高中英语语法一点通——非谓语动词 34页

老屮英错错泾一丘通——涨谓错劭铜一.浓谓得劭铜作状语1、不定式作状语①不定式在句中作目的状语，有时候为了强调，可以在不定式前加上inorder或者soas,但是soastodo只能放在句中oHelenhadtoshouttomakeherselfheardabovethesoundofthemusic.Hegotupearlyinorderto/soastocatchthefirstbus.②不定式在句中作结果状语，往往表示出乎意料的结果，不定式前常加上only或者never。Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.③不定式用在某些形容词后作状语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐等原因。Iamsosorrytohearaboutyourfailureinbusiness・2、分词作状语①分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、伴随等，分词作状语的逻辑主语通常是另外一个句子的主语。Separatedfromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundintheothercountriesintheworld.（原因）Theycutofftheelectricity,preventingafireintime.（结果,表示"自然而言”的结果） Encouragedbyhisparents,hestillhasnoconfidenceinovercomingthedifficulties.（让步）Givenfivemoreminutes,Iwillcompletethetask.（条件）Thekidslayonthegrass,staringatthebluesky.（伴随）注意：表示时间关系的分词作状语，可由连词when和while引出。Becarefulwhile/whencrossingtheroad.②分词作状语的形式形式意义doing与句子主语构成逻辑上的主动关系，与句子谓语动词动作同时发生havingdone与句子主语构成逻辑上的主动关系，先于句子谓语动词动作发生done与句子主语构成逻辑上的被动关系beingdone与句子主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，本身动作正在进行havingbeendone与句子主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，先于句子谓语动词动作发牛Buildingthebridge,workerscannotspareanytime.Havingbuiltthebridge,workerswentontobuildanotherone.Madeofsteelandglass,thebridgecostsalot.Beingpaintedbyworkers,themuseumisnotopentothepublic.Havingbeenpaintedinsideandoutside,themuseumlooksmoreattractive.③分词作状语的基本原则：分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。即 分词作状语必须和句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓和动宾关系，否则一般不能使用分词作状语。 3、独立主格结构作状语非谓语动词动作作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词也会带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语（一般用逗号与句子其它成分分开），我们称之为独立主格结构。其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件或者伴随状况等。独立主格结构的逻辑主语（名词、代词）与后面的成分（分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语）形成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，常见的独立主格结构是：①逻辑主语+现在分词/过去分词②逻辑主语+形容词③逻辑主语+副词④逻辑主语+不定式⑤逻辑主语+介词短语⑥with/without+宾语+宾语补足语Herworkdone（Afterherworkhadbeendone）,shesatdownforacupoftea.Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow（Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow）,theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.Weatherpermitting（Ifweatherpermits）,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Herushedtothefront,guninhand.（名词前不用冠词）Hecameoutofthelibrary,withalargebookunderhisarm.有些分词或者不定式短语作状语吋，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有:generallyspeaking一般说来，franklyspeaking坦白地说,judgingfrom/by根据来判断，totellyouthetruth说实话，supposing假设、女口果，given考虑到、鉴于，provided如果，comparedwith/to与相比 Judgingfromhisaccent,heisfromthesouth・Consideringyourhealth,you"dbetterhavearest.Totellyouthetruth,Iamalittletired.二、豫谓语锲铜作定语1、不定式作定语①不定式表示将来Thecartobeboughtisforhissiste匚②用来修饰被序数词或者最高级限定的中心词，且于中心词构成逻辑上的主动关系。Hewasthebestmantodothejob.ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames・③被修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式，常"见的有：ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way,time等。DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteinEnglish?Ihavenochancetogosightseeing.④若不及物动词的不定式作定语，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需要有相应的介词。TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.注意：不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时，习惯上省去不定式后面的介词。Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in).2、分词作定语①及物动词的分词形式作定语 意义形式现在分词(doing)被修饰的名词与分词之间构成主动关系过去分词(done)被修饰的名词与分词之间构成被动关系且已完成being+过去分词被修饰的名词与分词之间构成被动关系且表示正在进行Thehousesbeingbuiltarefortheteachers.Thingslostnevercomeagain.Ihaveneverseenamoremovingmovie.①不及物动词的分词形式作定语形式现在分词过去分词意义正在进行已经完成boilingwater沸腾的水boiledwater烧开过的水例子fallingleaves正在下落的树叶fallenleaves已经落下的叶子developingcountries发展屮国家developedcountries发达国家③不定式tobedone,过去分词done和现在分词beingdone形式作定语的区别形式意义tobedone表示被动、将来done表示被动、完成beingdone表示被动、正在进行HaveyoureadthenovelwrittenbyDickens?Listen!Thesongbeingsungisverypopularwiththestudents.Thequestiontobediscussedattomorrow^meetingisaveryimportantone. 1、感官动词后接宾语补足语感言动词宾补形式宾补的意义see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,notice,feel不带to的不定式与宾语之间是主动关系，表示完成doing与宾语之间是主动关系，表示正在进行done与宾语之间是被动关系，表示完成beingdone与宾语之间是被动关系，表示正在进行IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustnow.IheardhersinginganEnglishsonwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.IheardanEnglishsonbeingsungbyagirlwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.Fdlikeseetheplanearnedout.2>leave（使……处于某种状态）后接宾语补足语形式意义leavesb.todosth.留下某人做某事（不定式表示将來的动作）leavesth.tobedone留下某事要被做（不定式表示将来的动作）leavesb.doingsth.让某人一肓做某事（表示主动、正在进行）leavesth.undone留下某事未做（表示被动、未完成）It"swrongofyoutoleavethemachinerunning.Theguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidiTttastedelicious.Heleft,leavingmetodoalltherestwork. Wehumedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.3、have,get（使、让）后接宾语补足语形式意义havesb.dosth.使/让某人做某事getsb.dosth.havesb./sth.doing让某人/某物持续地做；容忍（否定句中）getsb./sth.doing让某人/某物开始做havesth.done使/让某事由别人去做getsth.doneIwillhave/getmybikerepairedtomorrow.Mr.Smithhadhishousebrokenintowhilehewasonholiday.Iwon,haveyouspeakingtoyourdadlikethat.Thecaptaingotthesoldiersmovingtowardthefrontafterashortrest.Motherhad/gotmegototheshopandbuysomesalt.4、make,find,catch,keep后接宾语补足语动词形式意义makemakesb.dosth.使某人做某事makesb./sth.done使某人/某事被……keepkeepsb./sth.doing使某人/某物一直做 keepsb./sth.done使某人/某物被……findfindsb.doingsth.发现某人在做某事findsb./sth.done发现某人/某物被……findsb./sth.beingdone发现某人/某物正在被catchcatchsb.doing发现、撞见某人正在做某事Theboymadethebabylaughbymakingafaceathim.Shespokeloudertomakeherselfheard.Fmsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopment.Ifoundtheboyhidingbehindthedoor.Shefoundherselfbeingwarmlywelcomedeverywhere.Thegirlwascaughtstealingabottleofperfume.5、某些动词后接不定式作宾语补足语，即“动词+sb・+todosth・”见的动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,like,love,order,persuade,remind,require,teach,remind,tell,want,warn,wish等。Thedoctorwarnedhimnottoeattoomuchmeat.6、某些句子结构用不定式作主语补足语常见的结构有：sb./sth.be+said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought+todo/tohavedone/tohavebeendone/tobedone。Heissaidtohavegoneabroad.(=Itissaidthathehasgoneabroad.) Theplanisconsideredtobeoneofthebestplans. 四、殊谓语动铜作殳语、宾语和素语1、非谓语动词作主语①不定式作主语，一般表示具体的、一次性的或者将来的动作。可用it作形式主语而将不定式短语后置。Toprotecttheenvironmentiseveryone^duty.=Itiseveryone^dutytoprotecttheenvironment.②动名词作主语，一般表示抽象的、习惯性的动作。Walkingafterdinnerisgoodforboththeyoungandtheold.特剔提11：以下句型中常用动名词作主语：Itis/wasnouse/nogood/nopoint/worthdoingsth.oItisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.2、非谓语动词作宾语①大多数动词后接不定式作宾语，常见的有：decide,learn,want,expect,hope,wish,refuse,manage,pretend,offer,promise,choose,agree,plan,afford等。ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.Weagreedtomeetherebutsofarshehasn"tturnedupyet.（2）某些动词后接动名词作宾语，常见的有：consider,suggest/advise,excuse,pardon,admit,delay,fancy,avoid,miss,keep,practice,deny,finish,enjoy,appreciate,forbid,imagine,risk,mind,allow,permit,escape,giveup,feellike,can%help,carftstand等。Hegotwellpreparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn^trisklosingthegoodopportunities.③某些动词后既可以接动名词也可以接不定式，但是意义上存在差异。 动词形式中文意思stopstoptodo停止/中断做某事后去做另一件事stopdoing停止做某事Hestoppedtosmokeacigarette.Imuststopsmoking.forgetforgettodo忘记要去做某事（未做）forgetdoing忘记做过某事（已做）don"tforgettoturnoffthelightswhenyouleavetheclassroom.Heforgotturningthelightoff.rememberremembertodo记着去做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得做过某事（已做）Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.bontyourememberseeingthemanbefore?trytrytodo设法或者努力去做某事trydoing尝试着做某事Youmusttrytobemorecareful.Itriedopeningthedoor,butIdidntsucceed.regretregrettodo对要做的事情遗憾（未做） regretdoing对做过的事情遗憾（已做）IregrettotellyouthatIfailedtheexam・IdidntregrettellingherwhatIthought.meanmeantodo打算要做某事meandoing意味着做某事Imeanttogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.Doingthatmeanswastingtime.helpcan^thelp(to)do不能帮助做某事can"thelpdoing情不白禁做某事Shecanthelptocleanthehousebecauseshe"sbusymakingacake.Excuseme.Icouldnthelpoverhearingwhathesaid.goongoontodo放下手中的事，继续做别的事goondoing继续做原来的事WehadsupperandwentontowatchTV.Hedidnthavearestandwentonworking.④在动词allow,permit,forbid,advise后直接接动名词作宾语；如果后面有名词或者代词作宾语，则用动词不定式作宾语补足语。Hisparentswon^tallowhimtostayouttoolate.WedorTtallowsmokinginthehall. ⑤动词need,require,want作“需要”解时，其后用动名词的主动形式或者不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要被做，这时动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。beworth后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。Thewindowneeds/requires/wantstobecleaned/cleaning.Thisplaceisworthvisiting.=Thisplaceisworthytobevisited.=Thisplaceisworthyofavisit/beingvisited.3、非谓语动词作表语①不定式作表语WhatIcandoistofiveyousomereasonableadvice.②动名词作表语Hisjobisteaching.③分词作表语Thefilmisinteresting.难点突破一、眾足式的空钮形式和彼锲形式1、不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Doyouhaveaknifetocutthewatermelon. 2、不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，可以看作形容词后省略了for/ofsb.oThisbookisdifficulttounderstand.Englishiseasytolearn.3、在therebe结构中，动词不定式和（herebe后面的名词，构成动宾关系时,可以用主动形式，也可以用被动形式。Thereisalotofworktodo.=Thereisalotofworktobedone.二、M定式符号to铸使用1、不定式符号to的还原若动词在主动语态中后接不带to的不定式作补足语，在被动语态中，要加上不定式符号to。Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.2、不定式符号to的保留有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词Z后：expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,forget,want,try；或出现在behappy/glad,wouldlike/love等H勺后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,havebeen,则这些词要保留。Ihaven"tbeentoHongKong,butIwishto.—Areyouonholiday?--No,butI"dliketobe.~Ididn"ttellhimthenews.~0h,yououghttohave. 解答考查非谓语动词的题目时，一定要保持头脑清醒，仔细分析句子结构，确定设空处在句中充当的句子作用（主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或宾补）。1、分词充当状语时一定要注意分词的逻辑主语必须跟句子的主语保持一致，然后判断句子主语与分词间的主被动关系。2、分词充当定语时，要判断被修饰词语分词间的主被动关系。3、分词充当补语时要确定主语或宾语（也就是分词的逻辑主语）与分词间的关系（主动述是被动）。4、能作主语和宾语的非谓语动词是动名词和动词不定式，同时要考虑主被动形式。易错题型I（16江苏）1.Inartcriticism,youmustassumetheartisthasasecretmessagewithinthework.A.tohideB.hiddenC.hidingD.beinghidden（16北京）2.iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you"dbetterkeepthiscardathand.A.MadeB.MakeC.MakingD.Tomake （16北京）3.overaweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow.A.OrderingB.ToorderC.HavingorderedD.Ordered（16j匕京）4.Newly-builtwoodencottageslinethestreet,theoldtownintoadreamland.A.turnB.turningC.toturnD.turned（16天津）5.Thecoolingwindsweptthroughoutbedroomwindows,airconditioningunnecessary.A.makingB.tomakeC.madeD.beingmade（16j折江）6・IhadasmuchfunsailingtheseasasInowdowithstudents.A.workingB.workC.toworkD.worked7.thedifferencebetweenthetworesearchfindingswillbeoneoftheworstmistakesyoumake.（安徽卷）A.IgnoreB.IgnoringC.IgnoredD.Havingignored8.theearlyflight,weorderedataxiinadvanceandgotupveryearly.（北京卷）A.CatchingB.CaughtC.TocatchD.Catch9.Theparkwasfullofpeoplethemselvesinthesunshine.（北京卷）A.havingenjoyedB.enjoyedC・enjoyingD.toenjoy10.Ifforthejob,you"llbeinformedsoon.（北京卷）A.toacceptB.acceptC.acceptingD.accepted11.moreaboutChineseculture,JackhasdecidedtotakeChinesefolkmusicasanelectivecourse.（福建卷）A.LearnB.LearnedC・TolearnD.Tobelearning12.InrecentyearsanEnglishwordninfospherenhasappeared,thesenseof"information^ andHatmosphereH.（福建卷）A.combineB.combinedC.combingD.beingcombined13.Videogamescanbeapoorinfluenceifinthewronghands.G胡南卷）A.toleaveB.leavingC-leaveD.left14.Whentheclerksawakindfacewrinkledinanapologeticsmile,shestoodrootedtotheground,whethertostayorleave.（湖南卷）A.wonderingB.wonderC.towonderD.wondered15.SometimesIactasalisteningearforfellowstudentswhatisbotheringthem.（湖南卷）A.totakeoverB.talkedoverC.talkoverD.havingtalkedover16.Muchtimesittingatadesk,officeworkersaregenerallytroubledbyhealthproblems.（江苏卷）A.beingspentB.havingspentC.spentD.spending17.AfterreceivingtheOscarforBestSupportingActress,AnneBenedictwentonallthepeoplewhohadhelpedinhercareer;（陕西卷）A.tothankB.thankingC.havingthankedthankedD.tohave18.Backfromhistwo-yearmedicalserviceinAfrica,Di;Leewasveryhappytoseehismothergoodcareofathome.（陕西卷）A.takingB.takenC.takeD.betaken19.LittleTomsatwatchingthemonkeydancinginfrontofhim.（四丿11卷）A.amazeB.amazingC.amazedD.toamaze20.inpainting,Johndidiftnoticeeveningapproaching.（天津卷） A.ToabsorbB.TobeabsorbedC.AbsorbedD.Absorbing21.fortwodavs