英语语法句型汇编 38页

五大基本句型1.±(n./pron./todosth/doingsth/主语从句)谓(vi・如：come,go,arrive,stay,work,fall,rise,die,happen,fail,appear,lie,sit,standJast)(1).Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(2).Yourbrotherhasgonehome・⑶.WeworkhardatEnglish.2•主谓(vt•如：visit,spend,forget,raise9have,seat,astonish,satisfy.embarass)—宾(n./pron./todosth/doingsth/宾语从句)⑴」studychemistryandhestudiesphysics・(2).Ihaveneverseensuchaninterestingfilm.(3).Hedoesn"tknowwhattoread・3.主——谓(vt・)……间接宾语(sb)——直接宾语(sth.)(1).Givesbsth=Givesthtosb:send,pass,hand,show(2).Buysbsth=Buysthforsb:make,get,cook,call,find⑶.Asksbsth=Asksthofsb(1).Willyoulendmeyourbike?(2).PeterboughtMaryanewdress・(3).Pleasegethimsomehotwater.⑷.Willyoutellussthaboutyourschoollife?(5).Thislittleboyisalwaysaskingtheteacherallsortsofquestions・(6).Passmethepaper,please・JohnisteachingMaryhowtorideabicycle.4•主—谓(vt・)宾补(n./adj/adv/介词短语/todosth•…如：ask,tell,order,want,wish,encourage,allow,forbid/Dosth-…如："四看”、"二听”、“一感觉”；have,let与make/Doingsth/Donebysb.)(1)」sawherenterthelab・(2).NathanHalefelthisheartbeatingfast.(3).Weelectedhimourschoolheadmaster.(4).Thestudentsoftenkeeptheirclassroomcleanandtidy.Illhavethebikerepaired・5•主••…系(be/look,smell,taste,sound5feel/prove5remain5stay,keep/turn5get,become,make)-—表。Hebecameawriterin1960.比较:Heturnedwriterin1960. 名词性从句(一)、什么叫名词性从句？名词性从句在复句中的位置如何？1•主语从句••…谓语……宾语.(1).Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.(2).Whetherhewillgoornothasnotbeendecided.(3).Itisrftquiteclearwhyshedidit.(4).Itisnotknownwhereshehasgone・(5)Whatiscalledatomicenergyisactuallynuclearenergy.2.主语谓语(vt・)……宾语从句.(1)」wonderwhetherornotMikeisathomenow.(2).Idon"tcarewhetherornothiscarbreaksdown.(3).Hisparentsthinkitapitythattheirsondidn"tpasstheexam.(4)Afterwhatseemedanendlesswait,itwasatlasthisturntostepintotheconsultingroom.(5)HewasborninwhatisnowknownasShanghai.注意;it作形式宾语的特殊句型:(1).oweittosb.that-—“把…•归功于…』(2).Leaveittosb.tha卜…“把…留给某人去做,(1).Takeitforgrantedthat…“想当然”(4).keepitinmindthat记住”(2).1like/enjoy/hateitthat(6).seetoitthat——=makesurethat…•”务必、确保,(5).dependonitthat(1)」enjoywhenyouhelpisintrouble・DA.it,thosewhoB.that,whoC.this,anyoneD.it,whoever(2).loweittoyouthatstillalive.(3)Ileaveittoyoutojudge.(我让你做判断)(4).Youmaydependonitthattheywillhelpyou.(你可以放心他们会帮你的) (1).Wouldyouseetoitthatthevillagershavecleandrinkingwater?(你负责保证)(2)ltakeitthatyouwon"tbecomingtoSophie"sparty.(我想你不回去参加)(3).I"mcountingonitthatyouwillcome.(我正指望着你回来)3•主语系——表语从句.(1).ChinaisnoIongerwhatitusedtobe.(2).That*swhyweloveourmotherlandsomuch.(3).Itlooksasifit"sgoingtorain.(4).Thereasonwhyhewasabsentyesterdywasthathewasill.4.某些名词(如：thenews/idea/fact/hope/belief/promise/suggestion/possibilityproblem/conclusion/opinion/remark评论、意见，saying格言、谚语，evidnce)…引导词(如：that,whether,how,when,where,why)-—同位语从句(注意：which不能引导同位语从句)(1).Herecomesthenewsthatsomeforeignfriendswillcometoourschool.(2).Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.(3).Wordcamethattheirheadmasterwouldsoonvisitourschool.(4).Ihavenoideawhenshewillcomeback.(一)、名词性从句的引导词：⑴•连接词：that,whether/if,asif在从句中不充当任何成分。(2)•连接代词：who,what,which,whose在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。(3)•连接副词：when,where.why,how,howmany/much/soon/often/long—在从句中充当状语。注意:不能引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及介词的宾语从句。(2)•与ornot或不定式连用,要用whether.(3)・what本身有一定的意义,且在从句中充当一定的成分,而that本身无任何意义,且在从句中不充当任何成分。(1).ltisunknownwhether/ifsheisUL(如果用形式主语,if和whether都可以)(2).1don"tcareifhedoesn"tshowup.他来不来我都不在乎(若宾语从句为否定结构,则多用if,而不用whether)(3)Afteryearsofhardwork,hewasmadewhatshewas.(主语补足语•…经过多年的辛劳,她被弄成这样)注意:inthat(由于、因为)，exceptthat(除了…•)，butthat(如果没有、要不是——),besidesthat(除了“T(1)1knownothingabouthiscareerexceptthatheisagraduateofTsinghuaUniversity.(2)Hewouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthattime・ (1)ButthatIsawit,Icouldn"thavebelievedit.(一)•弄清一类连词：“无论(不管)——”Nomatterwho—==WhoeverNomatterwhat—==WhateverNomatterwhich==WhicheverNomatterwhen==WheneverNomatterwhere—==whereverNomatterhow+adj/adv==However+adj/adv左边：只能引导让步状语从句。而右边：既可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从句。(1)」"llgivethebooktowantsit.(A).anyone(B).thosewho(C).whoever(D).whomever(2).Nomatterwho=Whoeverwantstoreadthebook,youmaylendittohim.(3).Howeverlate=Nomatterhowlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.(2).Whenever=Everytimehesawme,hegreetedme.Whereveryougo,wellbethinkingofyou.(二)•弄清同位语从句与定语从句的区别：("that引导定语从句时,that充当定语从句的成分；that引导同位语从句时,that不充当从句的任何成分。(2)当when,where,why引导定语从句时,其意义与先行词有关,与先行词的意义基本相同,没有疑问意义;但它们引导同位语从句时,其意义与被同位的词毫无关系,其意义完全与疑问词相同,即when表示「什么时候where表示「哪儿J它们引导两种从句时都在从句中做状语。(1).Heexpressedthehopethathehadformanyyears.HeexpressedthehopethathewouldcometoChinaagain.(2).1havethe1stimpressionthathegavemein1980.Ihavethe1stimpressionthatheisanhonestman.(3).Thenewsthatyouheardisnottrue・ThewholenationwasplungedintodeepsorrowatthenewsthatAbrahamLincolnwasmurderedatatheatre.(4)比较：IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(定语从句)ThisisthehousewhereIlived2yearsago•(定语从彳U)Ihavenoideawhenshewillbeback•(同位语从旬)Thenarosethequestionwhereweweretogetthemachinesneeded.(同位语从句)(三)•特殊句型要牢记：(1).ltissaid/believed/reported/thought/well-knownthat(2).Itturnedoutthat“结果是，原来是……” (1).Ithappenedthat“碰巧”(2).Itoccurredtomethat=Itstruckmethat突然想起・……”(3).Wordcamethat“有消息传来说”(4).Itseems/appearsthat“似乎是，好像是”(5).Itisapity/afact/nowonderthat“真遗憾、是事实、难怪”(6).Itispossible/probable/likelythat(7).Itisimportant/necessary/strangethat｛从句小用虚拟语气：(should)+动词原形｝(8).Itiscertainthat(9).ltfollowsthat“于是乎，从而”(10).Thereisnopointindoingsth.Thereisnoneedtodosth.(11).ltisuptosbtodosth.“该由某人做某事，由某人负责”(12).Itisjustlikesbtodosth.“某人恰恰是这个样子”(13).Seetoitthat……=Makesurethat“务必。确保”(14).Howdiditcomeaboutthatyouwerelateagainyesterday?六、弄清一组句型的区别：(1)ltwasnotuntil—that-—(强调结构)(2).ltwas+时间段+ago或+介词短语十that-(强调结构)(3)」twas+时间点名词+when——"当…•时已是…•时间了"(4).ltis/was/will(not)be+时间段名词+before(肯定句)“过多久…就I才(否定句)"不久・就I才"…"(5)ltis+时间段+since例如:(1).ltwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIreceivedhisletter.(2).ltwasonthecoaststhatlotsofpeopledisappeared.(3).ltwas3yearsagothathearrivedinAustralia.(4).ltwas10o"clockintheeveningwhenhecameback.(5).ltwillbehoursbeforehearriveshere.(6).ltwasnotlongbeforetheydrovetheenemyfromtheirhomeland.(7).Itis3dayssinceweleftourschool. (1).ltis10yearssinceIwasateacher•(我不当教师已经10年了)(2).ltis5yearssincehelivedinLondon.(他有5年不在伦敦住了)定语从句1•什么叫定语从句？先行词？引导词？定语从句的位置如何？(1).Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.(2).ThenoodlesthatIcookedweredeliicious.(3).Whoisthemanthatisreadingoverthere?(4).ThegirlthatwesawyesterdaywasJim"ssister.(5).Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh.(6).Whoisthepersonwhomyoujusttalkedto?(1).Mrs.Readisthepersontowhomyoushouldwrite.(2).IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(3).Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.(4).Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.(5).WeiFangisthestudentwhosehomecaughtfirelastnight.2•定语从句的引导词分为5个关系代词：(1)・who・・指人，在从句中作主语。(2).whom・・指人，在从句中作宾语。(3).whose-指人或物，在从句中作定语。(4).which—指物，在从句指作主语或宾语;which还可以作定语起到限定词的作用(this/that/these/those),但其前面必须有介词。(5).that-指人或物，在从句指作主语或宾语。(5)as…指人或物，在从句中作主、宾、表，既可以引导限制性定语从句(thesame——as,such--as,as/so—as),也可以引导非限制性定语从句(位置灵活).3个关系副词:⑴.when••指时间，在从句中作时间状语。⑵.where••指地点，在从句中作地点状语。(3).why・・指原因，在从句中作原因状语。注意:判断用关系代词还是用关系副词,主要取决于什么?取决于引导词在从句中所充当的成分:若引导词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语时,须用关系代词;若引导词在从句中充当状语时9须用关系副词。(1)」"llneverforgetthedaywhenyousavedme.That"sthespecialdaywhich/thatI"llneverforget.(2).Thisisthehousewheremyauntlivedlastyear.Thisisthehousewhich/thatmyauntboughtlastyear.(3).We"llvisitthevillage,which/thatwasoncethesiteofafamousbattle.Wellvisitthevillage,whereafamousbattleoncetookplace.⑷.0ct.1,1949wasthedaywhich/thatwellneverforget.Oct.1,1949wasthedaywhenthePRCwasfounded.(1)Helosthistemper,atwhichpointIdecidedtogohome.此时我决定回家(2)ChaplinwenttotheStatesin1910,bywhichtimehehadlearnedtodanceandactincomedies. (1)Hissoninsistedonjoiningthearmy,inwhichcasehehadtogivein.(8)3•—般来说，that/which都可以指物(可互用)，但在下列情况下，必须用that指物，不用which.(1)•当先行词本身为不定代词时：all,much,little,sth5anything,everything,noyhing.(2)•当先行词被adj最高级/序数词修饰时。⑶•当先行词被thevery(正是、就是)、theonly,thelast修饰时。(1).AIIthatglittersisnotgold.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone・Youcantakeanyroomthatyoulike.Thereisnodifficultythatwecan"tovercome・Thisisthelasttimethat111giveyoualesson.Thisistheverybookthatlfmafter.Chinaisnotthecountrythatitusedtobe.(关系代词在从句中作表语时)4・As引导的定语从句：(as在定语从句中必须充当成分：主语、宾语、表语)仃).Thesameas(2).Suchas(3).As・clause,main-clause.==Main-clause,as-clause・(4).such/asas(5)as/so—-as(1).Asweknow,morethan70%oftheearth"ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.(2).Thiselephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.(3).Thiskindofcomputer,asiswell-knownjsoutofdate.(1).ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday.(2).Ihavethesametroubleasyou(have).(3).Don"ttalkaboutsuchthingsasyoudonotunderstand.(4).Airisagas,asisknowntous.Asweallknow,airisagas・Air,asweknow,isagas.(5)Hecanliftsoheavyastoneasnooneelsecan.比较：Thisissoheavyastone/suchaheavystonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)Thisissoheavyastone/suchaheavystoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)注意：1.as引导的非限制性定语从句常有,只能指代整个主句的内容,不能指代单个先行词:“如同・……那样”: asweknow/asisknowntoall,asweallcansee,ashasbeensaidbefore/above,ashasbeenpointedout,asmightbeexpected(正如所预料的那样),asisoftenthecase(情况常常是这样),△which在非限制性定语从句中,既可以指代整个主句，也可以指代单个先行词。指代的是先行词本身而不是主旬时,不可用as代替which.3.在非限制性定语从句屮作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语,而as只能作系动词be的主语。(1)Theappletree,whichIplantedlastyear,hasnotanyfruit.(2)Hemarriedher,which/aswasnatural.(3)Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.5•特殊的句型(1).Doallonecantodosth.Dowhatonecantodosth.Do/tryone"sbesttodosth.(2).Idon"tliketheway(that)youwalkIdon"tliketheway(inwhich)youwalk.(3).This/ltisthe1st/2ndtimethatIhavedonesth.This/ltwasthe1st/2ndtimethatIhaddonesth.(4).Helivesinthehousewhosewindowfacessouth.Helivesinthehousethewindowofwhichfacessouth.Helivesinthehouseofwhichthewindowfacessouth.(5).Heenteredthemeetinghall,inthefrontofwhichweresittingsomeimportantmen.(6)比较：Asisreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress・Itisreportedinthenewspaperthattalksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress・Whatisreportedinthenewspaperisthattalksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress.(7)Wewentuptotheroof,fromwherewehadagoodviewoftheprocession.Theystoodnearthewindow,fromwherewecouldseethewholegarden. 注意:(1)No/never/not•先行词・But—=thatnot或whonot：“没有不…■的”(2)当先行•词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage等名词时,表示情况、方面、处境时,用关系副词where.但先彳亍词是occasion时,用关系副词when. (!)Therewasnomanbutadmiredhim=nomanwhodidn"tadmirehim.(2)Thereisnodificultybutmaybesmoothedaway.=nodifficultythatmaynotbesmoothedaway.(3)Therearesomecases,wherethisroledoesn"tholdgood.(适用)(4)lnChinathereisnoonebutknowsLeiFeng・(5)Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.(6)Hersisterhasbeecomealawyer,shewantedtobe.A.whoB.whatC.thatD.which(关系代词指代人的职业、身份)6.相似结构，注意辨别：(1)*lsthismuseumtheyvisitedyesterday?*lsthisthemuseumwhichtheyvisitedyesterday?*lsthismuseumtheystayedyesterday?*ltwasthemuseumyousawmanytreasures・*ltwasinthemuseumyousawmanytreasures・*ltwasinthemuseumyoudroppedinthatyousawmanytreasures.(2).Shelivedinthehousesheusedtolive.sheusedtolivein.sheusedtodropin.sheusedtovisit.windowswerebroken.thewindowswerebroken.andwindowswerebrokken.thebrokenwindows.A.whereB.inwhichC.atwhichD.thatE.whichF.its G.withH.ofwhichl.whoseJ•不填K.theone(that)Keysd.k;de;a;ab;d;e2.ab;dej;de;de;i;h;f;g.(1).isknownisthathehasgonetocollege・isknownthathehasgonetocollege・isknown,hehasgonetocollege.Weallknowhehasgonetocollege・Hehasgonetocollege,madeussurprised.Hehasgonetocollegeandmadeussurprised.Hehasgonetocollege,surprisedus.Hehasgonetocollege,Iamsurprisedat.surprisedusmostwashehasgonetocollege.A.ltB.AsC.WhichD.WhatE.that(2).Heissuchagoodteacherwealllike.Heissuchagoodteacherwealllikehim.Heissuchagoodteacher,weallknow.Heisagoodteacher,makesusrespecthim.A.asB.thatC.which(3).HearrivedinBeijingin1984,hebecameamanagersomeyearslater.HearrivedinBeijingin1984,wasimportantforhim.HearrivedinBeijingin1984,hewasalreadyinhisfifties.HearrivedinBeijingin1984,andhebecamefamous.Itwasin1984hearrivedinBeijing.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.thereE.that 状语从句一、什么叫状语从句？状语从句有哪些种类？引导词是什么？I•时间状语从句：when,while,as,before,after,since，till(until)5assoosas,hardly—when,nosooner-than,onee,each/everytime,thefirsttime,thelasttime,nexttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly‘instantly2•地点状语从句：where,wherever3•原因状语从句：because,sinee,as,nowthat,inthat,considering(that)4•目的状语从句：sothat—,inorderthat—,incase—,forfearthat—(以防、以免、生怕)=lest5•结果状语从句：sothat—,so/such—that—6•条件状语从句：if,unless,as/solongas-—,onconditionthatproviding(provided)that,assumingthat,supposethat,supposingthat,giventhat,when7•方式状语从句:justas—,asif,theway—8■让步状语从句:(al)though,everif,whether,nomatterwho/what/where—,as(虽然),while9■比较状语从句：as…as,notas/so—as,more—than,themore-—themore,less—than例如：1.Shetreatedthechildthewayhismotherdid.1.Childasheis,heknowsalot.2.MuchasIlikeit,Iwillnotbuyit.3.Tryasyouwill,youwon"tmanageit.4.LosemoneyasIdid,Igotalotofexperience・4.Youmayborrowthisbook,onconditionthatyoudonftlendittoanyoneelse.5」"llcomeonconditionthatJohnisinvited,too.5.NosoonerhadIreachedthebusstopthanthebusstarted・6.Hardlyhadheclosedthedoorwhentherecameaknockonit.7.Takeyourumbrella,incaseitrains.8.Wehadn"tmetfor20yearsbutIrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.9.Nowthatyouarewellagain,youcanworkwiththem.II・Whenyoureadthebook,youfdbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.12.Howeverlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.13.WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.14.JackandTomhadtowait2moreweeksbeforethemanagercameback・15.Forall(that)hehaslotsofmoney,he"sfarfrombeinghappy.(虽然、尽管)16.Witha//hisroughness,hehasaheartofgold.(虽然他粗俗，但他冇一颗金了般的心)17.Airistouswhafwateristofish・ 12.Readingistomindwhatfoodistothebody.19」thoughtconditionswouldgetbetter,butasitistheyaregettingworse.（事实上，实际情况是）20.Leaveitas"fs.别动它（让它保持原來的样了）21.Statethefactsastheyare.按照实际悄况把事实摆出來。22.Heis,asitwere,awalkingdictionary.（仿佛、好像可以说是）（=/=asitis/was）23.Theskyiscovered,asitwere、withablackcurtain.（仿佛）二、注意：特殊的引导词（连词）：themoment—-=assoonas-—=immediately—-=directly—=hardly—when=nosooner—thanas/solongas—,onconditionthat—Jncase—5nowthat—providedthat—=supposingthat™,everytime—,thefirsttime—,thelasttime—,nexttime—例如：（1）.Onarrivingat{hestation,thethiefwasarrested.比较：Onhisarrivalatclassroom,thecameandthebellrang.（2）.ThefirsttimeIclimbedontothewall,Ifeltnervous.（3）.ThelasttimeshesawJames,hewaslyinginbed.三、并列连词when=andjustthen（就在这时，突然…）的三种句型：1」wasdoingsth.whensth.happened.2」whensth.happened.3」hadjustdonesth.whensth.happened.例女II：1」wasjustabouttogooutwhenthetelehphonerang.2.Ihadjustfallenasleepwhenthebabystartedtocry.3」wasthinkingofthiswhenIheardmynamecalled.四、状语从句中的省略：有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，如果从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致或主语为it时，且从句谓语又包含Be动词，就可以省略从句中的“主语+Be”部分。1」faskedyoumaycomein.1Imetanoldfriendofmine.3.Ifpossible,sendmewordtomorrow.3.Hewon"tattendthemeetingunlessinvited.4.Hegotmuchtallerthanexpected・7.Helookedthroughthenewspaperwhilehavinghissupper.8.Oncerecovered,shethrewherselfintoherstudy.9.Whenstillaboyof10,hehadtoworkdayandnight.he 10.Shetriedherbestthoughratherpoolinhealth.11.Hewasfondofswimmingwhenyetachild.12.Theboylookedasifafraidofnothing.五、如何区别不同的从句：（1）据连词。（2）据句子结构和句意。 虚拟语气什么叫虚拟语气？虚拟语气在主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句及状语从句中的用法如何？一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法：1•与现在事实相反:If条件句主句过去时(Be—were)would/should/could/might+dosth.(1)」fIwereyou,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.(2).IfIhadtime,Iwould/shouldreaditagain.2•与过去事实相反:条件句主句Haddonesth.would/should/could/mighthavedonesth.(1)」fIhadtakenhisadvice,Iwould/shouldnothavemadesuchamistake・(2).Youplayedallthewhilelastterm.Ifyouhadstudiedhard,youwouldhavemadesomeprogress.(3).IcouldhaveseenhimyesterdayifIhadgottothestationearlier.(4).lfshehadtoldhimaboutthedanger,hewouldnlhavegothurt・1•与将来事实相反:H条件句主句⑴过去时(2).shoulddosth・would/should/could/mightdosth.(3).weretodosth.(1)」fsheshouldcome,Iwould/shouldaskherforhelp・(2).Shewon"tcometomorrow・Ifshecame,Iwouldshowhermynewcomputer. (1).lfitshouldrain,thecropscouldbesaved.(2).rmsureshewillneveraskmesuchquestionsagain.Ifsheweretoaskmeagain,Iwouldrefusetoanswerher.注意：如果条件从句中有were,助动词had或should,可将if省略，而把were,had或should移至主语之前。(1).WereIastudent,Iwouldstudyharder.(2).Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved・(3).Hadhehelpedme,Iwouldnothavefailed・(4).Shouldhegetthelettertomorrrow,shewouldleaveforSHatonce.二、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：Itisimportant/necessary/strange/essential/natural/ashame/nowonder/apitythat“…{(should*动词原形}(1)」tisnecessarythatwe(should)writetohimagain.(2).Itisstrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayinggood-bye.(竟然)(3).Itisapitythatheshouldbesoproud.(竟然)三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：1.1wishthat——(1).一般过去时(Be…—were):表示与现在事实相反。(2)过去完成时(haddonesth.):表示为过去事实相反。(3)过去将來时(would/could/mightdosth.)：表示与将來事实相反。⑴」wishIcouldhaveseenherlastnight.(2).Iwishhewerewithus.(3)」wishhewouldhaveatry.(4).lwishyouwouldspendthewintervacationwithus.(5).1wishIcouldhavespokenGermanthatday.(6).ChildrenwisheverydaywereaNewYea"sDay. (2).HowIwishIhadn"tmadesuchamistake・(3).1wishIhadtakentheiradvice.2•虚拟语气：“一.二三、四，后面的宾语从句中要用｛(should)+动词原形｝“一坚持insist;“二命令Sorder,command;”三建议"：advise,suggest,propose;"四要求Jask,demand,require,request.注慈:⑴•当suggest僭建议"解时,用虚拟语气;作幅•示、表明”解时,用陈述语气。⑵.当insist作“强烈要求，坚决主张"解时,用虚拟语气;作“坚持说”解时,用陈述语气。(1).Hesuggestedthatwe(should)makeatriptoHuangshan.(2).Hisaccentsuggeststhatheisfromthesouth.(3).Heinsiststhathe(should)besentwhereheismostneeded.(4).Heinsiststhathedidn"tdothat.(5).Iproposethatwe(should)workoutaplanfirst.(6).Heinsistedthathewasstrongand(should)besentthere.(7).Theheadmastersuggestedthatwe(should)makebetteruseofoursparetime.(8).Theworkersrequestedthattheirworkingconditions(should)befurtherimproved.3.Wouldrather+sb.+(1)一般过去时——与现在或将来事实相反。或：+(2)Haddonesth.与过去事实相反。例如：(1)rdratheryouvisitedustoday.rdratheryouvisitedustomorrow・rdratheryouhadvisitedusyesterday.(2)……I"mgoingtoseetheVictim"sbrother.——I"dratheryouD. A.doB.donotC.dorTtD.didn"t四.虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法:Itis(high/about)time+(1).forsth.+(2)(forsb.)todosth.+(3)(that)-从句［一般过去时或shoulddosth.……这里的should不能省略］(1)」t"stimeIwenthome.或IfstimeIshouldgohome.五、虚拟语气在方式状语从句及目的状语从句中的用法：1.Asif=Asthough⑴一•般过去时(Be——were)：表示•现在事实相反。(与主句动作同时)(2)过去完成时(haddonesth.);表示与过去事实相反。(在主句动作之前)(3)过去将來时(would/coulddosth.)：表示与将來事实相反。(在主句动作之后)(1).Hespeaksasifhehadreallybeenthere・(2).Shelookedasifshewereill.(3).Heordersmeasifliwerehiswife.(4).Shelooksasifshehadbeenill.(5).Hetalksasifhehadbeenabroadbefore・(6).Shetalksaboutitagainasthoughshewouldneverend.2Sothat-—(为了、以便于)=Inorderthat-【从句中用情态动词may/might/can/couldj(1).Shegotupearlysothatshecouldcatchthetrain.(2).Heturnedtheradioupsothateveryonecouldhearthenews・(3).Hesatinthefrontoftheclassroomsothathecouldseeclealy. 3.should用于由lest,incase,forfearthat引导的目的状语从句中：“可以、会其中lest,forfearthat句中的should可以省去。incase句中的should通常不省去,但是incase句中可以不用虚拟语气,而用陈述语气。lest,forfearthat后面也可以接其他形式。(1)Hetookhisraincoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.(2)1willnotmakeanoiseforfearthatI(should/might)disturbyou.(以免打扰你)(2)Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflow(should)occur•(以免发生1益流现彖)(3)Shehidherjewelryforfearthatitwouldbestolen.(以防被盗)六、Ifonly=Iwish(虚拟形式同wish):"要是—就好了”(1)」fonlytheywereherenow.(2).Ifonlyhehadcomeyesterday.(3).IfonlyIwereasstrongasyou.七、含蓄虚拟条件句(不直接出现If条件句，而是通过别的一些词，如：but,otherwise,without,butfor或上下文来暗示一种条件)(1).Withoutyourhelp,wewouldnothavemadesuchgoodprogress.(2).Butforyourhelp,wecouldn"thavesucceeded・或Ifithadn"tbeenforyourhelp,wecouldrTthavesucceeded.(3)Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewassobusy・(4).Hewasbusythatday.OtherwiseJwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeeting.八、错综(混合)时间虚拟条件句(即从句和主句中的时间不一致):(1).lfyouhadnotwatchedXee/sonsolatelastnight,youwouldn"tbesosleepynow.(过去)(现在)(2).IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenhisadvice.(现在)(过去)九、其他形式的虚拟语气：I.Hadhoped/intended/meant/planned/wanted/thought/expected/supposedtoHavedonesth.= Hoped/intended/meant/planned/wanted--tohavedonesth.(本来希望.打算、计划做某事,但却没做成)例如：（1）1tomeetMr.Thompsonthismorning,butIfoundnobodyintheroomwhenIcame・BA.hoped,leftB.hadhoped」eftC.hopedjeavingD.hadhoped,leaving（2）Shehadmeanttobuythefurniture,butitrained・（3）1intendedtohaveattendedthemeeting,butIwasill.2MVas/weretoHavedonesth.（本来打算做某事,但却为做成）例如:Hewastohavecomehereyesterday,buthehadanimportantmeetingtoattend.3.Wouldlike/lovetohavedonesth•（本来想做某事,但实际上没做成）例如;Iwouldlovetohavegonetothecinemathatday,buttheticketswereallsoldout.4.Was/weregoingtodosth.（本来打算做某事,但却未做成）例如:Iwasgoingtofinishmyarticlebutmyfriendarrived,soIdidn"thavetime小试牛刀：1.Youcan"timaginethatawell-bahavedgentlemanbesorudetoalady.CA.mightB.needC.shouldD.would2.……Whydidn"tyoubuythebook?Ibutmymotherallowme.AA.would,didn"tB.wouldhave,didn"tC.hadhad,wouldn"tD.hadbought,hadn"t3.Youhavetoldhimthebadnews,whichmadethingsevenworse・AA.shouldn"tB.wouldn"tC.needn"tD.couldn"t4」wouldlovetothepartylastnight,butIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone5.—IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork。 -—Oh,didyou?YouwithBarbra. 倒装句什么叫倒装句？全部倒装？部分倒装？构成倒装句的条件是什么？一、全部倒装（即整个谓语跑到主语前面去了）1.Here/there,In/out,Up/down,away等小副词放在句首时,使用全部倒装。（这类句型中只能使用一般时态,不能用进行时）（1）丄isten!Theregoesthebell.（2）.Look!Herecomesthebus.但，当主语为人称代词时，主谓不能倒装。如：（1）.Hereyouare.（2）.Outherushed.2.{表示方位的介词短语谓语+主语。（用全部倒装、二、部分倒装（即谓语的一部分跑到主语的前面去了）：〔..Hardly,Scarcely,little,Never,seldom,Neither/Nor,Notuntil—,Notonly—,Hardly——when——・,Nosooner—than—,Bynomeans等否定词位于句首时,主谓要部分倒装。例如:Notonlydoeshestudyhardbutalsoheinkind.比较：NotonlyhebutalsohisparentshavebeentoBJ.（不倒装）2.So+助动词+主语.:“某人也如此"Neither/Nor+助动词+主语：“某人也不如此”So+主语+助动词•：“某人的确如此"注意:如果前句中既有行为动词,又有be动词;或既有肯定，又有否定,这时,只能用:Soitiswithsb•二It"sthesamewithsb.3.{Only+状语（副词、介词短语、状语从句…•从句内部不倒装）+助动词+主语。（部分倒装）OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell. 但,only修饰主语时,主谓不倒装。如:(1).0nlytheteacherscanusethisroom.(2).0nlysocialismcansaveChina.三、虚拟语气句中的省略与倒装：在if虚拟条件从句中,若从句中的谓语动词含有助动词were,had,should,可以将这3个助动词提至句首,省略吃从而构成特殊的倒装句。(注意;在倒装句屮否泄式不能用缩写的形式)不定代词什么叫不定代词？要弄清不定代词的总数、单复数，泛指或特指。一、什么叫不定代词?不定代词为戈主语时谓语的数数量关系作定语时名词的数both数两者都等于2复数复either数两者中任何一个单数等于2单neither数两者都不单数等于2单all数或复数三者或三者以上都大于或等于3单数或复数单none数或复数三者或三者以上都不大于或等于3单数或复数单each数每一个大于或等于2单数单every每一个人于或等于3单数单注意:⑴.AH作泄语时,可修饰复数可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。(2).Every不能单独作主语或宾语,但可以修饰单数可数名词,或构成复合不定代词;everyone,everybody笔 二、弄清下列区别：1..AII（三者或三者以上全部）••…Any（三者或三者以上任何一个）None（三者或三者以上无_个）Both（二者都）Either（两者中任何一个）Neither（二者中任何一个都不）如;Ourhandsareallwet.2・Every（大于或等于3）：强调整体,只能作定语。Each（大于或等于2）：强调个体,可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。3・Some（“一些”，修饰可数名词或不可数名词）——一般用于肯定句中。AnyW；修饰可数名词或不可数名词）一般用于否定句、疑问句或*条件从句中。注意：some也可以用于疑问句中，表示：⑴期望对方给予肯定的回答。（2）表示“邀请、请求”。（3）表示“劝告或建议”的反问句中。jfuany也可以用于肯定句中，表示：“任何一个，随便哪一”。any不能在否定句中作主语。2.Noneof•…中没有一个人或物"（后面往往有一个特定的范围）Noone——“没有人”=Nobody・（单独使用,后面不接&短语）注倉・None用来回答以”Howmany/much・・・？”开头的疑问句，而Noone用来回答以“Who…?”开头的疑问句，Nothing用来回答以”What…•賛开头的疑问句。6,One/Ones（泛指）,只能代替可数名词,其前面往往有修饰词。That/Those——（特指），可代替可数名词或不可数名词,其前面无任何修饰词,后面往往是of/in—oThat（指人少用）.I卜……特指，指代上文已出现过的那个名词,表示同一个东西。注意：Theone和theones表示特指。one和ones表示泛指。 Theone相当于that,theones相当于those三、全部否定与部分否定： NotallNoneof■…或Noone或No+名词NotbothNeitherNoteverythingNothingNoteverybodyNobody或NooneNoteverywhereNowhereNotalwaysNever四、一些固定搭配：Otherthan…（除刀，noneotherthan…（不是别人或物,正是）,everyotherday（每隔一天everyfewdays（每隔几天）,somedayorother（迟早，总有一天）,onlyafew（仅少数,只有几个）,quiteafew（相当多的）,notafew（相当多的）,notalittlef很，非常）,notabit（根木不,_点儿也不）、fromonetoanother,someotherday（改人）,no…otherthan（除…夕卜没有）,havenothingof（不理睬）,noneotherthan（恰恰是,除…没别的）,nothingmorethan（这不过是…jfu"B）,havenoneof（拒绝参加,不接受）,everynowandthen（时常,间或）,allbut-（几乎,差点,除…外全部都）,nonebut・・（仅,只有,除…外i隹也不）,anythingbut（决不），nothingbut（只是，不外是，无非是）,nootherthan（正是,就是）,nothingotherthan（不是别的,jfu"是）,somethinglike（有点像…，大约）,littlebylittle（逐渐地）。例如:Nonebutfoolsbelievehim.除非傻瓜才相信他。练习:（1）.Doyouwantacupofteaorcoffee?,Ireallydon"tcare.A.NeitherB.NoneC.EitherD.Both（2）.TheSmithshave3sons,oneababy,twinsof13.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.theothers（3）.Thecustomerwantedtochangeforadoubleroom,sohewasaskedtopay$10.A.moreB.anotherC.otherD.every（4）.Ishere?No,2studentsareillandcan"tcometoschool. A.anybodyB.everybodyC.somebodyD.nobody（5）.Myfatherboughtasecond-handcar,butwillneedlotsof repairsbeforehecoulddrive.A.theyB.itC.oneD.which(1).wasreportedthatSaddamwascaughtalive・比较；wasreported,Saddamwascaughtalive.A.whichB.asC.itD.they(2)Bothsideshaveaccusedofbreakingthecontract.A.anotherB.theotherC.neitherD.each(3)1madesomanychangesinmycompositionthatonlyIcouldreadit.Toelse,itwashardtomakeout.A.noneB.everyoneC.someoneD.anyone(4)——Oneweek"stimehasbeenwasted.——Ican"tbelievewedidallthatworkfor.A.somethingB.nothingC.everythingD.anything(5)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,Iwillalwaystreasure・A.thatB.oneC.itD.what(11)lpreferaflatinInvernesstoinPerth,becauseIwanttolivenearmyMum"s・A.oneB.thatC.itD.this(12)Thethoughtflashedacrossmymind;bysomemeansorshehassomeinformationaboutmyengagement・Buthow?A.othersB.otherC.theothersD.another(13)……-Shallwemeettonight?Sorry,I"mbusy.Howaboutday? A.everyotherB.theotherC.anyotherD.someother (12)rmmovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthaninthecity.A.onesB.oneC.thatD.those(13)Ijustwantanumbralla,sowilldo.A.anyoneB.anyoneC.itD.one(14)Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreseriousthanmobilephonedo.A.oneB.onesC.itD.those(2005江西)(15)WhathesaidisbutpracticalsincedependsonHir.A.anything,everythingB.nothing,everyythingC.everything,anythingD.none,everything(16)Althoughheispoor,hespendsonclothes.A.notalittleB.onlyalittleC.alittleD.afew(17)Whatdoyouthinkheis?fromwhathesaid,heisbutateacher.A.Judged,somebodyB.Judged,somethingC.Judging,anythingD.Judging,anybody(18)——Howaboutthepriceoftheserefrigerators?……TheyYeequalinpriceto5ifnotcheaperthan,attheotherstores・A.othersB.itC.thatD.theones 不定代词什么叫不定代词？要弄清不定代词的总数、单复数，泛指或特指。一、什么叫不定代词?不定代词含戈主语时谓语的数数量关系作定语时名词的数both数两者都等于2either数两者中任何一个单数等于2neither数两者都不单数等于2all数或复数三者或三者以上都人于或等于3none数或复数三者或三者以上都不人于或等于3each数每一个人于或等于2every每一个大于或等于3复数单单单数或复数单数或复数单数单数作复单单单单注意:⑴・AH作定语时,可修饰复数可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。(2).Every不能单独作主语或宾语,但可以修饰单数可数名词,或构成复合不定代in/;everyone,everybody羡二、弄清下列区别: 1-AII（.三者或三者以上全部）…・・Any（三者或三者以上任何一个）——None（三者或三者以上无_个）Both（二者都）Either（两者中任何_个）Neither（二者中任何一个都不）2・Every（大于或等于3）：强调整体,只能作定语。Each（大于或等于2）：强调个体,可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。例女fl:（1）.0nbothsidesofthestreet=Oneach/eithersideofthestreet.（2）.Eachofushasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.（3）.Eachofthe2haswonaprize.比较：Everyonehasstrongandweakpoints.（4）.oneofuswilltryhisbesttofinishthework.（5）.Wemustmakegooduseofminute.3・Some（“一些,，修饰可数名词或不可数名词）一般用于肯定句中。一些冷修饰可数名词或不可数名词）一般用于否定句、疑问句或就条件从句中。注意：some也可以用于疑问句中,表示：⑴期望对方给予肯定的回答。⑵表示“邀请、请求”。（3）表示“劝告或建议”的反问句屮。而any也可以用于肯定句屮，表示：“任何一个，随便哪一”。any不能在否定句中作主语。4・Noneof…亠…中没有一个人或物后面往往有一个特定的范围）Noone——“没有人冬Nobody・（单独使用,后面不接of短语）注議None用来回答以”Howmany/much—头的疑问句，而Noone用来回答以・"Who…？”开头的疑问句，Nothing用来回答以“What•…？”开头的疑问句。例如⑴」wantedsomethreadbuttherewasinthedrawer.A.noneB.nothingC.nooneD.notthing5・Other泛指,“其他的、别的”:otherboys/students/money/nootherway/everyotherday/someotherreason/anyotherplant Anothe卜…•泛指，“三个或三个以上中的另一个,再一个,Others——泛指，“另外一些“Theothers—特指，“其余所有的人或物；（2）.#・・・・・卅@#########oneanother（4）.###・@@@@@######someothersTheother-……特指,两者中的另一个,或两部分中的另一部分。用图示来表示:⑴・#・@onetheother（3）.####-@@@@@@sometheothers6.One/Ones（泛指）,只能代替可数名词,其前面往往有修饰词。That/Those——（特指），可代替可数名词或不可数名词,其前面无任何修饰词,后面往往是of/in—。That（指人少用）.I卜——特指，指代上文已出现过的那个名词,表示同一个东西。注意：Theone和theones表示特指。one和ones表示泛指。Theone相当于that,theones相当于those三、全部否定与部分否定：全部否定部分否定NotallNoneof•…或Noone或No+名词NeitherNotbothNoteverythingNothingNoteverybodyNobody或NooneNoteverywhereNowhere NotalwaysNever四、一些固定搭配：Otherthan…（除刀，noneotherthan…（不是别人或物,止是）,everyotherday（每隔一天）,everyfewdays（每隔儿天somedayorother（迟早，总有一天）,onlyafew（仅少数,只有儿 个）,quiteafew（相当多的）,notafew（相当多的）,notalittle（很,非常）,notabit（根木不,—点儿也仇fromonetoanother,someotherday（改天）,no■—otherthan（除…夕卜没有）、havenothingof（不理睬）,noneotherthan（恰恰是,除…没别的）,nothingmorethan（这不过是…ilijLl）,havenoneof（拒绝参加，不接受）,everynowandthen（时常,间或）,allbut-（儿乎,差点,除…外全部都）,nonebut-（仅,只有,除■一外谁也不）,anythingbut（决不），nothingbut（只是,不外是,无非是），nootherthan（正是,就是），nothingotherthan（不是别的,而是）,somethinglike（有点像…,大约），littlebylittle（逐渐地）。例如:Nonebutfoolsbelievehim.除非傻瓜才相信他。练习:（1）.Doyouwantacupofteaorcoffee?,Ireallydon"tcare.A.NeitherB.NoneC.EitherD.Both（2）.TheSmithshave3sons,oneababy,twinsof13.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.theothers（3）.Thecustomerwantedtochangeforadoubleroom,sohewasaskedtopay$10.A.moreB.anotherC.otherD.every（4）.Ishere?No,2studentsareillandcan"tcometoschool.A.anybodyB.everybodyC.somebodyD.nobody（5）.Myfatherboughtasecond-handcar,butwillneedlotsofrepairsbeforehecoulddrive.A.theyB.itC.oneD.which（6）.wasreportedthatSaddamwascaughtalive.比较；wasreported,Saddamwascaughtalive.A.whichB.asC.itD.they（7）Bothsideshaveaccusedofbreakingthecontract. A.anotherB.theotherC.neitherD.each(1)1madesomanychangesinmycompositionthatonlyIcouldreadit.Toelse,itwashardtomakeout.A.noneB.everyoneC.someoneD.anyone(2)-—Oneweek"stimehasbeenwasted・……Ican"tbelievewedidallthatworkfor.A.somethingB.nothingC.everythingD.anything(3)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgattablemoment,Iwillalwaystreasure・A.thatB.oneC.itD.what(11)lpreferaflatinInvernesstoinPerth,becauseIwanttolivenearmyMum"s.A.oneB.thatC.itD.this(12)Thethoughtflashedacrossmymind;bysomemeansorshehassomeinformationaboutmyengagement・Buthow?A.othersB.otherC.theothersD.another(13)Shallwemeettonight?-Sorry,I"mbusy.Howaboutday?A.everyotherB.theotherC.anyotherD.someother(14)rmmovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthaninthecity.A.onesB.oneC.thatD.those(15)ljustwantanumbralla，sowilldo.A.anyoneB.anyoneC.itD.one(16)Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreseriousthanmobilephonedo.A.oneB.onesC.itD.those(2005江西) (12)WhathesaidisbutpracticalsincedependsonHifn.A.anything,everythingB.nothing,everyythingC.everything，anythingD.none,everything(13)Althoughheispoor,hespendsonclothes.A.notalittleB.onlyalittleC.alittleD.afew(14)Whatdoyouthinkheis?fromwhathesaid,heisbutateacher.A.Judged,somebodyB.Judged,somethingC.Judging,anythingD.Judging,anybody(15)——Howaboutthepriceoftheserefrigerators?……TheyYeequalinpriceto,ifnotcheaperthan,attheotherstores.A.othersB.itC.thatD.theones