张道真实用英语语法Chapter 5 46页

Chapter5Pronouns IntroductionA.DefinitionWhatispronoun?APronounisawordusedinplaceofanoun.Usuallypronounsrefertosomethingthatwasalreadymentionedinprevioussentenceorunderstoodbythelistenerorreader.Theyareveryusefulwordsbecausewhenyouusethem,youdonotneedtorepeatnounsallthetime. IntroductionB.ClassificationPersonalpronouns人称代词Possessivepronouns物主代词Selfpronouns自身代词Reciprocalpronouns相互代词Demonstrativepronouns指示代词Interrogativepronouns疑问代词Conjunctivepronouns连接代词Relativepronouns关系代词Indefinitepronouns不定代词 IntroductionC.TheFunctionsofPronounsa.Subjecte.g.Whoisonthephone?b.Objecte.g.Ihavereadneitherofthebooks.c.Predicativee.g.That’snotmine.d.Appositivee.g.Youyourselfaretobeblame. IntroductionC.TheFunctionsofPronounse.Directaddresse.g.Bepatient,everybody. IntroductionD.Determinera.DefinitionAdeterminerisawordoraffixthatbelongstoaclassofnounmodifiersthatexpressesthereference,includingquantity,ofanoun. IntroductionD.Determinerb.Types①Articlee.g.Anneisinthegarden.②DemonstrativeAdjectivese.g.ThistimelastyearwewereinCanada. IntroductionD.Determiner③PossessiveDeterminerse.g.Thegirlsarewiththeirmother.④IndefiniteDeterminerse.g.Didyoucatchanyfish?⑤Otherse.g.all,another,several,both,each,etc. PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronounsa.PersonalpronounsinEnglishthefirstpersonthesecondpersonthethirdpersonIyouhe,she,itmeyouhim,her,itweyoutheyusyouthem PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronounsb.Functions①Subjecte.g.I’msorryI’mlate.②Objecte.g.Shehasgreatconcernforus(me/him).③Predicativee.g.Isawatonceitwasher. PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronounsc.Theuseofpronoun“she”①Personalpronoune.g.Sheismysister.②Femaleanimalse.g.Themarewhinedwhenshesawhermaster.③boat,vehiclee.g.Sheisafineship.④Natione.g.Englishhasdonewhatshepromisedtodo. PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronounsd.Theuseofit1)athingorobjecte.g.Lookatthebird.Italwayscomestomywindow.2)abstractthingse.g.You’vesavedmylife.Ishallneverforgetit.3)babieswithoutknowingthesexe.g.Whatabeautifulbaby—isitaboy?4)certainfeelingorsituatione.g.Doesititchmuch? PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsA.PersonalPronounsd.Theuseofit5)whoe.g.Whoisthat(it)?—It’sme.6)time,date,etc.e.g.Whattimeisit?—Itiseighto’clock.7)weather,environment,etc.e.g.Inwinterit’sdarkatsixo’clock.8)distance,etc.e.g.It’s112milesfromLondontoBirmingham. PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsB.Possessivepronounsa.ClassificationPossessivepronounasadjective形容词性物主代词Possessivepronounasnoun名词性物主代词 PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsB.Possessivepronounsb.Thefunctionofpossessivepronounasadjective①Attributee.g.Hearrangedformetostudywithhisownchildren.②Predicative,object,etc.e.g.Mytimeisn’tmyown.③Addedwith“of”e.g.Wehavenochildrenofourown. PersonalPronounsandPossessivePronounsB.Possessivepronounsc.Thefunctionsofpossessivepronounsasnoun①Predicativee.g.Isthisyourbookormine?②Subjecte.g.Oursistheonlygardeninthelane.③Objecte.g.Herdaughterisratherstupid,butbothofyoursareveryclever.④Addedwith“of”e.g.Thatfoolofasisterofours. SelfPronounsandReciprocalPronounsA.Selfpronouns/Reflexivepronounsa.SelfpronounsinEnglishmyselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselvesb.Functions①Objecte.g.Johndressedhimselfinthemostformedsuit. SelfPronounsandReciprocalPronouns②Prepositionalobjecte.g.Heoughttobeashamedofhimself.③Appositiveofsubjectorobjecte.g.Thepresidenthimselfgaveherthemedal.④Foremphasise.g.Shemadethedressherself.⑤Predicativeorsubject(insomeconditions)e.g.IhopeMissGlennandyourselfarekeepingwell.⑥Someidiomsamongyourselves/themselvesbyoneselfbetweenourselvesforoneselfinoneselftooneself SelfPronounsandReciprocalPronounsB.ReciprocalPronounsa.ReciprocalpronounsinEnglishoneanothereachotherb.Functions①Objecte.g.We’veknowneachotherformanyyears.②Prepositionalobjecte.g.Theystruckateachother.③Attributewith“’s”e.g.Weoftenlistentooneanother’srecords. DemonstrativepronounsA.DemonstrativepronounsinEnglishthis,that,these,thoseB.Theuseofdemonstrativepronounsa.Subjecte.g.Theseareourchildren,DavidandVicky.b.Objectorprepositionalobjecte.g.Dadgavemethis.Ihavenodoubtaboutthat. Demonstrativepronounsc.Predicative(insomeconditions)e.g.WhatIwanttostressisthis.C.TheuseofdemonstrativeadjectivesWhen“this,that,etc.”areusedasattributes,theyarecalleddemonstrativeadjectivesordeterminers.a.Attributese.g.ThistimelastyearwewereinJapan. DemonstrativepronounsC.Theuseofdemonstrativeadjectivesb.Addedwith“ofphrases”toshowaffectione.g.Ihatethatoldbikeofyours.c.“this”canbeaddedtosomenounstoshow“today,thisyear,etc.”e.g.Areyougoingourthisevening? DemonstrativepronounsD.Thespecialusageof“that”&“those”a.Use“that”todemonstratethenounmentionedbeforetoavoidrepetitione.g.Lifetodayismuchbetterthanthatintheolddays.b.Use“those”todemonstratethepluralnounse.g.Myquestionsaresimilartothoseyouraised. DemonstrativepronounsD.Thespecialusageof“that”&“those”c.Theuseof“that”insomeidioms①likethat②thatis(tosay)③that’sall④that’s(about)it⑤that’sthat⑥what’sthat InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsA.InterrogativepronounsWho,whom,whose,what,whicha.Theuseof“who”usuallyassubjectorpredicative,object(oralEnglish)e.g.Whodidthis?Whodidyougowith?(oralEnglish)b.Theuseof“whom”objectorprepositionalobject InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounse.g.Whomdidyousee?TowhomshouldIwrite?c.Theuseof“whose”①Attributee.g.Whoseumbrellaisthis?②Subjecte.g.Whoseisbetter,yoursorhers?③Predicativee.g.Whosearethese?④Objecte.g.Whoseareyougoingtoborrow? InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsA.Interrogativepronounsd.Theuseof“what”and“which”①Subjecte.g.What’syourplan,please?Whichisyourseat?②Objectorprepositionalobjecte.g.Whatcanwedoaboutit?Whichdoyouprefer,coffeeortea? InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsA.Interrogativepronounsd.Theuseof“what”and“which”③Attributee.g.Whatcolorarethecurtains?Whichwayshouldwego?④Predicative(what)e.g.What’syoursister? InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsA.Interrogativepronounse.“Whoever”and“Whatever”Botharetheemphaticformof“who”and“what”e.g.Whoeverheardofsuchathing? InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsB.ConjunctivePronounsTheyarethesameasinterrogativepronounsa.Subjecte.g.Iaskedhimwhocameintotheroom.b.Objecte.g.Idon’tcarewhathethink.c.Prepositionalobjecte.g.Rememberwhatwe’reherefor. InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsB.ConjunctivePronounsd.Predicativee.g.Shedemandedtoknowwhosethechildwas.e.Attributee.g.Letmeknowwhichtrainyou’llbearrivingon.C.TheRelativeWhata.Subjecte.g.Whatshesawgaveheralittlefright. InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsC.TheRelativeWhatb.Objecte.g.Shebegantocriticizewhathehaddone.c.Prepositionalobjecte.g.Hewasdepressedbywhathehadgonethrough.d.Predicativee.g.Timesaren’twhattheywere.e.Parenthesise.g.ThenIdiscovered,whatwasnewstome,thathiswifewasyourcousin.f.Attribute(sometimesintheclause)e.g.Whatlittlehesaidonthesubjectwasfullofwisdom. InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsD.Conjunctivepronouns“+ever”a.who(m),what,which+ever,toindicateadverbialclauseofconcessione.g.I’llfindthepersonwhodidthis,whoeverheis.Whateverhappens,I’mgoing.b.Introducenounclausestoindicate“anypersonorthing”①Subjecte.g.Whoeverisresponsiblewillhavetopayforthedamage.WhateverIhaveisatyourservice. InterrogativePronouns&ConjunctivePronounsD.Conjunctivepronouns“+ever”b.Introducenounclausestoindicate“anypersonorthing”②Objecte.g.I’lljustsaywhatevercomesintomyhead.③Prepositionalobjecte.g.Iwanttospeaktowhoeverisincharge. RelativePronounsA.Therelativepronounswho,whom,whose,that,whiche.g.Imetsomeonewhosaidheknewyou.B.Theuseof“who,whom&whose”a.“who”indicatesperson,asasubjectintheclausee.g.Thegirlswhoservedintheshopweretheowner’sdaughters. RelativePronounsB.Theuseof“who,whom&whose”b.“Whom”alsoindicatesperson,usedasanobjectoraprepositionalobjectintheclausee.g.Thegirlswhomheemploysarealwayscomplainingabouttheirpay.c.“Whose”indicatespossessive,usedasanattributee.g.Thefilmisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim. RelativePronounsC.Theuseof“that”and“which”a.“That”canbothindicate“person”and“thing”.Itcanbeomittedwhenusedasanobjectintheclause.e.g.Canyouthinkofanyonethatcouldlookafterhim?Thatisthepicturethat(which)causedsuchasensation. RelativePronounsb.“Which”canonlyindicatethingsoranimals①Subjecte.g.Shewasnotinthetrainwhicharrivedjustnow.②Objecte.g.Thesearetheconditionswhichwehavetoaccept.③Prepositionalobjecte.g.ThedayonwhichIsawhimwasthegreatestofmylife. RelativePronounsD.RestrictiveAttributiveClause&Non-restrictiveAttributiveClausea.RestrictiveAttributiveClauseTherelationshipbetweenthemainclauseandthesubordinateclauseisclose.e.g.That’sthemachinehedesigned. RelativePronounsD.RestrictiveAttributiveClause&Non-restrictiveAttributiveClauseb.Non-restrictiveattributiveclauseUsuallywithacomma,notverycloserelationship.Usuallyintroducedbywho(m),whose,orwhiche.g.Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggestedstoppingatthenexttown.ThisisHarry,whoseclassyou’llbetakingover. RelativePronounsE.Thespecialuseof“which”a.Itcanpresentpartofthemainclause,oreventhewholee.g.Heinvitedustodinner,whichwasverykindofhim.b.Sometimesusedasanattributee.g.Headvisedmetohidebehindthedoor,whichadviceItookatonce. RelativePronounsE.Thespecialuseof“which”c.Addedwiththeinfinitivee.g.Allowmeoneminuteinwhichtochangemycostume.d.“Anyone”(insomesituations)e.g.Youmayselectwhichyoulike. IndefinitePronounsA.Twotypesa.Compoundpronounformedby“body,one,thing”e.g.somebody,anybody,everyone,nothing,etc.b.Bothpronounsanddeterminerse.g.all,another,many,some,other,etc. IndefinitePronounsB.Compoundindefinitepronounsa.somebody,someone,anybody,anyoneb.everybody&everyonec.something&anythingd.everything¬hinge.nobody&noone IndefinitePronounsC.Some,any,no(p.109)D.Many,much,few,littleE.All,each,noneF.Both,either,neitherG.Other,anotherH.One,several AssignmentReviewChapter5ExercisesofpronounsPreviewChapter6