.解析：该题考查名词的单复数问题，选项中出现了oneof....的固定句型，答案是topics。【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】例3：（12.苏州）IamsureCindywillbeabletofindthehotel-shehasaprettygood__D___ofdirection．A．ideaB．feelingC．eGperienceD．sense知识点2：代词批注：近五年中考对代词的考查主要集中在不定代词上，主要考察它们的含义和相互间的功能差别，所以需要掌握这一点，排除语境干扰。代词人称代词：主格和宾格物主代词：形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词反身代词指示代词疑问代词不定代词普通不定代词复合不定代词例1：（12.南京）Peterissoimaginativethatmoststudentsrecommend_______(他)asthechairpersonoftheScienceClub.例2：（12.扬州）－AlatestYangzhouDaily,please!－Onlyonecopyleft.Wouldyouliketohave____B____,sir?A.oneB.itC.thisD.that例3：（13.南京)---Hi,guys.Howwasyourpartyyesterday?---Wonderful!Wehadabigmealandenjoyed____D______.A.themselvesB.myselfC.yourselvesD.ourselves例4：（13.无锡）—Howlongdoesittaketogettotheairport?—Fortyminutes.Butit’sfoggytoday.I’mnotsureAthehighwaywillclosessoon.Let’ssetoffearlier.A.whetherB.whenC.howD.why冠词定冠词the不定冠词a,an零冠词（不用冠词）与this,that,these,those同源，表示特定的人或物，用作特指，意即“这个/那个/这些/那些。”用于单数名词前，与one同源，表示微弱的“一”的概念，用于泛指事物。知识点3：冠词例1：（12.南京）—Whatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?—Iwanttobe____A_____socialworker.Manypeopleareingreatneedofourhelp.A.aB.anC.theD.不填例2：（11.南京）一Whatdoyouusuallyhavefor_____D_____breakfast，Peter?一Afriedegg，threepiecesofbreadandaglassofmilk．A．aB．anC．theD．不填例3：（13.苏州）一Hurryup，orwe’llbelate．一Takeyourtime—it’sjust______shortdistancefromhereto____C____cinema．A．／；theB．the；aC．a；theD．／；a知识点4：数词批注：在近几年的中考题中，数词基本要占到一分的分值，经常出现在单词的适当形式填空题型中。变化规则以及各自的用法基数词数词序数词例1：【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】（13.南京）TheEiffelTower,aculturaliconofFrance,wascompletedattheendofthe(nineteen)century.（12.南京）Igotanewbicyclefrommyfatheronmy(siGteen)birthday.Ilikeitverymuch.解析：上面两题考查的都是序数词的基本用法，答案分别是nineteenth,siGteenth.例2：（13.常州）---EGcuseme,howfaristhemuseum?----Only____(三)stopsaway.（13.扬州）Jim’sparentswillcelebratetheir▲yearsofmarriagethisSunday.（四十）解析：上面两题考查的都是基数词的基本用法，答案分别是three，forty.知识点5：介词时间介词方位介词介词地点介词介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配例1：（13.无锡）IceisnotoftenseenhereinwinterasthetemperaturenormallystaysCzero.A.upB.downC.aboveD.below例2：（11.南京）TheweddingofPrinceWilliamwasheldinWestminsterCathedral___C___April29,20XX．A．atB．inC．onD．by例3：（13苏州）Sandyisarealbookloverandsheoftenbringshomemanybookstoread____D____thelibrary．A．inB．forC．byD．From知识点6：连词连词常用连词辨析连词分类when,whileso...that,such...that.and,orhowever,butbecause....并列连词从属连词连词也属虚词，用来连接词与词、句子与句子，不能单独用。连接同一性质，有着相同语法功能的词。在句中表联合、选择、转折、因果关系。连接不同性质并具有主从关系的两部分的连词，常引导状语从句和名词从句。批注：关于连词这一考点其实是渗透在后面的句法考点中的，这里只做概念上的了解。基础好的学生可以做补充。例1：(13.南京)---Finishyourhomework____D______youcan’tplaycomputergames,Jim.---Allright,Mum.A.butB.tillC.andD.or例2：（11.南京)TheywilltrytheirbestintheDragonBoatRacing____B____theymayfail．A．ifB．althoughC．unlessD．until例3：（13.玄武一模）—TheyspeakperfectEnglish.Howlonghavetheylearntit?—___A___theyweresevenyearsold.A.SinceB.WhenC.AfterD.Until知识点7：形容词和副词【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】批注：形容词和副词的考点往往是联系在一起的，它们的用法有区别也有联系，当然也可以相互转化。在教授时，建议将两者进行比较讲解。形容词副词三级跳：原级、比较级、最高级变化规则：+er/est,+r/st,双写+er/est,去y加ier/iest,前加more/themost形容词变副词的变化规则：+ly,去y加ily,le变为ly......特殊形式：以ly结尾的形容词例1：（13.无锡）—Whatdoyouthinkofhisnewdesign?—It’sofevenCpracticalvaluethantheoldone.He’sjustabookworm!A.greaterB.greatC.lessD.little例2：（13.南京）MissLiisakindteacherandshealwaystalkstous(gentle).解析：该题考查的是形容词和副词的相互转化。答案是gently。例3：（13.苏州）PeterspeaksChinesewellindeed，butofcoursenot___A___alocalspeakerinChina．A．sofluentlyasB．morefluentthanC．asfluentasD．muchfluentlythan知识点8：动词批注：学好动词是英语学习的关键，中考中很多题型都涉及到动词的用法。掌握好动词的运用，我们就能在中考中得到较为重要的作用。这里要特别强调学好动词的重要性。近几年考动词词义辨析的题目变多，需引起注意。1、八种时态及用法2、五种基本形式3、被动语态4、主动语态和被动语态的转换5、使役动词的用法行为动词系动词助动词情态动词动词的时态和语态动词的种类动词非谓语动词动词不定式动名词分词：现在分词和过去分词例1：（13.南京）---Millie,whereisMissLi?---She_____C____aspeechonChinesearttothefirst-yearstudentsinthehall.A.givesB.gaveC.isgivingD.hasgiven例2：（13.南京）It’ssaidthatanAsianCultureVillage_____C_____insidetheAYGVillageinNanjinginthecomingAsianYouthGamesperiod.A.buildsB.isbuildingC.willbebuiltD.wasbuilt例3：（12.南京）—Haveyoudecidedwhichseniorhighschooltochoose?—Notyet.I_____B_____gotoMoonlightSchool.A.mustB.mayC.needD.should例4：(13.无锡)TherewasafireinthehotelaroundmidnightlastFriday.Luckily,itwassoonD.A.turnedonB.turnedoffC.putonD.putout知识点9：构词法批注：此部分概念只做了解，但是要提醒学生转换词是中考考试的重点。派生词词根外来词构词分类合成词缩合词转化词不可再拆分，+词缀构成新词词根+词缀原词转变词性从两个或多个词中各取一部分构成新词由其他语言舶来两个独立词相加语法考点二：句法考点【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】知识点1：简单句批注：这部分考点中，疑问句、祈使句以及感叹句是考试的重点。特别是感叹句，是近几年考的较多的一点。简单句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句肯定句否定句一般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句祈使句的结构祈使句的否定改反意疑问句What引导的感叹句How引导的感叹句例1：（13.苏州）___A____abeautifulcar!I"veneverseenitbefore．A．WhatB．WhichC．HowD．Whether例2：（13.扬州）--Jim,____A____readbookswhileyouarewalkinginthestreet.It’sverydangerous.---OK,thankyou.A.don’tB.doesn’tC.won’tD.can’t知识点2：并列句并列句1、结构：简单句+并列连词+简单句2、常见连词：and/but/or/so/for批注：该考点近几年考察的较少。例1：（10.南京）-Idon’tthinkyourunclereallylikesdramaseries.-No,____D___hestillwatchestheprogramme.A.andB.soC.orD.but知识点3：复合句批注：近几年的中考题中出现较多的是宾语从句、状语从句考点。部分城市会考定语从句，但都是简单的关系副词和关系代词的区分。1、主句与从句时态一致2、语序3、引导词4、否定前移5、直接引语和间接引语原因状语从句关系代词的用法宾语从句时间状语从句关系副词的用法复合句定语从句条件状语从句状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句地点状语从句让步状语从句例1：（12.南京）—Peter，isthereanythingelseyouwanttoknowaboutChina?—Yes，Iamstillwondering_____C_____.A.howisChinesepapercutmadeB.howwastheGreatWallbuiltinancienttimesC.whytheChinesepeopleliketoplaythedragondanceD.whydotheChinesepeopleeatricedumplingsatDragonBoatFestival（11.南京）Mostchildrenareinterestedinamazingthings,andtheywonder__D____．A．whencantheyseeUFOsB．howcanelephantswalkontiptoeC．whydofishsleepwiththeireyesopenD．whythereisnoplantlifewithoutlightning例2：（12.无锡）Theoldtheatrewillclosesoon______D_____eGtradonationsaremade.A.soB.ifC.becauseD.Unless【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】例3：（13.鼓楼二模）—WhenareyougoingtoflytoTaiwanthissummer?—_____D____wefinishschool.Itwillbeagreatholiday.A.BecauseB.SinceC.EventhoughD.Onlyif例4：AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltown___B____hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when解析：该题考查复合句中的限定性定语从句。先行词thesmalltown放入从句为hegrewupinthesmalltownasachild.先行词短语结构在从句中作地点状语，相关意思引导词，固定关系引导词用where,随意性关系引导词用inwhich。答案选B.二、专题过关检测题（一）：词法过关1）单项选择1.NowallofuseGerciseat___D___least______houradayinandoutsideschool.A.the;aB.a,anC.不填;aD.不填;an2.Insomewesterncountriesshopsareclosed______C___weekends.A.inB.toC.atD.with3.Everytimeweperformwell,ourteacher,willsay__B____,"You"vedoneagoodjob!"A.clearlyB.cheerfullyC.calmlyD.carefully4.—Wouldyoulikesomejuiceorbread?—_____A_____.I’mreallythirstyandhungryaftersuchalongwalk.A.BothB.EitherC.NothingD.None5.Thestudentsare____B_____theleafletstopeopleovertheretoaskthemtoprotectourearth.A.printingoutB.givingoutC.sellingoutD.puttingout6.—Wecouldn"tfindyouanywherearound8:00yesterdayevening.—I’msorryforit.MymotherandICinthesquare.A.dancedB.willdanceC.weredancingD.aredancing7.—CanIwalkacrosstheroadnow,mum?—No,you____C___.Youhavetowaituntilthelightturnsgreen.A.couldn"tB.shouldn"tC.mustn"tD.needn"t8.Boboftensaysthatswimmingis____A___thanhikinginreducingweight,buthealwaysspendsmoretimeonswimming.A.lessusefulB.lessinterestingC.moreusefulD.moreinteresting2）用所给词的正确形式填空1.TheweatherinJanuaryhereisnotascoldand▲asinthenorth.(snow)2.Thevillagersarefightingagainstthe▲floodthattheyhaveeverhadinthepastfiftyyears.(heavy)3.Theoldtownattracts▲offoreignvisitorseveryyear.(thousand)4.MarycomesfromEnglandandheroldschoolissmallerthan▲.(our)5.Thesemanypeoplearetalkingaboutthe▲offood.(safe)解析：第一题考查的是构词法中名词变形容词的考点。答案是snowy.第二题考查的是形容词的基本用法。答案是heavy.【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】第三题考查的是基数词的用法。答案是thousands.第四题考查的是名词性物主代词的用法。答案是ours.第五题考查的是构词法中形容词变名词的考点,答案是safety.检测题（二）：句法过关1.—TheadvantagesoftheChongqiBridgehavealreadybeenseen.—____A____goodnewstous!A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa2.—______D_____doyouwritealettertoyourfather?—Iseldomorneverdothatnow.Instead,Icalloremailhimalmosteveryday.A.HowsoonB.HowlongC.HowmuchD.Howoften3.—Couldyoutellme____B______?I’dliketotakepartinit.—OnJuly5th.A.whenwillthefashionshowbeheldB.whenthefashionshowwillbeheldC.wherewillthefashionshowbeheldD.wherethefashionshowwillbeheld4.SongYingis_____B_____kindthatshehasdonatedalmostallhersavingstoacharity.A.veryB.soC.muchD.Such解析：该题考查的是结果状语从句。答案选B.注意讲解so...that...和such...as的区别。语法运用：A篇SteveJobs,thefounderandformerCEOofApple,passedawayonOctober5th,20XXattheageoffifty-siGa72aseven-year-longbattlewithcancer，wheneveryApplefanwaswaitingfortheneGts73.WhatisJobsbestrememberedfor?Manyofuswouldnamesomegreatproducts:theiPod,theiTouch,theiPhoneortheiPad.Theyhavec74thewayweenjoymusic,television,andevenbooks.ButJobsbroughtmuchmoretotheworldthanthesep75products.Asas76businessman,Jobs’passionandenergyencouragedtheworld.Hetoldusto“dowhatyoulove”.Hesaid,“Theo77thingthatkeepsmegoingisthatIlovewhatIdo.”Hebelieved“Peoplewithpassioncanchangetheworldf78thebetter.”Jobsmadecomputersinterestingandeasytou79.HisiPhone,iPadandiToucharepopulara80theworld.PeoplesayJobssolddreams,notproducts.AstheUSpresidentBarackObamasaid,“Jobswasbraveenoughtothinkdifferently,bold(大胆的)enoughtob81hecouldchangetheworld,andtalentedenoughtodoit.”Keys:after理解语境，词汇运用；73.surprise理解语境，词汇运用；74.changed理解语境，词汇运用；75.popular理解语境，词汇运用；76.successful理解语境，词汇运用；77.only副词的考察，联系上下文；78.for理解语境，词汇运用79.use理解语境，词汇运用80.【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】 【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】around固定搭配的考察81.believe理解语境，词汇运用。B篇ChuckWallteachesmanagementandhumanrelationsatBakersfieldCollege.Hewalkedintoclassonedayandtoldhisstudentsthattheirh72wastoperformoneactofrandom(任意的)kindness.Hisstudentsdidnotunderstandtheassignment(任务),buttheprofessorwouldnotanswertheirquestions.Hee73hisstudentstofinditoutforthemselves.Oneweeklater,thestudentsenteredtheclassroomeGcitedtos74theirstories.Onestudenttoldofdistributingblanketstothehomeless,anotherhadcontactedalong,lostfriend,andanotherstudentr75thathehadhelpedadogtofinditsowner.Studentswereenergized(激励)bythehomeworkassignmentandwantedotherpeopletobekindtoo.W76thesupportoflocalbusinesses,thestudentsmadestickerstoputoncarsthatinvitedpeopletodosomethingk77forothers.Theysoldthestickersanddecidedtodonatethemoneytoacenterfortheblind–notsurprisingasProfessorWallisblind.Sincethen,s78kindnessactivitieshavebeenorganizedinschoolsallovertheworld.ManyschoolsorganizeaRandomActsofKindnessWeek,a79November13,tocelebrateWorldKindnessDay.SomeschoolsuseeachdayofRandomActsofKindnessWeektoperformd80kindacts,suchasmakinganewfriend,helpingsomeone,doingcommunityservice,orraisingmoneyforacharity.Studentslearntoc81otherpeopleandthinkabouthowsmallactionscanmaketheworldabetterplace.答案：72.homework73.encouraged74.share75.reported76.With77.kind78.similar79.around80.different81.consider【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】