1高中英语语法绪论—句子成分 17页

1.词法词法是指语法中介绍词的种类、词形变化以及词的用法等内容的部分。1.1词类英语按照词义、词形及其在句子中的功用可分为十大类别，即：名词，,形容词，,,数词，,介词，和O这十大类词还可以简便的归属两大范畴：和。:名词，动词，形容词，副词，代词，数词:冠词，介词，连词，感叹词顾名思义，实义词具有一定的词汇意义，在句子中可以独立担任成分，如主语，定语,状语等；而结构词，有时又称作功能词，主要起结构和功能作用，表示词与词之间或句子与句子中各个部分之间的关系，以及帮助构成各种时态、语态和语气等。1.2各词类的作用和语法功能每一类词都有其特定的作用，在句子中的功能也各不相同。它们各自的作用和句法功能列表如下：词类缩写作用例词句法功能实义词名词n.表示人或事物的名称动词V.表示动作或状态形容词adj.表示人或事物的性质和特征副词adv.说明动词、形容词或其它副词代词pron.代替名词或数词数词num.表示数量或顺序结构词冠词art.表示名词的泛指或特指介词prep.表示名词或代词与其它词的关系连词conj・连接词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子and,or,but感叹词inteij.表示说话时的感情oh,hello 2.句法 2.1.句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，,表语，,补语，,状语,°2」」主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，它是动作的,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词。主语可由等充当。请划出下列句子中的主语并说明该主语由什么词充当：Myheartisalmostcollapsedatthemoment.Hewasteshisbeautifulfacebymakingalivingbyhistalent.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Toeatspicysticksisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.Theuglyareasleep,whilethehandsomeareawakeItisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.2.1.2谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，由或充当。请划出下列句子中的谓语并说明该谓语由什么词充当：WestudymathandEnglishatschool.Theworldissobig,yetIoweitavisit.2」.3表语表语用以说明主语的、、和。它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,see,sound,smell,taste,remain等)之后。表语_般曲名词、、形容词、、数词、、、介词短语、副词及等充当。请划出下列句子中的表语并说明该表语由什么词充当：OurEnglishteacherisanAmerican.Areyouapigorsomething?Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Threetimessevenistwentyone. HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeoutoforde匚Timeisup.Theclassisover.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.2」.4宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，它是动作的,跟在或之后。宾语可以是、代/词、,、动词不定式或动词词组、以及从句等。请划出下列句子中的宾语并说明该宾语由什么词充当：Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Ijustwanttobeaquietandhandsomeman.Ienjoystaringatbeauties.Ithink(that)heisfitforthejob.Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.［注］有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫,指物的叫。例如：他给了我一些墨水。翻译：2」.5补语补充说明主语或宾语，说明其名称，特征，状态或所做的动作等，通常由,等充当。补充说明宾语的成分被称为,简称“宾补"；宾补和宾语一起构成。补充说明主语的成分被称为:简称“主补”，主补和主语一起构成O请划出下列句子中的宾语并说明该宾语由什么词充当：Wemakehimourmonito匸Thehousewaspaintedwhite・HisfathernamedhimJohn.Letthefreshairin. Youmustn^forcehimtolendhismoneytoyou. Wesawherenteringtheroom・Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.Yourfriendcomestoschoolveryupset.Hewenttobedlastnightcoldandhungry.Don"tlethimdothat.Fllhavemybikerepaired・2」.6定语在句中修饰或的词、短语或从句称为定语。请划出下列句子中的定语并说明该定语由什么词充当：Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry,andAmericaisadevelopedcountry.Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised・Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.ThewomanwithababyinherarmsismysisterIwatchedalltheglassesthatwereonthetablefalloffontothefloorThemanoverthereismyoldfriend.2.1.7状语修饰,,或的成分叫做状语。请划出下列句子中的状语并说明该状语由什么词充当：Lighttravelsmostquickly.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane・状语种类如下:（请注明以下状语的类型）Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?Lastnightshedidn^tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain•Ishallgothereifitdoesn"train. MrSmithlivescmthethirdfloor.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgwatcare.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers」Imustworkharde匚Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.SheworksveryhardthoughsheIsold.Iamtallerthan屁is.Ilikesomeofyou卩叭much.Hegoestoschoolbybike.2」.8同位语同位语对主语、表语、宾语等进行解释，使其。同位语通常由、代词、数词、等充当。请划出下列句子中的同位语并说明该同位语由什么词充当：John，suncleisateacher,aphysicsteache匚Myfather,adoctor,isverykind.2.1.简单的基本句型主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)o2.2.1・主语+谓语本结构是由“主语+”构成，常用来表示主语的动作。该句型的主语可有修饰语(定语)，谓语也可有修饰语(状语)。请划出下列句子中的主语和谓语：1・Theredsunrisesintheeast.2.Sotheyhadtotravelbyairorboat.3.Wegotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.4.Shesattherealone,readinganovel.5.Hecamebackwhenwewereeating.2.2.2.主语+谓语+宾语此结构是由“主语++宾语""构成。请划出下列句子中的主语、谓语和宾语：1・Tommadeaholeinthewall. 2.1don^tknowifhecancometomorrow. 3.Theyhavendecidedwheretogonext.4.ShestoppedteachingEnglishtwoyearsago.5.Ittookthemtenyearstobuildthedam.2.2.2.主语+连系动词+表语本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：请划出下列句子中的主语、系动词和表语：Sheishappy・Hefelloffhisbikeandgothurt.Hisadviceprovedright.OurEnglishteacheristhirtyyearsold.Thecaketastesdelicious.Wefeelusedtolivinginbigcities.Thepotatoeswentbadinthefields.Theirbossseemssatisfiedwiththework.Deepwaterstaysstill.2.2.3.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语常跟双宾语的及物动词有：第一类：bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助to的）第二类：buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。（需借助for的）请划出下列句子中的主语、谓语、间接宾语和直接宾语：1.Mr.JohnsontaughtusGermanlastyea匚2.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.3.Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?4.Heshowedthetickettotheconductor.5.ShallIcallyouataxi?6.Thenewmachinewillsaveyoualotoflabo匚7.Heboughtanewcoatforhismotherwithhisfirstmonthssalary.8.HesentmeanEnglish-ChineseDictionary. 1.SheboughtJohnabook.2.2.2.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系,若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，,介词短语，，等。请划出下列句子中的主语、谓语、宾语和宾补：Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.TheymadeTommonitor.Heusedtodohishomeworkwithhisradioon.WecallherAlice.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.Theyhavesetthethieffree.Iwantyoutotellmethetruth.Theguardsorderedustoleaveatonce.EverymorningwehearhimreadEnglishaloud.Hehashishaircuteverymonth.Wewon^tlethergooutatnight.用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语中常用的句型结构。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.2.2.3.Therebe句型此句型是由"there+be++其它成分"构成，用以表达某地存在有什么。它其实是的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际意义。be与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，现在有thereis/are...过去有therewas/were... 将来有therewillbe.../thereis/aregoingtobe...现在已经有therehas/havebeen...可能有theremightbe...肯定有theremustbe.../theremusthavebeen...此句型有时可用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等词代替be动词。如：Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow・Therelivedanoldmanatthefootofthemountain.Therecameashoutfor"help：Theremusthavebeenavillagehere.Thereliesabookonthedesk.但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词，也可以是各种类型的短语或句子。例如：1.Wefoundthehallfull.2.Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers.3.Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreport.4.WefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreportmadebyareporterfromthePeople"sDailyoneducation.定语的位置：单词作定语，一般放在被修饰词之前，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰词之后。表示位置的副词作定语时位于被修饰词之后。Theschoollibraryhasmanybooksonhistory.Ilikethebookyousentme.Hissisterworksinthehospitalnearby.状语的位置：修饰形容词或副词的状语，一般放在被修饰词之前；修饰动词的状语大部分放在动词之后，有些表示时间频度的副词(often,usually,seldom,always,constantly),放在实义动词之前，助动词、连系动词、情态动词之后。还有一些可放在句首或句末。地点状语放在时间状语之前，小地点放在大地点之前，小时间放在大时间之前。Iknowhimwell.Ilikethemovieverymuch.Thestudentsoftenhavediscussiononcurrentaffairs.Doyoureallywantit?IhopeJimwillcometoSwitzerlandinthesumme匸 2.2.7.句子的种类句子可以从两种角度来分类：1）根据句子的用途来分，英语的句子有下列几种：一）陈述句：用来陈述一件事情，一个情况，一种看法。Ilikemusic.我喜欢音乐。MrDixcametoouruniversitytoteachEnglish.迪克斯先生来我们学校教英语。二）疑问句：向对方（听众）提出问题的句子就叫疑问句，一般需对方作出回答。Whatdoyouwant?Iwantabook.Howoldareyou?I"mtentearsold.AreyouMi;Smith?三）祈使句：用来发出请求，命令的句子叫祈使句。祈使句一般需对方作出行为动作，祈使句需要以动词原形开头.Comehere,please.请过来。Cometomyofficeimmediately.马上到我的办公室来。四）感叹句：用来表示自己的一种强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。Whataninterestingstoryitis!多有趣的故事啊！Howbeautifulyoursweateris!你的毛衣多漂亮啊！2）扌艮据句子的结构来分，句子可分为下列几种：一）简单句：句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句。IstudyEnglisheveryday.我天天学习英语。LucyandLilywentshoppingyesterday.露西和丽丽昨天上街去买东西。二）并列句：由连接词或”；”把两个以上（含两个）的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句。在并列句中,各个简单句意思完整，不受其他简单句的影响。Theseflowersarewhiteandthoseflowersarered。这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的。Iamaworkerbutmybrotherisaprofessor.我是一个工人，但是我的兄弟是个教授。三）复合句：句子中含有从句的句子叫做复合句。Iknowit"sdifficulttomasterEnglishwell.我知道学好英语不容易。Canyoutellmehowmanystudentsthereareinyourclass?你能告诉我你们班里有多少学生吗？ 句子成分练习题（一）(一)・选出句中谓语的中心词①Idon*tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don"tB.likeC.picture②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.days③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.go④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.D.wallD.summerD.busA.willbeB・meetingC.thelibrary⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?D.afternoonA.DidB.twinsC.have(6)Tomdidn"tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn"tC.do⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.you⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.send(9)Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.in⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB・didC.whomD.breakfastD.hishomeworkD.isD・doctorD.musicD.book (二)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn"tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.(3)Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.(9)Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩Theydidn"tknowwhonFatherChristmasMreallyis.(三)挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?(3)Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(四)挑出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr.,Mrs.withthefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.@Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloo匚⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep・(6)Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe! （五）挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.（3）Shefounditdifficulttodothework.①TheycallmeLilysometimes.②IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.③DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?（六）挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.（3）HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.®Iamafraidthatifyou*velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.（七）划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.（3）Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?句子成分练习题（二）PartA:指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分： 1•WhetherweTlgodependsontheweathe匚2.People"sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.PHreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisothe匚8.TherearemanyfilmsthatI"dliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.1havealotofworktodo.11.AnywayIworftstopyoufromdoingit.12.1saiditinfun.13.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.14.Shehadtoworkstandingup,15.Seeingthis,somecomradesbecameveryworried.16.Muchinterested、heagreedtogiveitatry.17.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate.18.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.19.Springcomingon,thetreeturnedgreen.20.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.21.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.22.JTsstrangethatshedoesnlcometoday.23.ItwasinthelibrarythatIcometoday.24.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisrftworking. 13.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoo匚PartB:指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.1shallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefoundjtimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.