中学英语语法教学 96页

中学英语语法教学案例分析内江市翔龙中学苏再金2013.8.12 初中英语新课程目标内容分级总体描述三级：对英语学习表现出积极性和初步的自信心。能听懂有关熟悉话题的语段和简短的故事，能和教师或同学就熟悉的话题（如学校、家庭生活）交换信息。能读懂小故事及其他文体的简单的书面材料。能参照范例或借助图片写出简单的句子。能参与简单的角色扮演等活动。能尝试使用适当的学习方法，克服学习中遇到的困难。能意识到语言交际中存在文化差异。 四级明确自己的学习需要和目标。对英语学习表现出较强的自信心。能在所处日常交际情境中听懂对话和小故事。能就熟悉的生活话题交流信息和简单的意见。能读懂短篇故事。能写便条和简单的书信。能尝试使用不同的教育资源，从口头和书面材料中提取信息，扩展知识，解决简单的问题并描述结果。能在学习中互相帮助，克服困难。能合理计划和安排学习任务，积极探索适合自己的学习方法，在学习和日常交际中能注意到中外文化差异。 五级有较明确的英语学习动机和积极主动的学习态度。能听懂教师有关熟悉话题的陈述并参与讨论。能就日常生活的各种话题与他人交换信息并陈述自己的意见。能读懂供7——9年级学生阅读的简单读物和报刊、杂志，克服生词障碍，理解大意。能根据阅读目的运用适当的阅读策略。能根据提示起草和修改小作文。能与他人合作，解决问题并报告结果，共同完成学习任务。能对自己的学习进行评价，总结学习方法。能利用多种教育资源进行学习。进一步对文化差异的理解和认识。 一、对“淡化语法”的认识英语新课程改革，对英语教学提出了“听说领先，淡化语法，侧重阅读能力的培养”这一教学指导思想。近些年的高考注重交际能力、应用能力的考查，几乎没有专门为考语法而设计的试题，这就是我们经常提到的“淡化语法”。 在一些师生看来，教授语法和学习语法不够时髦，是过时了的。结果导致学生不能准确、得体地运用英语，不仅不能用标准的英语进行口头表达、书面表达，而且在阅读文章时，往往会感到“基本没生词，但就是读不懂”。 而一部分教师过分注重语法知识的讲解和传授。具体表现为教师局限于传统英语语法教学，把大量的时间及精力都用于对语法知识的讲解、传授上，把原本可以生动有趣的语言材料较生硬地灌输给学生，课堂气氛沉闷，学生基本上处于被动状态。 英语新课程标准明确指出：“此次英语课程改革的重点就是要改革英语教学过分强调语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力培养的倾向，”新课程要求教授语法不是最终目的，而是学习语言的有效手段，其最终目的是让学生将语言的形式与其意义、交际功能有机地结合起来，通过在实际的语言运用中去内化语言规则，从而达到准确运用语言进行有效交际的目的。英国著名的语言家威尔金斯（Wilkins，1972）也说过，“without grammar  ,littlecanbeconveyed，without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”(没有语法就不能很好地表达,而没有词汇什么也不能表达。) 实践证明，就我们目前的英语学习环境而言，想要学好英语，必须掌握其基础语法知识。因此，如何采取更有效的语法教学方法，提高教学质量迫在眉睫。设计真实的语法情境，让学生在运用、交际的交互式中学习语法，可促进学生听、说、读、写综合语言运用能力的发展。 列举几种教学方法如下：1、利用真实的环境或设计模拟的情境进行语法教学，使语法教学更趋形象化、直观化、真实化和趣味化。情景活动中的学习降低了语法学习的难度，激发了学生学习英语的积极性，使他们学得快，记得牢，用得活。 2、把某些语法教学转化为交际活动：（1）英文歌式  通过填补英文歌中的missing words，使教学内容生动形象，不仅调动学生的学习兴趣，而且营造良好的课堂氛围。（2）游戏式根据教学内容设计“接龙”游戏及猜谜游戏。在这样的操练活动中，学生既锻炼了思维能力与快速反应能力，又加深了对所学语法现象的理解，同时使语法教学既轻松又有效。（3）表演、对话式设计一些使学生感兴趣的、与学生生活密切相关的表演和情景对话，激发学生学习的兴趣，增强学生对英语语言信息的使用和接受能力。（4）直观式利用图表、动画、实物等方式直观介绍目标语言结构。（5）视听法。 利用学生感兴趣的图片与影像呈现语言情景或话题，引导学生运用目标语言结构进行表达和交际。 3、采用“任务型”语言教学根据不同的语法内容设计不同的任务，让学生通过完成任务在语言运用中去学习、掌握语言形式和语言规则，使学生在做中学，在做中练，在做中巩固。 学生是课堂学习的主体，是知识的发现者和使用者，而不是被动的接受者；教师应充当引导者和协助者的角色。 案例1：Unit6I’mwatchingTVITeachingContents:Targetlanguages:newspaper,use,soup,wash,makesoup,readanewspaper,--whatareyoudoing?--IamwatchingTV.--Whatisheshedoing?--He/Sheiswashingthedishes.IITeachingObjectivesToleadstudentstotalkaboutwhatpeoplearedoing.ToimprovethespokenEnglishofthestudents.TohelptheclasslearntousethePresentProgressiveTenseinsentencecircumstance.IIITeachingImportantAndDifficultPoints1.Howtouse“be+Verb-ing”2.TraintheexpressionofspokenEnglishforthestudentsⅣTeachingAids:Aprojector,acomputer,ataperecorder,somepictures ⅤTeachingProceduresStep1WarmupTheteacherandthestudentsgreetwitheachother.Step2Lead-inWatchashortvideo.Step3PresentationWhatareyoudoing?IamwatchingTV.Whatisshe/hedoing?She/Heisreadinganewspaper.Whataretheydoing?Theyareusingthecomputer.Step4PracticeStep5ListeningStep6ExerciseStep7SummaryStep8Homework 此类语法教学需注意：新授课应以大量句型和对话操练为主，以课堂表演、展示为主，情景、对话、角色扮演为主，然后引导学生观察、归纳，从而得出初步映像。若为第二、第三节课等，则需检测、巩固、延伸。找出特点。若为年级差异，再次学习到本知识，则需回顾、检测、巩固、延伸和提高。 案例2：Unit6I’mmoreoutgoingthanmysisterI.TeachingContentsTargetlanguages:outgoing,twin,calm,wild,serious,athletic.IsthatTara?No,itisn’t.TaraisshorterthanTina.PedroisfunnierthanTina.TomismoreathleticthanSam.II.TeachingObjectivesTrainstudentstocomparethingsorpeoplewithtargetlanguages.Trainstudent’slisteningandspeakingskills.III.TeachingKeyandDifficultPointsTherulesofchangingcomparativedegree.Comparethingsorpeoplewiththetargetlanguages.IV.TeachingAidsaprojector,computers,ataperecorder,adice,oranges V.TeachingProceduresStep1:GreetingandwarmingupGame:tallandshortStep2:Lead-inbig/small,calm/wild,thin/heavy,serious,outgoing,funny,athletic,quiet.Step3:Presentation----Sheistall.Heistaller.Heistallerthanshe/her.----Theboysarethin.Thegirlsarethinner.Thegirlsarethinnerthantheboys.----Tomiscute.Maryiscuter.MaryiscuterthanTom.----Thesetwinsareoutgoing.Thosetwinsaremoreoutgoing.Thosetwinsaremoreoutgoingthanthesetwins.Step4.PairworkStep5.ListeningStep6.ExerciseStep7.GroupworkStep8.:SummaryStep9.Homework 设置语言的语法环境，形象直观的角色扮演，浅显到深入观察和归纳。把握认知规律。 案例3-1：Howwasyourschooltrip?SectionAPeriod1a---1cUnit8 didsomecleaningwentshoppingreadabookcookeddinnerbabysatmycousinWhatdidIdoinmyvacation? Therulesofthepastform1playedworkedwantedneeded2decidedlivedimproved3carry--carriedstudy--studiedworry—worried5go—wenthave--hadsee--saweat—atebuy–boughttake–tookwin—wonhang--hung4stop-stoppedshop-shoppedplan-planned LauratraveledtoShanghailastweekend.Laura23中国英语教师网 aquarium水族馆24中国英语教师网 WhatdidLauradoonvacation?aquariumgotothewent(n.水族馆) Whatanimalsarethereintheaquarium? Werethereanysharksintheaquarium?Yes,therewere.No,thereweren’tanydogs.Werethereanydogsintheaquarium?27中国英语教师网 sharksealseahorsestarfishoctopusdolphin 142635Guessinggame: tookphotosboughtasouvenirhad/ateicecreamswamintheseaWhatdidSamdoonvacation?sawsomesharks sawsomesealswenttothezoohadpizzaboughtasouvenirAmyhungoutwithhisfriendsWhatdidLilydoonvacation? A:Whatdidyoudoonvacation?B:I… WhatdidTinadoonherschooltrip?Listenandcircletheexpressionsinthebox.wenttotheaquariumtookphotoswenttothezoohadpizzaatesomeicecreamhungoutwithherfriendssawsomesealsboughtsomesouvenirssawsomesharks1aLet"slisten! 1bReadtogetherKevin:Hi,Tina.Howwasyourschooltrip?Tina:Itwasfantastic,reallyfantastic.Kevin:Didyougotothezoo?Tina:No,Ididn’t.Iwenttotheaquarium.Look,herearemyphotos.Kevin:Werethereanysharks?Tina:No,thereweren’tanysharks,butthereweresomereallycleverseals.Kevin:Wow,thatsoundswonderful.Whatelsedidyoudo?Tina:Well,IhungoutwithmyfriendsandItooklotsofphotos.Let"slisten! 1b动词过去式动词原形wenttookhadatehungsawgotakehaveeathangsee 1、四人一组，分别介绍自己的上周末活动。2、比一比谁的周末活动最精彩。Whoseweekendisthemostcolorful? Groupwork:Makeasurvey!Whatdidyoudoonyourlastschooltrip?Didyou…?Report:Inmygroup,ZhengHaowenttoGuangzhou.Hewentshopping.ZhangTuo…LiuYing…AndI…We…NameActivitiesZhengHaowenttoGuangzhou,wentshoppingZhangTuowenttoWestLake,wentboatingLiuYingwenttoheraunt’shouse,hadpizzaIwenttothebeach,wentswimming HomeworkMakeasurveyaboutwhattheirfriendsortheirparentsdidintheirschooltrip Goodbye! Unit8Howwasyourschooltrip?40中国英语教师网案例3-2：Period2a---2b watchedTVWhatdidyoudolastweekend?visitedafriendcleanedtheroomplayedcomputergamesplayedbasketballstayedathomerevision41中国英语教师网 Didyou…lastweekend?Yes,Idid./No,Ididn’t.I…Pairwork:playbasketballhavesomeicecreamgofishinggototheaquariumtakephotoshangoutwithyourfriendsseetheseals42gethisautograph gotothebeachvisityourauntgofishinggoskateboardingDidyou…?Yes,Idid./No,Ididn"t.surftheInternetplaysoccerPairwork43中国英语教师网 SamwasonschooltriplastSunday.Hewenttotheaquarium.Whatdidhedo?谁的记忆好44 GuessingDidhe...?看下面的说明40秒，然后回答问题,看谁记得好 gototheaquariumseesomesealsandsharkshangoutwithhisfriendstakephotosbuysouvenirsmeetYaoMingandgethisautograph46中国英语教师网 autograph47 Didhe…onhisschooltrip?Yes,hedid./No,hedidn’t.hangoutwithhisfriendsgofishinghaveicecreamseethesealsbuyagiftvvtakephotosv48中国英语教师网 Listenandcheck(√)thequestionsyouhear.----Didyoubuythathat?----Didyouwinthathat?----Didyoutakeanyphotos?----Whatelsedidyoudo?----Didyougethisautograph?----Didyouseeanysharks?----Werethereanyseals?√√√2a Tinametafamousactor.TFTinagotJakeDean’sautograph.TFTobywonaprize.TFTinawonahat.TFThereweremanyactorsattheaquarium.TF2bListenagainandcircle“T”or“F”. A:So,Tina,what_____didyoudo?B:Youwon’tbelieveit,butI____JakeDean.A:JakeDean,thefamous_____?Youreallymethim?B:Yes!Hewasmakingamovieatthe__________.A:Wow.Didyougethis____________?B:No,Ididn’t.Lauradid.ButI_____hisphoto.Hereitis.A:Wow._____thereotheractorsthere?B:No,weonlysawJake.Look,here’sToby.He____aprizeintheGiftShop.A:Didyouwinthathat?B:No,Ididn’t.I______it.elsemetactoraquariumautographtookWerewonbought Whohasagoodmemory?谁的记忆力好？ClassNinefromamiddleschoolhadaschooltripandtheywenttosomewhereinteresting. FirsttheyvisitedtheVisitors’Centerandwatchedamovieaboutsharks.Class9hadagreattimeontheschooltrip.TheywenttoBlueWaterAquariumfortheday. Afterthat,theywenttotheOutdoorPoolandsawabigoctopus.Afterlunch,theywenttotheGiftshopandboughtlotsofgifts.Thentheywatchedadolphinshow. Attheendoftheday,thescienceteacherwasveryhappybecausetheclassmonitorcleanedthebusafterthetrip.Finally,tiredbuthappy,theytookthebusbacktoschool. 1.Thestudentshadaterribleschooltrip.2.TheysawanoctopusintheVisitors’Center.3.Theytookthesubwaybacktoschool.4.Thestudentswatchedamovieaboutdolphins.5.Thescienceteachercleanedthebus.Let"sCorrectgreattimeOutdoorPoolbussharksclassmonitor××××× FirstThenAfterthatAfterlunchFinallyPleasefillinthechart.visitedthevisitors’CenterWehadagreattimeontheschooltrip.WewenttoBlueWaterAquariumfortheday.watchedamovieaboutsharkswatchedadolphinshowwenttotheOutdoorPoolsawabigoctopuswenttotheGiftShopboughtlotsofgiftstookthebusbacktoschoolcleanedthebusafterthetrip Whohasagoodmemory?谁的记忆力好？ Visitors’CenterClass9FirstandThenAfterthatAfterlunchFinallyschoolAttheendoftheday Class9hadagreattimeontheschooltrip.TheywenttoBlueWaterAquariumfortheday.FirsttheyvisitedtheVisitor’sCenterandwatchedamovieaboutsharks.Thentheywatchedadolphinshow.Afterthat,theywenttotheOutdoorPoolandsawabigoctopus.Afterlunch,theywenttotheGiftShopandboughtlotsofgifts.Finally,tiredbuthappy,theytookthebusbacktoschool.Attheendoftheday,thescienceteacherwasveryhappybecausetheclassmonitorcleanedthebusafterthetrip. Makeupastory.Eachstudentaddsasentence.Modle:LastweekIvisitedmyaunt’shouse.ShelivesinCalifornia.Theweatherwasbeautiful.Iwentswimming.Let"scirclethestory! Goodbye 句型教学为主体，对话、活动为载体，将语法教学贯穿到每一节课，将词汇、句子句型，短文对话有机联系起来。 案例4： 课本知识与生活相结合，在社会生活中学习和延伸课内知识。同时，也提高了学生的兴趣，拓展了知识面。也让学生感受到身边就有文化知识，有利于课本知识用于指导生活，从而提高生活质量。 JingWenrongobjectclauses宾语从句案例5： Hetellsastory.Hetellsusastory.HetellsusthathelikesEnglish.SimplesentenceObjectclause宾语从句 了解宾语从句宾语从句是复合句的一种。复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。主句是复合句的主体，从句仅仅是主句的一个成分，它从属于主句，不能独立。从句在全句中充当什么成分，就叫什么从句。宾语从句当中的从句在全句中作宾语。 宾语从句三大要点一、二、三、语序wordorder连接词conjunction时态tense 连接词由从属连词that引导的宾语从句由特殊疑问词what等引导的宾语从句由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句 Exe:Heoftensays(_他会想我们)Youshouldknow(你不得不努力工作)由从属连词that引导的宾语从句注：that在句中无实际意义，在从句中不充当成分，在口语当中往往省略。e.g.Ihearthathewillbebackinanhour.(that)作从句的原句是陈述句。(declarativesentence)(that)youhavetoworkhard.(that)hewillmissus. 他会和我们一起去公园吗?由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句Exe:1.Iwanttoknow_________________________.if/whetherhecancome原句为一般疑问句或选择疑问句。Willhegototheparkwithus?他能来吗?Canhecome?Iwanttoknow____________hewillgototheparkwithus.2.是要下雨还是下雪?Iwanttoknow_____________________________.Isitgoingtorainorsnow?whetheritisgoingtorainorsnowif/whether 3种只能用whether的情况与ornot连用：eg.Theywonderwhethertheyshouldgothereornot.与todo不定式连用：eg.Hecouldn’tdecidewhethertoleave.在介词后：eg.Theyaretalkingaboutwhethertheycanaffordthenewhouse. 由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句谁能回答这个问题?Hewantstoknow______________________.whocananswerthequestion.2.地球和月亮，哪一个更小?Whocananswerthequestion?Whichissmaller,theearthorthemoon?Hewantstoknow_________________________.whichissmaller,theearthorthemoon.3.谁的数学是班上最好的?Hewantstoknow___________________________.Whosemathisthebestintheclass?whosemathisthebestintheclass.who,what,when,where,how… （我们将什么时候开会）（他去哪儿了）Canyoutellme（我该怎么去车站）（为什么火车昨天迟到了）whenwe’llhaveameeting.howIcangettothestation?whythetrainwaslateyesterday?作用：从句原本是特殊疑问句;连接词在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义,应根据所需句子成分选择合适的连接词。wherehehasgone? 中考练兵场(一):选择合适的引导词填空Youcanhardlybelieve______hesaid.2.Everyonehopes____theworldwillbemorebeautiful.3.Ididn’thear_______hewantedmetodo.4.It’suptoyoutodecide_____you’llgothere,byairorbywater.5.-Tomaskedus___________wewouldstayhere.--About5days.6.–Areyousureyouhaveto?It’ssolate.--Idon’tknow______IcandoitifIdon’tdonow.thatwhatwhathowhowlongwhen Doyouknow…Ineedyourhelp.Heisanewteacherhere.Howmuchwillyoupayforthebluecoat?Whyisshesounhappy?Canwegooutonschoolnights?Hasshevisitedthatcitybefore?IsthebookTom’sorMary’s?二、陈述句语序(主+谓)Ineedyourhelp. Correctthemistakesinthesentencesifthereareany.1.Idon’tknowwheredoeshelive.helives.2.Hewonderedifhisfriendwouldcometohisparty.3.HeaskedmewhenwouldIleave.Iwouldleave.4.Idon’tknowhowlongwillyoubeaway.youwill√ 三、时态呼应主句是一般现在时，从句选择其所需的时态；e.g.Iknowyouhavefinishedyourjob.Doesshebelievewhatyou’lldo?主句是过去时，从句也要使用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等。e.g.Iknewwherehelived.Theydiscussedwhentheywouldleave.从句是真理或客观事实，则保持一般现在时。e.g.Theteachertoldustheearthgoesaroundthesun. 请完成以下宾语从句。Sheworkshard.Theycandowellineverything.Hebelievesthat…Howlongwilltheystaythere?Whatishedoingintheclassroom?Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?Cansheleaveat5o’clock?DoestheactorliveinChinaortheU.S?Sheasksme… 请完成以下宾语从句。Sheworkshard.Theycandowellineverything.Hebelievedthat…Howlongwilltheystaythere?Whatishedoingintheclassroom?Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?Cansheleaveat5o’clock?DoestheactorliveinChinaortheU.S?Sheaskedme… 1.Hesaidthathehasseenthefilm.2.MyfathertoldmeBeijingwasthecapitalofChina.3.Don’talwayscomplainabouthowmuchworkyoudid.hadisdoCorrectthemistakesinthesentencesifthereareany. 四、宾语从句转化为简单句1.当主从句的主语一致时：1)Idon’tknowwhatIshalldonext.Idon’tknowwhattodonext.2)Johndidn’tdecidewhichshirthewouldbuy.Johndidn’tdecidewhichshirttobuy.2.当主句的谓语含有双宾语时，如果间宾与从句（直宾）中的主语一致时：1)CanyoutellmehowIcangettothebank?Canyoutellmehowtogettothebank?2)PleaseshowmehowIshouldplaychess.Pleaseshowmehowtoplaychess. 同义句转换(1)TheforeignerswanttoknowhowtheycanlearnChinesewell.Theforeignerswanttoknow___________learnChinesewell.(2)Heaskedme,“Doyoulikelivinghere?"Heasked____I_______livinghere.课时训练howtoifliked(3)Idon"tknowwhattosayatthemeeting?Idon"tknow_______________sayatthemeeting.(4)Canyoutellmewhichdressweshouldbuy.Canyoutellme___________________buy.whichdresstowhatIshould It"stimetopractice! 宾语从句三大要点一、二、三、语序wordorder连接词conjunction时态tensethatwhether/ifwhat,where,when,which…陈述语序主句：一般现在从句：根据需要任何时态主句：一般过去从句：对应的过去时态 Thanksforyourjoining. 对于大的语法，多采用先分散式教学，攻克一个个要点，后归纳总结提升，形成比较干练条文，便于记忆和使用。 总之，对于英语语法教学，不能为了语法而教语法，也不能淡化语法而不重视语法。教师应引导学生从对话、句型中了解和掌握，在众多句子、结构中观察、分析。归纳起来就是： 少讲语法，多练语言。 分散教学，适当总结。 多用归纳法，少用演绎法。 多会用例句，少用公式套。 在课文中当场掌握语法点。 采用对比异同，牢记各自特点，加强针对性训练。