PEP小学英语语法要点(适合总复习给学生理一理) 16页

☆名词复数规则承1.一般情况下，直接加-s,如：book-books,bag-bags,cat-cats,bed-beds2•以s.x.sh.ch结尾，加一es，如:bus—buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches3.以"辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:family-families,strawberry-strawberries4.以"f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v,再加-es,如：knife-knives5.不规则名词复数：man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,po1iccwoman-po1iccwomcn,mouse-micechild-chiIdrenfoot-feet,•tooth-teethfish-fish,people-people,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese写出下列各词的复数Ihimthisherwatchchildphotodiarvdavfootbookdresstoothsheepboxstrawberrythiefvo-vopeachsandwichmanwomanpaperiuicewatermilkricetea☆形容词的比较级☆当我们需要对事物作出比较时，需要用到比较级。比较级的句子结构通常是：什么+动词be（am,is,are）+形容词比较级+than（比）+什么，如： Fmtallerandheavierthanyou.（我比你更高和更重。）Anelephantisbiggerthanatige匸（一只大彖比一只老虎更大。）形容词的比较级是在形容词的基础上变化而来的，它的变化规则是：①一般的直接在词尾加er,如tall-taller,strong-stronger,②以e结尾的，直接加r,如fine-finer,③以辅音字母加y结尾的，先改y为i再加er,如funny-funnier®双写最后的字母再加er,如big-bigger,thin-thinner,hot-hotter除此之外，还有儿个特殊的单词，它的比较级和最高级都是不规则的，如:many/much（原形）-more（比较级）-most（最高级）little/few（原形）-less（比较级）-least（最高级）good（原形）-better（比较级）-best（最高级）bad（原形）-worse（比较级）-worst（最高级）far（原形）一further-furthest附加：形容词的最高级变化类似于比较级，只是把词尾的er改成est,如:tall（原形）・talle】（比较级「tallest（最高级）long（原形）-longer（比较级）-longest（最高级）big（原形）-bigger（比较级）・biggest（最高级）☆注意☆比较的两者应该是互相对应的可比较的东西。典型错误：Myhairislongerthanyou.（我的头发比你更长。）比较的两者是我的头发、你（整个人），那么比较的对象就没有可比性。应该改为:Myhairislongerthanyours.或Myhairislongerthanyourhair*.附：如果比较的两者是一样的吋候，我们会用as...as…这个词组，它的用法是：什么+be+as+形容词原形+as+什么，意思是什么和什么一样……。如: Fmastallasyou.（我和你一样高。）Myfeetareasbigasyours.（我的脚和你的一样大。）比较级专项练习［、从方框中选出合适的单词完成句子heavytalllongmuchmanybig(1)HowistheYellowRiver?(2)HowisMrGreen?He"s175cm.(3)Howareyourfeet?Iwearsize18.(4)HowisthewhiteT-shirt?It"s100yuan.(5)Howapplesarethereinthebag?Thereare5.(6)Howisthefish?It"s2kg.二、根据句意写出所缺的单词(1)I"m12yearsold.You"re14.Fmthanyou.(2)Arabbit"stailisthanamonkey"stail.(3)Anelephantisthanapig.(4)Alakeisthanasea.(5)Abasketballisthanafootball.三、根据中文完成句子.(1)我比我的弟弟大三岁.Fmthanmybrother. ⑵这棵树要比那棵树高.Thistreethanthatone.(3)你比他矮四厘米.Youarethanhe.(4)谁比你重？thanyou.(5)他比你更强壮.Heisthanyou.四、根据答句写出问句(1)Fm160cm.(1)Fm12yearsold.⑷(2)Myshoesare80yuan.Amy"shairis30cmlong.(5)IhavethreeEnglishbooks.☆时态☆小学阶段一共学了四种时态，分别是：一般现在时，一般将來吋，现在进行吋，一般过去吋。下面我们一一进行总结。1、一般现在时A、表示不受时限的客观存在如:Heisaboy.Sheisastudent.Mymotherisanurse.Thisisadog.Ihaveastory-book.B、表示现在的习惯动作，即指现在经常发生的动作，一般现在吋常用来表示现在时间里某种动作的经常性和习惯性。它常与表示程度或频度的词连用,如：often(经常),usually(通常,一般),sometimes(有时),always（总是,一 直）,never（从不）女口:Ioftengotoschoolonfoot.Myfatherworksinaschool.MikewatchesTVeveryday.Iusuallyplaycomputergamesontheweekend.c、表示现时的状态和现在瞬间动作女|【：Howareyou?Youlookhappy.What^sthematterwithyou?Ihaveaheadache.Whatdoyouhaveforlunch?Ihavesomechicken.☆注意☆英语动词的现在吋与原形同形。但当主语是第三人称单数时，须在词尾加-s或-eSo例如：Ihaveafishfordinner.Hermotherworksinahospital.Amyoftengoestoschoolbybike.MeLiuteachesusEnglish.动词+s的变化规则1.一般情况下，直接加・s,如：cook-cooks,milk-milks2.以s.x.sh.ch.o结尾,力U-es,如guess-guesses,wash-washes,watch-watches,go-goes3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加・es,如：study-studies一般现在时用法专练：一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数drinkgostaymakelookhavepasscarrycomewatchplantflystudybrushdoteach 2、一般将来时表示在将来会发生的事或动作。它常与表示将来的时间连用，如：tomorrow,nextweek,nextyear,thismorning,thisafternoon,thisevening等。☆注意☆一般将来时小学阶段主要学了两种结构：(l)begoingto+动词的原形/地点②will+动词的原形例句：Pmgoingtogoshoppingthisafternoon.SheisgoingtoHongKongnextweek.Youwillseemanybirdsinthesky.练习：填空。1.我打算明天和朋友去野炊。2.Ihaveapicnicwithmyfriends-3.Ihaveapicnicwithmyfriends.4.2.下个星期一你打算去干嘛？我想去打篮球。5.WhatnextMonday?Iplaybasketball6.WhatyoudonextMonday?Iplaybasketball.7.3.你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。8.yourmothergoshoppingthis?9.Yes,she.Shebuysomefruit.10.你们打算什么时候见面。11•Whattimeyoumeet? 3、现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作或现阶段一直在进行的动作。☆注意☆它的构成是：be的现在时形式(am,is,are)加动词的ing形式。如:Whatareyoudoing?Fmwritingaletter.Whataretheydoing?They"reswimming.Isheplayingchess?Yes,heis.Look,AmyisreadinganEnglishbook.☆注意☆动词的ing形式的构成规则：①一般的直接在后面加上ing,女口doing,going,working,singing,eating②以不发音的e结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing，如having,writing③如果末尾是…个元音字母和-个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing,(此类动词极少)有:rurming,swimming,sitting,getting现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：plavrunswimmakegolikewriteskireadhavesingdanceputseebuvlovelivetakecomeget4、一般过去时主要用來表示在特定过去吋间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态，也可表示过去的习惯动作。它与现在吋间不发生关系，它表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。它经常与表示过去的时间连用。如： Iwenttoaparkyesterday.Ireadabooklastnight.IwatchedTVyesterdayevening.Iwentonabigtriplastweekend.IfailedmyChinesetest.☆注意☆一般过去时主要体现在动词的形式要用过去式，动词的过去式的构成规则冇：A、规则动词①一般直接在动词的后面加ed；女IIworked,learned,cleaned,visited②以e结尾的动词直接加d；如lived,danced,used③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed（此类动词较少）如Istudy-studiedcarry-carriedworry-worried（play、stay除外）④双写最后一个字母（此类动词较少）如stoppedE、不规则动词（此类词并无规则，须熟记）小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式：sing一sang,eat一ate,see一saw,have一had,do一did,go一went,take一took,buy一bought,get一got,read一read,fly一flew,am/is一was,are一were,say一said,leave一left,swim一swam,tell-told,draw一drew,come一came,lose一lost,feel-feltfind一found,drink一drank,hurt-hurt ☆注意☆句子的形式：1＞肯定句：是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句了，如：I"mastudent.Sheisadocto匸Heworksinahospital.Therearefourfansinourclassroom.Fmgoingtobuyacomicbooktonight.Hewilleatlunchat12:00.Fmreadingabook.Theyareswimming.IwatchedTVyesterdayevening.2、否定句：含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子，女口：Fmnotastudent.Sheisnot(isn"t)adocto匸Hedoesnot(doesn"t)workinahospital.Therearenotfourfansinourclassroom.Fmnotgoingtobuyacomicbooktonight.Hewillnot(won,t)eatlunchat12:00.Fmnotreadingabook.Theyarenot(aren"t)swimming.Ididnot(didn"t)watchTVyesterdayevening.☆注意☆小结：否定句主要是在肯定句的基础上加上了否定词“not”。有动词be的句了则“not”加在be后血，可缩写成“isntarerft”，但amnot一般都分开写。没有动词be的句子则要先在主要动词的前面加上一个助动词(do,does,did),然后在它后面加上“not”，你也可以把它们缩写在一起如“don",doesn"t,didn"t)。这三个助动词要根据人称和时态来选择，其屮“does”只用于一般现在时主语是第三人称单数的情况，而“did”只用于一般过去时，不论主语是什么人称和数，都用“did”。3、一般疑问句：是指询问事实的句子，此类句子必须用“yes”，或“n。”来冋答。如：Areyouastudent?Yes,Iam/No,Fmnot. Issheadoctor?Yes,sheis./No,sheisn"t.Doesheworkinahospital?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn"t・Aretherefourfansinourclassroom?Yes,thereare./No,therearentAreyougoingtobuyacomicbooktonight?Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.(Yes,weare./No,wearen"t.)Willheeatlunchat12:00?Yes,Iwill./No,Iwillnot(won"t).Areyoureadingabook?Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.Aretheyswimming?Yes,theyare./No,theyaren"t.DidyouwatchTVyesterdayevening?Yes,Idid./No,Ididnt.☆注意☆小结：一般疑问句是在肯定句的基础上，①把动词be调到首位，其他照写，末尾标点符号变成问号即可。②没冇动词be的句子则要在句首加上一个助动词(do,does,did)再把紧跟在后面的动词变回原形，末尾标点符号变成问号即可。这三个助动词也要根据人称和吋态來选择，其中“does”只用于一般现在吋主语是第三人称单数的情况，而“did”只用于一般过去吋，不论主语是什么人称和数，都用“did”o一般疑问句有个重要的原则就是问和答要一致，即问句里的第一个单词(助动词)和简略答句里的这个词是一致的。4、特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词(what,where,who,which,when,whose,why,how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么，不能用“yes、no”来冋答。如：Whatisthis?It"sacomputer.Whatdoeshedo?He"sadoctor.Whereareyougoing?I"mgoingtoBeijing.Whoplayedfootballwithyouyesterdayafternoon?Mike. Whichseasondoyoulikebest?Summer.Whendoyouusuallygetup?Iusuallygetupat6:30.Whoseskirtisthis?It5sAmy"s.Whydoyoulikespringbest?BecauseIcanplanttrees.Howareyou?Fmfine./I"mhappy.HowdidyougotoXinjiang?IwenttoXinjiangbytrain.☆其"Phow又可以和其他-些形容词连用组成特殊疑问词组用来提问，如：howmany（多少（数量））,howmuch（多少（钱））,howtall（多高）,howlong（多长），howbig（多大），howheavy（多重）仞J句：Howmanypencilsdoyouhave?1havethreepencils・Howmanygirlscanyousee?Icanseefourgirls.Howmanydesksarethereinyourclassroom?Thereare51・练习：在横线上填上适当的单词1.Whatyourmotherdo?Sheisteacher.2.doesshework?Sheinaschool.1.TodayisMonday.YesterdaySunday. 1.Whatyoudoyesterday?Ihelpedmymotherhousework.2.youhaveacoldlastweek?Yes,Idid.3.youfeelbetternow?Yes,thankyou.4.Mike:Howyou,Amy?Youlooksohappy.Amy:Yes.Iexcited.Iamgoingonabigtrip.Howyou?Youlookhappytoo.Mike:Yes.Myfathergoingbuymeanewbike.5.Whatyoudoyesterday?Itwindy.Ikitesinthepark. Ioftenswimming.1.Whatdoesyourfather?Heanurse.heworkinahospital?Yes,heinabighospitalinourcity.2.Amydidn^ttoschoolyesterday.Shehadaheadache.3.doesJohngotoschool?Heusuallytoschoolbybike.4.hegotoschoolbybikethismorning?No,hedidn^t.Hetoschoolonfoot.5.Whatdidyouforbreakfastthismorning? Ihadbreadandmilk.1.didyougoonyourholiday?IwenttoHongKong.2.didyoudothere?Iwentshopping.一、补充句子。1、1oftenTVintheevening.ButyesterdayeveningIcomputergames・2、JohnoftenfootballonSundays・ButlastSundayhehisgrandparents.3、youusuallygotoschoolbybike?Yes,butyesterdayItoschoolonfoot.4、yourfathergotoworkbycar?Yes,hedoes.Butyesterdayhetoworkbybus. Ioftenhiking.yougohikinglastweekend?Yes,IwenthikingwithmyparentslastSunday.6^WhatAmyusuallydointheevening?Sheusuallybooks.shereadabookyesterdayevening?No,shedidn"t.Sheherhomework.☆人称和数☆主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一单数I（我）memy（我的）minemyself（我自己）人称复数we（我们）usour（我们的）oursourselves（我们自己） 第二人称单数you（你）youyour（你的）yoursyourself（你自己）复数you（你们）youyour（你们的）yoursyourselves（你们自己）第三人称单数he（他）himhis（他的）hishimself（他白己）she（她）herher（她的）hersherself（她白己）it（它）■Itits（它的）itsitself（它自己）复数they（他们/她们/它们）themtheir（他们的/她们的/它们的）theirsthemselves（他们/她们/它们门己）