自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第十三章 状语 Adverbials 5页

第十三章状语Adverbials13.0Introduction1.形式：状语可以是副词形容词名词，介词词组，副词词组，形容词&名词词组，分句等。2.位置：可在句首，句中和句末。3.语法结构：1）结合性状语（integrated)。2）分离性状语(peripheral)。判断方法：把整句带入:“It’struethat…“里可以明显看出。E.g.:Johndroveslowly.--it’struethatJohndroveslowly.(integrated，adjuncts)Fortunately,hecamebackjustintime.--Fortunately,It’struethathecamebackjustintime.(Peripheral,disjuncts)However,itwasagoodmeeting.--However,it’struethatitwasagoodmeeting.(Peripheral,conjuncts)*Adjuncts:修饰性状语，主要修饰动词*Disjuncts:评注性状语，对分句内容的评价。*Conjuncts:连接性状语，逻辑粘合剂，把新句子加入文章中。Integratedadverbial（结合性状语）Adjuncts修饰性状语Adverbials状语Disjuncts:评注性状语Peripheraladverbial(分离性状语)Conjuncts:连接性状语13.1Adjuncts修饰性状语分时间状语(TimeAdjuncts)，地点状语(PlaceAdjuncts)，过程状语(ProcessAdjuncts)，因果状语(ContingencyAdjuncts)。13.1.1时间状语TimeAdjunctsa.TypesofTimeAdjunctsWhen-Adjuncts(何时状语)Duration-Adjuncts(持续状语)Frequency-Adjuncts(频度状语)Wearegoingtothetheatretomorrow.(Whenadjuncts)Theyhavelivedherefor20years.(Duration-Adjuncts)Sheseesthedoctortwiceamonth.(Frequency-Adjuncts)nWhen-Adjuncts(何时状语)1.可被When-question提问。（whenareyougoingtothetheater?）2.特指的时间点或者时间段。（theyarrivedat10o’clock./ThewarstartedonMay4,1952）3.非特指的时间点或者时间段，在交谈中默认的时间。(they’llbebacksoon./Seeyoulater.)4.常以分句形式出现。被以下连词连接：after,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,now,aslongas,assoonas…IwillcallyouassoonasIhearthenews.5.或者被名词从句作为连词链接。Themoment,theminute,theinstant,thefirsttime,thenexttime…Hewenttobedthemomenthefinishedhishomework. --Nosooner…than,Hardly表示一件事接着另一件，第一个从句要用过去完成时，如果放在句首则要倒装.Hehadnosooneraskedthequestionthantheanswercametohim.Nosoonerhadheaskedthequestionthantheanswercametohim.nDuration-Adjuncts(持续状语)1.可被“howlong”提问。Howlonghavetheybeenlivedhere?2.有多种形式，最常见的形式是：for+名词词组：fortenyears,forashortwhile…nFrequency-Adjuncts(频度状语)1.可被“Howoften,Howmanytimes”提问。2.可由副词组成。（daily,weekly.Monthly,often,frequently,always,never…）Ipaymybillsmonthly.Myfathernevergoestothecinema.3.或者名词词组，介词词组或者分局组成。Myunclebroughtmegiftswheneverhecame.Shevisitsherparentsasoftenasshecan.b.PositionofTimeAdjuncts1.最好放在句首或者句中。2.2个when-adjuncts在一起时，顺序是specific+generalHewasbornonthemorningofMay4,1997.3.DurationAdjuncts+FrequencyAdjuncts+WhenAdjunctsShewouldstaywithherparentsforacoupleofdaysonceamonthaftershegotmarried.13.1.2地点状语PlaceAdjunctsa.TypesofPlaceAdjunctsWhereAdjuncts(何地状语)DirectionAdjuncts(方向状语)DistanceAdjuncts(距离状语),SourceAdjuncts(来源状语),GoalAdjuncts(目标状语)OutsidethevillageWhereAdjuncts(何地状语)DownthehillDirectionAdjuncts(方向状语)TheranalongawayDistanceAdjuncts(距离状语)FromtheschoolSourceAdjuncts(来源状语)Totheschoolbus.GoalAdjuncts(目标状语)n最常见的是介词词组形式，其他形式有副词，名词词组，从句等。Thechildrenareplayingoutside.(adverb)Theschoolislocated10milesfromdowntown.(clause)Shefoundherumbrellawheresheleftit.(infiniteclause)b.PositionofPlaceAdjuncts1.一般句末。2.如果在句首，则1)设定场景；2)着重强调反义；3)避免句末过于繁琐。InLosAngeles,ahotdrywindwillremindpeopleofforestfires.Inthering,twomenwerekillingeachother,andinthehall,menandwomenwerescreaming.Inthegardenthechildrenwereplayingwiththeirnewly-arriveduncle.3.2个placeadjunct同时出现时，按高低顺序排列。*注意，不可以把低级的地点状语移到别处只留下高级时间状语，但是移动高级地点状语时不受这个规则的约束。Shesatonatableinarestaurant.Inarestaurantshesatonatable.*Onthetableshesatinarestaurant.×××4.Distance+Direction+Source+Goal+PositionTheyranalongwaydownthehillfromtheschooltotherestaurant. 13.1.3过程状语ProcessAdjunctsa.TypesofProcessAdjunctsMannerAdjuncts(方式状语)InstrumentsAdjuncts(工具状语)AgentiveAdjuncts(执行者状语)nMannerAdjuncts方式状语1.Definition：描述事情如何完成的状语。Theyplantheprojectcarefully.2.可被How,Inwhatway/manner来提问。Howdotheyplantheproject?3.一般用副词来当方式状语，其他方式显得比较繁琐。nInstrumentsAdjuncts工具状语1.方式状语指某事如何完成的，主观描述，而工具状语则指在外部帮助下某事如何完成，很客观。Whynotcutthebreadwithaknife?Iusedtogotoworkbybike.Youcanstartthemachinebypressingthebutton.2.最常见的形式是with+方式AgentiveAdjuncts(执行者状语)1.指执行动作的人，by+performer,特别会出现在被动语态中，执行者一般是人，或者把物体拟人化。Theflyingobjectwasseenbymanypeople.Theworkcanbeeasilydonebyamachine.当过程状语，时间状语，地点状语同时出现时，按以下规律排列：Process+Place+TimeHetoldmeinpersonatthemeetingyesterday.(Process+Place+Time)13.1.4因果状语ContingencyAdjunctsReasonAdjunct(原因状语)ResultAdjunct(结果状语)PurposeAdjunct(目的状语)ConcessionAdjunct(让步状语)ConditionAdjunct(条件状语)nReasonAdjunct(原因状语)1.当想表示事物或某一行为的原因时，用原因状语从句2.一般以because引导从句，或者since，as，for…Iaskedhertostay,forIhavesomethingimportanttotellher.Becauseofhisbadleg,hecouldn’twalkasfastasothers.3.也可出现在不定从句中，省略连接词。Beingunabletoconcentrateathome,hewenttothelibrary.Situatedatthefootofthemountain,thevillagewasveryquiet.4.As结构的的原因状语从句。Foolishashewas,hewoulddefyanyadviceandcontinuetomakethesamemistakes. nResultAdjunct(结果状语)1.表示结果，一般在句末，以sothat引导出，非正式形式时可被so引出。Hewenttothelectureearly,sothathegotagoodseat.Shemusthavebeenblindthatshecouldn’tseehewasaliar.n其他连接词包括，suchthat,withtheresultthat,sothat,soasto,suchthat…Idon’tthinkhewillbesostupidastogoaroundsayingthosethings.nPurposeAdjunct(目的状语)1.表示目的或者意图被实现。Shestoodupinordertoseebetter.2.可被-why提问.Whydidshestandup?3.连接词为inorderto,inorderthat,so,soas(to),sothat..Ineedaladdertoputupthepicture.4.现在不常用的连词–lest（唯恐）,常被forfearthat,inorderthat…not等代替Heranawaylesthecouldbeseen.forfearthathecouldbeseen.Inorderthatsheshouldnotbeseen.*Purpose&Resultadjunct都可以用连接词sothat,但是有以下区别：1.在sothat后的结果状语往往被逗号跟主句隔开，但是目的状语不用分开。2.目的状语中倾向于接情态助词，结果状语则不是。3.目的状语可以在句首，结果状语一般在句末。Heworkshard,sothatthemanagedtopasstheexam.(result)Heworkshardsothathecouldpasstheexam.(purpose)Sothathecouldpasstheexamheworksharder.(Purpose)nConcessionAdjunct(让步状语)1.让步状语与主句的意思形成对比，表示一种不愉快的状态，尽快这样，也不妨碍主句所描述的事情或状态的发生。ThoughhehaslivedinHKforyears,hestillhasdifficultyunderstandingCantonese.2.一般用though,although做连接词。3.其他连接词包括，evenif,while,despite,inspiteof…Whilehedidwellinchess,hewasratherweakinmath.Inspiteofhispoorperformanceinclass,heexcelledsports.nConditionAdjunct(条件状语)1.描述了一种可能帮助主语实现状态的情况。1)Ifthesunshines,theroomisverywarm.2)Iftheyareinmood,theywillcleanyourcar.3)Ifyouweren’there,they’dgetridofmeinnotime.4)Ifyouhadbeenhere,wewouldn’thavehadsomuchtrouble.2.条件状语从句根据分句的意思分为两种情况，opencondition表示假设可能被实现，也可能不被实现（句子1，2）。closedcondition表示不可能被实现或者直接与现实相反（句子3，4）。下面是4种基本型式：1.Sametenseinbothclause.Opencondition,invariableconsequence2.If+PresentTense,will(shall)inthemainclause.Opencondition,alikelyconsequence3.If+PastTense,Would/shouldinthemainclause.Rejectedcondition,unlikelyconsequence4.If+PastTense,wouldhavedoneinthemainclause.Rejectedcondition,differentconsequence3.条件状语中的Will不表示预测作用，只表示“willingness,intension”的意思