高考英语语法知识概要 17页

语法知识要点提示一、词性常识1名词主要作主语、宾语、表语，有时也作定语；使用名词时必须考虑：可数、不可数、单复数、谓语的数以及名词的搭配；可数名词须有数的标志，tenof所有格/限定词+名词。规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works(工厂),fish,species,crossroads,aircraftli,yuan,jin3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants①总是不可数：work(工作)newsinformationadviceprogressweatherequipmentfuncourageharmmilk②抽象名词(U),具体指某人或某事时(C)pleasurejoysurprisehonorkindnesssuccessfailuredifficultytroublewarmilkworrypity惯用复数thanksapologiesregardswishescongratulationspains(功夫)respects(敬意;问候)③bythehour,bythedozen,bytheday,bytheyard,表示计量。2、形容词主要修饰名词，说明名词的状态、特征，可作定语、表语、宾补，偶尔作状语，但仍然修饰名词或代词。①作定语的词序：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠具体为①17 冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词+②序数词+基数词+③一般性描绘形容词+④大小、长短、形状+⑤年龄、新旧+⑥颜色+⑦国籍、出处+⑧材料+⑨用途、类别+⑩最终修饰的名词或动名词②作定语的位置A)well(健康),ill(生病)worth,sorry,sure,glad,fond,afraid,alone,asleep,alive,awake,ashamed,gone,unlikely,aware,due,content,unable等形容词一般不作前置定语B)含义随其位置的不同而发生变化thememberspresent　（在座的）thepresentmember　（现在的）thepeopleconcerned（有关联的）aconcernedexpression（忧愁的）thepeopleinvolved（被牵涉的）aninvolvedexpression（复杂的）anabsentlook(茫然的)thepeopleabsent(缺席的)induecourse(在适当时机)themeetingduetobegin(约定)C)常作前置定语的形容词theonlyreason（唯一的理由）；　　aloneman(孤独的人)acertainwinner（某一个胜利者）；theexacttranslation（确切的翻译）；herveryson（她亲生的儿子）；　entireignorance（完全的无知）；acompletefool（十足的傻瓜）；totalnonsense（完全是胡说八道）；arealhonor（真正的英雄）；livebroadcast(实况转播)woolencloth（呢料）awoodenhouse（木屋）goldenhair金黄色的头发，“agoldensaying”（金玉良言）　　　　goldenmemories　美好的回忆awoodensmile毫无表情的微笑amedicalschoolD)定语后置的情况：（1） 中心词是复合不定代词时Tell me something interesting.告诉我一些有趣的事。Is there anything special?有什么特别的东西吗？(2) 定语是形容词短语时He is the man suitable for the job.他是适合作这项工作的人。It"s a problem difficult to solve.这是一个难以解决的问题。现在分词作定语A．现在分词作定语前置时静感强，而后置的现在分词动感强。如：Theworkingpeoplearethewisest.Thefarmersworkinghereareverybusy.过去分词作定语，前置表示状态Heisanadvancedteacher.他是个先进教师。做后置定语，表示完成和被动的动作Thisisapicturepaintedbymyfather.GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina③特殊句型1)HeworksnoharderthanI.A与B都不………2)HedoesnotworkharderthanI.A不如B17 3)Therearenomorethansevenpeopleintheroom.仅仅，只有4)Therearenotmorethansevenpeopleintheroom.不超过，至多5)Musicismoreawayoflifethananinterest.是…而不是;与其…倒不如6)Mr.Zhangismorethanmyteacher,heisalsomybestfriend.不仅仅7)The+比较级…….，the+比较级……..越……,越……a)Themorebooksyouread,themoreknowledgeyouwillget.b)Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.8)Nolessthanthreepeopleofferedtobuyit至少9)Heisnolessdiligentthanhewas.A与B一样…10）Theworkismoreorlessfinished.基本上，大体上；大约11）lessthansuccessful非常不worsethanuseless极为3副词主要修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、及整个句子。如：①personally,briefly,fortunately,hopefully,honestly,frankly,happily就常修饰整个句子。②No,any,some，much,still,even,yet,rather,alot,agreatdeal,many,alittle,abit,slightly,much,far,somewhat,byfar(前后均可),表示数量和倍数的词如twice等常修饰比较级。(quitebetter属特例)③注意程度状语的位置Icouldn"tmoveastepfurther，Themeetinglastedtwohourslongerthanusual.HeisaheadtallerthanI.(也可说Heistallerthanmebyahead.)Theygotthereearlierthanwebytwentyminutes.表“净”增减数④so/how/as/too可加adj/adv;加adj+a/an+单数可数名词；加many/few/much/little+名词⑤注意搭配quiteimpossible/perfect/different/agree/understand/right/positively,absolutelyimpossible⑥takesth.personally认为某事针对自己而不悦(tobeoffendedbysth)4介词之后通常接名词、代词、v-ing、wh-词引导的名词性从句。注意下列几点①有时介词+副词：fromabroad/above/where，sincethen，untilrecently，untilverylate等。②有时介词+介词短语frombehindthetree.untilaftertheexamAllthequestionsarecorrectexceptforthelastone.③偶接adj如farfromprefect④接句子inthat“因为由于既然”，“在…方面”A）Unfortunately,kidsincontemporarysocietyarerobbedoftheirinnocenceinthatasizablepercentageofchildrenareforcedtoparticipateinagreatvarietyofartclasses.TheChineselanguagediffersfromWesternlanguagesinthat,insteadofanalphabet,itusescharacterswhichstandforideas,objectsordeedsB）Hisreportiscorrectexceptthatsomedetailsareomitted.C）MostoftheChinesepeopleusuallygotoworkonthebikeexceptwhenitrains.D）IknownothingaboutitexceptwhatIhavereadinthepapers.⑤But/except:“前有后无”指but前有实义动词do，后面接的不定式不带to。17 如：Hecoulddonothingbutwait.Hewantednothingbuthaveagoodsleep.⑥另外cannotbut/cannothelpbut/cannotchoosebut(不得不，只好)均接动词原形。⑦不用任何介词表示时间的名词前有one，any，each，every,some，all,this，that，next，last，yesterday，tomorrow，thesedays等。⑧复合介词及分词介词Concerning=withregardto,including，inviewof，inspiteif,regardlessof,given(that)，considering(介词,连词),regarding⑨by表“净”增减数；amongotherthings“还有”...；一、句法常识1）句子的基本成分有：主干成分主语、谓语、宾语；修饰成分定语、状语、补足语2）五个基本句型:主谓；主谓宾；主谓宾宾；主谓宾+宾补；主系表。3）句子与句子之间有并列关系，常用and,but,or,so,otherwise,(n)either…(n)or…,notonly…butalso…表示；或主从关系，表现为主句+从句，即状语从句、定语从句和名词从句。若句子的另一部分无谓语，应视为短语，短语只能修饰句子，绝不能与句子并列。故决定了下列的表达方式：从句——有谓语——句首有连接词；短语——无谓语——句首无连接词，句中指代用普通代词（it/its/them/that/those等）模式一：简单句and简单句变体(简单句and主从复合句或主从复合句and简单句）。模式二：主句被从句修饰或从句修饰主句。模式三：短语修饰句子或句子被短语修饰。从句有三个共性：即句首有连接词，用陈述语序，与主句与从句在时态上呼应。①Thefactoryproducedmanyfamouscars,andnoneof____wereshippedtoforeigncountries.And表示并列关系，句中无需其他连接词表示句与句之间的关系，故空白处填普通代词②Thefactoryproducedmanyfamouscars,noneof____wereshippedtoforeigncountries.主从关系，后面的从句修饰前面的主句，所以空白处填有修饰功能的which。③Thefactoryproducedmanyfamouscars,noneof____shipped（过去分词）toforeigncountries.句子被短语修饰，所以不再使用有修饰功能的连接词，故空白处填普通代词A.themB.whichC.itD.what④Therewasagardenthere，____ownerseatedinitplayingbridgeswithhiskids.A.whoseB.itsC.it’sD.with4）主语是句子所要说明的人或事物，是一句的主体；宾语主要指动作的对象或动作的承受者。通常均由名词、代词、数词、the+adj、动名词、不定式、名词性从句担任；5）谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的，通常由动词、动词短语担任，后面常接宾语或状语；vt动词必须带宾语，vt动词之后无宾语时必须用被动。谓语的形式见下表：态时现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask17 进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking（1）接不定式作宾补的常用动词:advisesb.todosth.建议某人做某事allowpermitforbidaskbegrequirerequestinvitegetcauseforcewarntellcommandorderdrivechooseencourageexpecthatehelpintendleavelikemeanobligepersuadepreferremindteachtraintroublewantwish词组类appealtosbtodosth.waitfor,longfor,dependon,relyon,counton（2）6123句式；（3）接动名词的动词口诀；（4）“吾看三室两厅一感觉”动词在主动态及被动态中的用法；（5）accusesb.ofsth.控告某人犯某事（罪），指责某人做某事，符合这一搭配的其他动词还有：convincesuspectcheatcureinformremindridrobwarnemptyclearmydeskofpapers（6）blamesb.fordoingsth.指责某人做某事，符合这一搭配的其他动词还有：rewardpraisecriticizeforgiveexcusepardonpunishscoldthankadmireremember（7）可用于“动词+sb+intodoingsth”的常见动词cheatsb.intodoingsth.trickfoolforcearguetalkterrifyfrightenpersuade17 （8）带to(doing)sth.的常用结构:admitto,addupto,belongto,contributeto,objectto,referto,leadto,attendto,seeto,turnto,payattentionto,devote…to,prefer…to…,doharm/good/wrongto,be/get/becomeused/accustomedto,bereducedto,datebackto,getdownto,lookforwardto,keepcloseto,holdonto，faceupto(勇于正视,面临),trustto（luck,fate,fortune,依靠（运气等）;任凭自然发展）,taketo(开始喜欢;开始从事，形成…的习惯),applyto（适用于）,submitto屈服,limitsth.to,applyoneselftodoingsth.(专心致力),Signingthisformcommitsyoutobuyingthegoods.你签此表格後就一定要买这批货.setone’smindtodoingsth.(决心做某事),beequaltodoingsth.(等于，能胜任),beopposedto反对,beexposedto,cometo(共计为；达到某种状态),stickto(坚持),(9)动词+sb.+withsth.provide,supply,present提交,fit安装,equip配备,stockashopwithgoods向商店供货，(10)动词+sb.+from(doing)sth.discouragestoppreventprohibitkeepbanprotectsavedefendfreereleaseexcuse(使…免于)hidebarTheymaybeexcused(fromdoing)thisexercise.他们可以免做这一练习.(11)动词+宾语+v-ingThechildisreportedmissing.getkeepsendsetleavehavecatchwatchseenoticehearobservefeelfindstart（12）动词+宾语+名词宾补appointelectnamecallmakefindfeelthinkvotewish/leave/think/consider/judge(认为)count/imagine（13）动词+宾语+adjGetkeepleavefindfeelthinkconsiderhavemakeholdpaintwish6）当主语后有多个动词时，若按时间顺序发生，则表达为：谓语1，谓语2，…+and/but+谓语n（并列谓语）。若多个动词几乎同时发生，则表达为：谓语1，谓语2，…+and/but+谓语n+非谓语1，非谓语2…and+非谓语n(谓语+非谓语)。如：Hecamerunning.Theprofessorputafingerinhismouth,tasteditandsmiled,lookingratherpleased.谓语1，谓语2，and+谓语3+非谓语7）thereisnochance/possibilitythat…；Thereisnoneedtodosth.；thereisnodoubtthat从句或astosth.thereisa/nopointindoingsthThere"snoexcuseforsuchbehaviour区别主语从句itisnowonder/usethat….thereisa/nosenseindoingsthTherebe句型的变化Thereisgoingtobe…主语.Theredoesn’tseemtobe…主语thereislikely/reportd/said/believedtobe…主语Thereremain/exist/happen/stand/lie/flow/live+主语8)主动表示被动的情况①说明主语特征的联系动词feel,sound,smell,taste,look，prove(被证明是，原来是)，remain,②由主语的性质、特点造成的动词结果，如：weigh,measure,readwell,writesmoothly,washeasily,burneasily,sellbadly/well,won’topen/close/move/shut等Thesignreadsasfollows.Histradepayswell.Theclassnumbers60inall.Theclassroommeasures80squaremeters.③在themaniseasytogetonwith句型中，theman是geton17 with的宾语，用于此结构的形容词有difficult,hard,light,expensive,interesting,unfit,comfortable,pleasant,heavy，dangerous等④当want,need,require表示“需要”时，won’tbear,deserve其宾语用动词-ing形式，句中主语是实质上的宾语。TheoldcarthemanisdrivinginwantsrepairingTheproblemrequiredpayingspecialattentionto.⑤ThenoveliswellworthreadingThehouseistoletNooneistoblamefortheaccident.⑥在have,find,lend,give等动词后的宾语有不定式作定语(“有”事要做)，不定式与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系，而且在句子中又有不定式的逻辑主语时。Hehasfoundnothingtoeatsincehelefthomeandenteredtheforest.LastweekhegavemeanovelbyafamousEnglishwritertoread.Heisapleasantpersontoworkwith.Theboy’smotherboughthimalargetoytraintoplaywith.⑦某些动词或词组Consistof,datebackto,breakout,giveup⑧某些动词的进行时可表达被动意义，如print,cook,build,burn,show等，如：What’sshowingatthecinemathisweek?Hernovelisreprinting(=beingreprinted).Thebridgeisbuilding(=beingbuilt).三、非谓语不定式在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语。1)主语Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithhim.Toleanoutofthewindowisdangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危险的。Itisnecessaryforhertomakeaplanforthiscourseofstudy.It"scleverofhertoseethatandnotweep.(weep之前省去了to)2)表语Herwishistobecomeanastronaut.Ourplanistofinishtheworkintwoweeks.Hisonlydesirewastobeusefultothecountry.3)宾语接不定式作宾语的动词有wantwishcarehopeplanintendexpectlongdesireappearattempttryseek(试图)determinedecideaskdemandbeglike，begin，forgetrememberlearnpretendhappenofferrefusefailprepareorderagreeaffordmanagepromisedeclinehesitategrow/come(渐渐)apply（申请）arrangedare/needvolunteerundertakevoteswear(发誓)等等。Learntowalkbeforeyourun.先学走后学跑。Wedecidedtomakechangesinourplan.4)定语动词不定式须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：Heisalwaysthefirstonetogetup.他总是第一个起床。Ihaveafewwordstosayonthisquestion.Theyarelookingforaroomtolivein.Theyarediscussingwaystoguaranteehighoutput.AftertheChingMingFestivalitistimetosowvegetables17 decision,need,way,chance,determination,ability,failure,promiseanswerideareplyexcusereasonattemptmomenttime等名词常接不定式作后置定语动词不定式做后置定语与被修饰成分之间表示不同的语义关系。1.表示动宾关系，但用主动表被动。I have a lot of work to do today. 我今天有很多活要干。He had a big family to support.  他有一个大家庭需要他来养活。2. 表示主谓关系。被修饰的名词表示逻辑主语，修饰它的动词不定式结构表示逻辑谓语。例如：He’s always the first to come.         Among the men to take part in the work,he is probably the most active  3.  表示修饰关系。动词不定式对其修饰的成分起一种描绘阐述作用。例如：It’s already time to start planting trees.             He had no chance to go school in those years.   4. 表示同位关系。不定式和被修饰的名词处于平行关系，只对其起一种解说作用。例如：Soon came the order to start the general attack.     We got no instructions to leave the city.        5)状语动词不定式作状语时，一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。a)表示目的HewenttoBeijingtostudyin1988.Tobeagoodteacheronemustusegoodteachingmethods.(放在句首，使其所表示的目的更加明显突出)可变为inorderto(为了)或soasto(以便)。如：Inordertolearnacupuncture，shepracticedonherselfeveryday.。(注意inorderto可放在句首)Wemusthavegoodsoilsoastogrowroses.[注]习惯语，如tobeginwith(首先)，toconclude(最后)，tobesure(当然)，totellyouthetruth(老实对你说)等。b)表示结果,有时属意料之外的结果Mygrandmotherlivedtoseethebirthofmylittledaughter.Afewyearslaterhereturnedtofindthathishometownhadgreatlychanged.Wouldyoubekindenoughtomoveaside?Hespokeinsucharudewayastoannoyallthepeopleconcerned.Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.(有时有only表未预料到的结果）Ihurriedtothepostoffice，onlytofinditwasclosed.Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.他太年轻了，不能参军。注：Hewasonlytooeagertogototheball.(非常渴望)。Only在tooanxious,willing,ready之前,译为“非常”。6)作宾补相关动词参见谓语部分1）17 Ipersuadedmybrothertochangehismind.我说服我弟弟改变了主意。“吾看三室两厅一感觉”动词在主动态中，动词不定式须省掉to.lookat,notice，observe,see，watch，make(使)let,have,hear(听)，listento，feel(觉得)等。如：MakethepastservethepresentandforeignthingsserveChina.古为今用，洋为中用。Heletmehearyouplaytheguitar.Wemusthavesomeonerepairtherefrigerator.[注]上述句子变成被动语态时，动词不定式的to仍须保留。如：Hewasmadetoaccompanyhisbrother.7）疑问词+动词不定式疑问代词who，what，which和疑问副词when，where，how等后加动词不定式，构成一种特殊的动词不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。如：Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.何时动身尚未决定。(作主语)Theytoldherwheretofindherlittlebrother.(作宾语)HethoughtalotabouthowtoimprovehisEnglishpronunciation.他对如何提高英语语音想得很多。(作介词的宾语)8）动词不定式也可以用在某些形容词之后。如喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪变化的形容词ready，eager，anxious，glad，sorry，afraid，free，pleased，determined，willing,able，sure，等。如：Heissorrytohaveputyoutothetroubleofchangingalargenote.Theboysandgirlsareanxioustolearnhowtoskate.在easy,hard,necessary,impossible,difficult,unfit,等词之后要用主动表被动Thewaterinthatwellisunfittodrink9)在sbissaid/reportedbelieved/thought/supposed/considered之后分别可用todo/tobedoing/tohave(been)done10）“有”事要做11）6123中的3有一项是不定式Ifeelitmydutytoprotecttheenvironment.动词不定式复合结构"for+名词(或代词宾格)+动词不定式"在这种结构中的for本身无意义。名词(或代词宾格)形式上是for的宾语，但在逻辑上可以说是动词不定式的主语。这种不定式复合结构在句子里可作1)主语Forustolearnforeignlanguagesisimportant.Itisimportantforustolearnforeignlanguages.2)表语Itisforyoutodecide.这得由你决定。3)宾语Canyouarrangeforacartotakeusthere?4)定语Thereisalotoworkforustodo.有很多工作要我们去做。5)状语Thepolicemanblewhiswhistleforthecartstostop.(目的)动词不定式的否定结构在不定式符号to之前加上not而成。如：Hedecidednottogohome.他决定不回家。17 Theteacherwarnedthepupilsnottogoskatingonthinice.教师警告学生不要在薄冰上滑冰。动词不定式一般式所表示的时间关系1)动词不定式的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后，用一般时。如：Isawhimgoout.(saw与goout两个动作同时发生)Ihopetoseeyouagain.(tosee这个动作发生在hope之后)Theboysaidhewantedtobeascientist.(tobe在wanted之后)2）动词不定式完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：Sheisreportedtohaveinventedanewdevice(划线词发生在谓语时间之前)Sheseemstohavereadthebookbefore.Thebatteryappearstohaverundown.但在下面句子中，动词不定式表示"动作没有发生"：Weweretohavemetatten.我们本来是约定十点钟见面的。(结果未见面)3）动词不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：Heseemstoberecovering.他看来在康复。Whenhecamein，Ihappenedtobelyingonthebed，reading.他进来的时候，我碰巧正躺在床上看书。动词不定式的被动语态Thenextthingtobedoneistocarryawaytheearth.Noharmseemstohavebeendone.似乎并没有造成损害。分词17 七、接动名词之动词短语有则报道包含下列值得考虑的建议：Reportinvolveworthconsidersuggest/advice完成练习时，要避免推延、回避、finishpracticeescapedelay/putoffavoid停止或放弃；要尝试用想象去理解Stop/quitgiveup;Tryimagine/fancyunderstand记忆。学会欣赏意味着减少遗忘，还能让你更喜欢。Remember.Enjoy/appreciatemeanforgetprefer要承认不足，学会坚持、忍受，错过了Admit/acknowledge,keep(on)bear/standmiss你会后悔，也不能原谅，当然，忙了Regretexcuse/pardon/forgivebusy需要冒险，这不否认，也不介意，更是can’thelp.need/require/wantriskdenymind另外mean(打算)，stop(停下来去做）,forget/remember(忘记/记着去做)，regret(遗憾)，help(帮助),try(尽力)必须接todo。四、主从复合句1、定语从句1）定语从句起形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，它的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致；其实质：代替先行词，在从句中担当一个成分,表示修饰关系。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoisaddressing？whom,which和that17 在从句中做宾语时，常可省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不省略，也不可用thatwhom人宾语Whoisthepersonwithwhomsheisworking?Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主宾表Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主宾定Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主宾表Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语常不省略关系副词when时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.onwhichwhere地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.inwhichwhy原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.forwhich2）that与which,who,whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.先行词既指人又指物时5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6.已经有who或which，为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhavebeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用whichwhowhom的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.3)as与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.4)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.17 非限制性定语从句　对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.按图索骥判断句子成分先找动词再判断，动词前缺主语，动词后分别缺宾语、表语、状语；名词前缺定语，名词前有the则根据先行词类别分别填ofwhich物,ofwhom人ViVtbe状语宾语主语表语定语名词_____the名词或the名词____中填ofwhich物,ofwhom人填关系词顺序先分析从句缺少的成分，再看先行词类别，然后根据关系词的用法找出对应的关系词17 2．名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后无意义的that；疑问代词whatwhich,who,whomwhosewhatever,whoever,whichever疑问副词how,when,where,why,wherever是否whether,if,其他asif,asthough,Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.3、状语从句种类连接词注意点17 时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语where,wherever原因状语because,as,since,nowthat，seeingthatbecause语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。条件状语if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替目的状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so…that,such…that比较状语than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore方式状语asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用注：Until之前的动作或状态延续到until所表示的时间为止有时会向相反的方向转化；在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，主句是将来时态时，从句用一般时态；五、倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.主语是代词不倒装表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.17 notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.Socloselydidhewatchitthathe…as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.SocanI.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.六、虚拟语气时间从句动词形式主句动词形式将来过去式/should+动词原形/were+todoshould/would/could/might+动词原形现在过去式（be用were）should/would/could/might+动词原形过去had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词1.Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形2.ifitweren’t/hadn’tbeenforthefactthat…从句谓语分别用现在时和过去时3.wish与Ifonly后的从句中用过去式表示现在(be用were)；过去完成式表示过去；could/would+动词原形表示将来4.asif引导的状语从句中动词与谓语几乎同时发生用过去式；若发生在谓语之前用过去完成式5.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形6.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式表示现在；过去完成式表示过去。7.在“建议，命令，请求，要求，坚决主张，敦促urge，推荐recommend，倡议advocate”等词义之后的名词性从句中，谓语用（should+）动词原形8.It’snecessary/important之后的句子中谓语用（should+）动词原形It’sstrange/apitythat之后的句子中谓语用（should+）动词原形9．虚拟语气but事实陈述Hewouldhaveattendedtheceremony,buthewastoobusy.10.事实陈述otherwise/or虚拟语气Hewastoobusy,otherwisehewouldhaveattendedtheceremony.VRcanbeusdtopracticeskillsinasecureenvironmentthatotherwisewouldbequitedangerous.11.without,butfor表示假设时，动词视语境情况分别用should/would/could/might+动词原形或should/would/could/might+have+过去分词12.暗含虚拟条件的句子：Anymaninhispositionwouldhavedoneitlikethis.InAfricasomecountriesarealwaysstrugglingtocatchuponrepayments;Governmentfinancesthatcouldbespentonhealth,educationandlong-termdevelopmentareinsteadusedfordebtrepayment.17 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