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  • 2022-06-17 16:03:17 发布

初中英语语法精讲2动词不定式用法

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动词不定式用法动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外,动词不定式具有动词特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语,组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是to+do;其否定形式是notto+do。下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。一.作主语可以直接作主语。如:Toseeistobelieve.但在英语中,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如:It"swrongtoplaytricksonotherpeople.It"sourdutytokeepourenvironmentcleanandtidy.点击规律:动词不定式在句中作主语时,常放在Itis+adj+(forsb.)+(not)todosth句型中,表示说话人对客观事件的决断,意为:做…..是……的,it仅作形式主语,真正的主语是todosthItisveryinterestingtoread.读书是有趣的Itisusefultoread.看书是有用的Itishealthytoruneveryday.每天跑步是健康的Itisalittledifficultyformetoworkoutthisquestion.解出这道题对我来说有点难Itisbadnottofinishhomework.不完成作业是糟糕的 Itisbadtobelateforschool.迟到是糟糕的Itis+adj+ofsb+(not)todosth该句型通常表示说话人对客观事件的惊讶、兴奋、懊悔、难过等感叹情绪,与Itis+adj+(forsb.)+(not)todosth的意义不同。Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.你能告诉我事实,真是太好了Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.他做那件傻事,真是太笨了Itisverycleverofyoutoworkoutthisquestion.你能解出这道题目,真是太聪明了Itisverywiseofyoutoreadthisnovel.你看这本小说,真是太明智了这个句型中用介词of而不是for的原因是这里的形容词是用来形容人的品质性格的。类似的词有:careless,careful,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid,friendly因此区分是用Itis+adj+(forsb.)+(not)todosth还是Itis+adj+ofsb+(not)todosth,要清楚adj修饰的是sb还是todosth例如:Itisniceformetohavebreakfastwithyou(nice是指havebreakfastwithyou这件事)对于我来说,能和你一起吃早餐真好。ItisniceofyoutohelphimwithhisEnglish.(nice是指you,形容人的品质)你帮他补习英语,真是太好了。二.作宾语A.want,decide,agree,afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decide,demand,desire, determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend(有打算),learn,long(渴望),manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear(发誓),undertake(承担),want,wish等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如:Weagreedtostartearly.Shewantstobeadoctor.B.love,like,begin,start,hate,prefer等词后面可以接不定式。点击规律:上述动词后面除接不定式外,还可以接动名词,意思无很大区别。提示板:likedoing指经常性动作,而liketodo指一次性的动作。如:Ilikeswimming,butIdon"tliketoswimnow.我喜欢游泳,但我现在不想游。C.stop,forget,remember,goon,try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。点击规律:上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。提示板:1)stoptodosth.:停止一件事,去做另一件事。stopdoingsth.:停止正在做的事2)forgettodosth:忘记要去做某事(未做)forgetdoingsth:忘记做过某事(已做)3)remembertodosth:记得去做某事(未做)rememberdoingsth:记得做过某事(已做) 4)goontodosth:接着做另一件事(接下去做与原来不同的一件事)goondoingsth:继续不停的做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事5)trytodosth:试着做某事(实际上意思是努力想做成某事eg:Itriedtoescape,butIfailed.我努力着想逃走,但是没有成功)Trydoingsth:试着做某事(实际上是为了达到另外一个目的,-------"Sohothere,isn"tit?"-------"Yes,whynottryturningontheairconditioner?""很热,是吧。"“恩,就是。咱们开开空调吧,看看能不能凉快点儿。”)例句:Whentheteachercamein,thestudentsstoppedtalking;whenhecameout,thestudentsstoppedtotalk.当老师走进来时,学生们停止说话;当老师走出去时,学生们又开始说话。D.在find/feel+it+adj.+todosth.句型中,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。就是说不定式由it代替,把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达:动词(如find,think,consider,feel等)+it+形容词+不定式。如:Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o’clock.Themandownstairsfounditdifficulttogettosleep.Ifeeliteasytorecitethetext.E.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式:这类动词常见的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire, know,learn,see,regard,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有:what,when,where,which,how,whether等。1.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.2.Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.三.作宾语补足语A.tell,ask,want,order,teach,invite,warn,wish,help,get,wish,help等词后面常接不定式作宾补。如:Itellhimnottogotherebybus.Edison"smothertaughthimtoreadandwrite.B.let,make,have,see,hear,feel,watch,notice后面接不带to的不定式作宾补。如:Thebossmakesthemwork16hoursaday.Iheardhersinginthenextroom.提示板:若变成被动语态,在上述结构中,不定式符号to要加上。如:Theyaremadetowork16hoursadaybytheboss.Shewasheardtosinginthenextroom.四.作定语:放在被修饰的名词、代词后面例句:Ihavealotofworktodo.Hecoulddonothingtohelptheboy. Therewasreallynothingtofear.Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread点击规律:动词不定式若在句中作定语,常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。提示板:如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系,若动词是不及物动词,切记不要忘掉介词。如:Ihaveasmallbedroomtolivein.Haveyougotsomepenstowritewith?Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento.五.表语:放在连系动词be后面例句:Hiswishistobecomeascientist.Thefirstimportantthingistosavethesoldiers"lives.当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。点击规律:动词不定式在句中作表语时,通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。六.作状语a.目的状语:放在go,come,use,live,inorder等词后面。如:Icometoseeyou.Herunsfastinordertogetthereintime.b.原因状语:放在sorry,glad,surprised, disappointed,excited等词后面。如:Iamgladtoseeyouhere.Iamsorrytotroubleyou.c.作结果状语。如:Someoftheapplesarehardtoreach.Theroomislargeenoughtohold1000people.7.与what,who,whose,when,where,how等疑问词连用,作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如:Idon"tknowwhattodonext.(宾语)Hetaughtushowtousethecomputer.(宾语补足语)It"sstillaquestionhowtogetthere.(主语)8、在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式。例如:1.Helptheoldlady(to)carrytheheavybox.9、在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to。例如:1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.10.在介词but,except之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,其后不定式一般不带to,反之则必须带to,表示“只能”。例如:1.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm. 2.Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender.3.Thespy间谍wasbothhungryandcold;therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein.4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.11、下面一些短语是固定搭配,不带to:cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。例如:Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do,to省略:IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.如果是下面一个固定搭配,就带to:Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.12、紧跟在why或whynot之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是,紧跟在who,what,which,whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如:Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon"tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn"tdecidewhethertostudyartsorscience. 练习:单项选择1.Thechairlooksveryold,butinfactitisverycomfortableto_________.A.sitB.sitonC.besatD.besaton  2.Thepurposeoftheplanisnottohelptheemployersbut______workforyoungpeople.  A.provide  B.toprovideC.providing    D.provided  3.Hearrivedattheofficeearly,______agoodexampletotheothers.  A.set     B.tosetC.tobeset     D.havingset  4.I"mafraidtheywouldnotallowhim________here.A.tosmokeB.smokingC.smokesD.smoke  5.Welookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhere_____  A.tofind   B.tohavefoundC.tobefound    D.beingfound  6.Mothertoldme________thewaterbeforeIdrankit.A.boilingB.boiledC.boilD.toboil  7.IttookusmorethantwohoursthedinnerAprepareBpreparingCtoprepareDtobeprepared  8.Pleaseremember______theplantswhileI’maway.   A.watering   B.tobewatering C.towater D.beingwatering  9.______wine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.  A.Making   B.Tomake C.Tobemaking    D.Make  10.Johnwasmade_______thecarforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashing11.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed________myworkintime.A.andfinished  B.tofinish    C.andfinishing  D.tofinished12.I’llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout—Idon’twant______likethis.  A.tosee B.tobeseeingC.tobeseen    D.beingseen13.Theworkerswantustogetherwiththem.AworkBworkingCtoworkDworked  14.Hepromised__________meanicecar.A.buyB.tobuyC.boughtD.tohavebought  15.HewasmadeAgoBgoneCgoingDtogo  16.You’dbetter________arestnow.A.tohaveB.haveC.havingD.had17.I’mhungry.GetmesomethingAeatBtoeatCeatingDforeating  18.Peoplemuststop________downtrees. A.tocutB.cuttingC.cut  19.Iwouldmendyourradio,butIdon’tknow______.  A.how    B.toC.howto   D.tohow20.ShedidnothingatthephotoAexceptlookBbuttolookCexcepttolookDbutlooking21.WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson_____.  A.tosend B.forsendingitC.tosenditto D.forsendingitto22.“Haveyoudecidedwhen?””Yes,tomorrowmorning”AtoleaveBtobeleavingCwillyouleaveDareyouleaving23.Weagreedherebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.AhavingmetBmeetingCtomeetDtohavemet  24.I’drather_______acupofcoffee.A.tohaveB.havingChave  25.Idon’tliketravelingbyboat,italwaysmakesme______sick.A.tofeelB.feelingC.feel 【参考答案】 1—5BBBAC 6—10DCCBA 11—15BCCBD 16—20BBBCA21—25CACCC