英语语法(04动词A) 45页

UnitFour:VerbsandVerbPhrases（I）Issuesofthisunit:1)InflexionsofEnglishverbs动词形变2)Classificationofverbs动词的分类3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood时体态式 1)InflexionsofverbsThegeneralrulesforthemorphologicalchange:动词词根{-词尾变化Z}{-词尾变化D1}{-词尾变化D2}{-词尾变化-iŋ}Examples:–––VSridework–––{-Z}ridesworks–––{-D1}rodeworked–––{-D2}riddenworked–––{-iŋ}ridingworking Conversions:{-D1}+{-D2}=[-d,-t,-id]withthe“regularverbs”:-dafterb,g,v,ð,z,dg,m,n,l...-tafterp,f,k,θ,ts-idaftert,d一些不规则动词本身已可做规则变化，如：learn(learnt,learnt)learned;work(wrought,wrought)workedkneel(knelt,knelt),kneeled;leap(leapt,leapt)leaped不规则动词的过去式和过去分词，一般词典后都有一个表专门列出。但我们似乎可以重新整理，使不规则动词变为一定意义的“规则动词”。 Let’sassume:ABC为形式1、2、3，我们可以把不规则动词与原形比，其过去式、过去分词变化（包括音变）归入下面几类：AAA类：(无词形变化)setsetset/putputput/costcostcostABA类：(仅过去式变化)runranrun/comecamecomebecomebecamebecomeAAB类：(仅过去分词变化)beatbeatbeaten/browbeat ABB类：(过去式与过去分词变化相同)teachtaughttaught/readreadread(音变)speedspedsped/catchcaughtcaughtholdheldheld/standstoodstoodABC类：(过去式与过去分词变化不相同)bearboreborn/choosechosechosentaketooktaken/forgetforgotforgottenshakeshookshaken/writewrotewritten以上5类可以基本涵盖全部不规则动词。 2)Classificationofverbs动词的分类transitiveverb:take,put…mainverbintransitiveverb:go,sleep…linkverb:be,look,sound…V3primaryaux.:be,do,haveauxiliary13modalaux.:can,may,shall..semi-aux.:haveto,seemto…dynamicverb:work,talk,think…Vstaticverb:want,differ,know…(一般不用进行时) 注意：这些分类不是绝对的，由于一词多义现象，动词的不同使用可以跨类别。例如：Theyoungladyusuallywalksherdogaftersupper.Weeatwhatwecan,butcanwhatwecannot.Iamhopingthatyouwouldseewhatiswrong.Godwilledit. Phrasalverb(短语式动词):agreewithsb./agreetosth.;talkwith/talktolookafter/lookfor/lookinto/lookdownupon…takeinstudents/takethestudentsinputthetongueout/putoutthefiretakeAforB=mistakeAforB//comparewith(to)短语式动词是很麻烦的，请学习时备加注意！ Let’strytosaythefollowinginChinese:1.Whenwordsfail,wetaketofists;whenfistsfail,wetaketoheels.2.Thechildtakesafterhisfatheronlywhenseenatadistance.3.Ourmonitorisapersontofallbackonincasewerunintodifficulties.4.Youareeatingout?Countmein!5.It’sveryhardtobringyouropponentaroundtoyouropinion. 3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood时、体、态、式Tenses:past/present/(future)Aspects:perfect/progressiveVoices:active/passiveMoods:indicative/imperative/subjunctive主要内容大家在中学都学过，所以我们在讲述此节时，有的问题可以skimover，快一点儿。 Canyoudetectthetense,aspect,voiceand/ormoodofthefollowingsentences?1.Bythetimemyfathercamehome,Ihadbeendoingmyhomework.2.WouldAmericahavebeendiscovered,ifColumbushadsailedeastward?3.WhenIaskyoutodothings,jump!4.Theirrigationdamshallhavebeenbeingconstructedfor10yearsbytheendofnextyear. TensesofEnglishverbs:PastandPresent(为什么不说将来时[futuretense]？)Theseideasshouldbeexpressedinpresenttense:1.真的假不了，假的真不了。Whatistruecannotbefalse,andviceversa.2.水在零度时结冰，在100度时沸腾。Waterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.3.中秋节晚上，成都一般见不到月亮。Usually,onedoesnotseethemoononthenightoftheMid-autumnDay. Andthese,inpasttense:1.1945年8月15日，日本侵略者投降，二战结束。OnAugust15,1945,JapaneseaggressorssurrenderedandWorldWarIIwasover.2.古人相信，心者，思之舍也。Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedthattheheartwasthehouseofthinking.3.曾几何时，外国人在中国被称为“洋鬼子”。Foreignersusedtobecalled“foreigndevils”inoldChina. 但是，具体使用时还需要参考内容。1.真理的表达总可以用现在时；2.现在时也可表示短暂的过去：YouknowwhatImean?Itellyoutogetyourselfoff!或者将来：IhopeyouhaveawonderfultimeinSCU!Ibetyoulose!3.为了生动，讲故事可以用“历史现在时”；4.特定语境情况下，过去时可以表示现在：例如：Didyoucallme?Yes,Iwonderedifyouwouldgivemeahand；或将来：IfonlyIcouldgohometomorrow!Whatifyouhadanoceanofwealth? 虽然语法书上没有将来时，但将来时的表达却是存在的。英语将来表达法可以是：1.助动词＋主动词，shalldo,willdo……2.begoingto/tobeto：I’mgoingtogothere.Youaretohelphim./Thecatisabouttoattack.3.用进行体表达：Theairplaneisarrivingin10minutes.4.用现在时表达，特别是在条件和时间从句中：Iftherainstops,we’llhittheroad.Itwon’tbelongbeforeherealizesthathehasdoneawrongthing. 将来时句型有几点值得注意：1.shall、will分别用于第一和第二、三人称，若是相反，则助动词意义不表示将来。例如：Wewillemancipateourthoughts.//Youshallpay!//Heshallcleantheclassroom.2.同样，tobeto,begoingto也用于表示命令、禁止等。例如：Youaretotaketheresponsibility!//Heisnotgoingtocheatmeagain!3.tobeto,begoingto表示未来时，可侧重于预见、计划安排等。例如：Thereisgoingtobeastorm.//Thereistobeaninvestigation.//ThepresidentoftheuniversityisgoingtospeakonSCUTV. AspectsofEnglishverbs:ProgressiveandPerfectTheseideascouldbeexpressedinprogressiveaspect:1.昨天下午三点钟，你在干什么？Whatwereyoudoingat3o’clockyesterdayafternoon?2.风在吼，马在叫，黄河在咆哮！Thewindisblowing,thehorsesarehissing,theYellowRiverisroaring!3.你为何总是挑我的刺儿？Whyareyoualwaysfindingfaultwithme? Andthese,inperfectaspect:1.泼水难收。Whathasbeendonecannotbeundone.2.截止目前，坠毁飞机的黑匣子还没有找到。Sofar,theflightrecorderhasnotyetbeenfound.3.自打上小学起，我们就没有开心玩儿过了。Sinceourelementaryschooldays,wehaveneverhadafuntoourheart’scontent. 有些问题需要注意。1.比较：Heworkshere/Heisworkinghere；Bush(has)livedinChinafor10years.2.进行体可表示不远的将来：Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?或者刚刚过去的过去：Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout! 3.完成体与完成进行体：比较：Ihavedonemyjob/Ihavebeendoingmyjob.Bytheendofthenextyear,theconstructionofthisroadwillhavebeenaccomplished.Bytheendofthenextyear,thisroadwillhavebeenbeingbuiltfortensolidyears.4.get与完成体：havegot(ten):IhavegotanAintheexam.但是在口语中：havegot=have,havegotto=haveto：IthinkI’vegottoleavenow. 5.不及物动词的完成体有时可以用“bedone”，来代替“havedone”。例如：Thetrainhasleft.//Thetrainisleft.Halfofthetimehasgone.//Halfofthetimeisgone.Themilkhasspilt.//Themilkisspilt.前者侧重动作、过程，后者侧重状态。但是，下列句子却不可用“bedone”表示完成：ThepatientinICUisdied.×Theenfantisfallenintosleep.× VoicesofEnglishverbs:ActiveandPassive（下面这类汉语主动句译成英语却得用被动态：）1.经过八年抗战，终于把日本鬼子赶出了中国。JapaneseaggressorswerefinallydrivenoutofChinaaftereightyearsofthewarofresistance.2.门关不上，窗户打不开，这房子看来已经废弃很久了。（注：含有例外项）Thedoorcannotcloseandthewindowcannotopen；thishousemusthavebeendesertedforquitealongtime. 有个问题我们可以想想为什么：1.Thedooropens.2.Thekeyopensthedoor.3.Theboyopensthedoor(withthekey).当动词描述的是主语位置上的词的功能时，我们似乎可以用主动式，更多的例子：Mypenwritesfine.Inwinter,theenginedoesn’tignite.而强调动作时，我们则只能用被动式：Nomatterhowhardwetry,thisenginecannotbeignited./Thisletteriswellwritten. TheSVsentencescannotbepassive:Birdsflyandfishswim.Themandied(sleeps).Thesunrisesintheeast.Theearthturnsaroundthesun. SVoO结构的被动句型：TheGMgavetheapplicantaninterview.TheapplicantwasgivenaninterviewbytheGM.AninterviewwasgiventotheapplicantbytheGM.多词动词短语也是如此：WemustmakefulluseofthechanceThechancemustbemadefulluseof//Fullusemustbemadeofthechance.动词短语须被整体视为一个动词：Wemustdoawaywithtraditionalprejudices.Traditionalprejudicesmustbedoneawaywith.Welookuponhimasagreathero.Heislookedupon(byus)asagreathero. be-Passiveandget-Passive:两者均可用，但前者侧重结果，后者侧重动作：Theboywashurt.//Theboygothurt.Intheend,thesuspectgotcaught.非限定动词(non-finite)的被动态；注意几个问题：a)有的动词后只能跟-ing，有的只能跟todo，如：Hehopestobeinvited.(afford,agree,want,attempt,plan,offer,pretend,refuse,intend,etc)Heenjoysbeingflattered.(admit,appreciate,avoid,deny,quit,imagine,risk,objectto,practice,etc.) b)有的动词后跟-ing与跟todo意义相同，如：Helovestobeconsulted.//Helovesbeingconsulted.Iprefertobecalled“Tom”.//Ipreferbeingcalled“Tom”.c)有的动词后跟-ing与跟todo含意却不一样，如：Iforgottosubmitthetermpapertotheteacher.Iforgotsubmittingthetermpapertotheteacher.d)另外，注意下列非限定动词被动态：Heinsistsonbeingpaid.//Heinsistsonherbeingpaid.Iwanttobecountedin.//Iwanthimtobecountedin.Idon’tmindbeinginvited.//Idon’tmindTom’sbeinginvited. e)报导、相信、估计、认为等句型的两种被动式：Accordingtoreport,thesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.Itisreportedthatthesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.Thesurvivorsoftheair-crasharereportedtohavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanisaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.TaiwanisknowntoallasaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory. MoodsofEnglishverbs:Indicative:Hewholiesdownwithdogsrisesupwithlice.Imperative:Standup!Staywhereyouare!Handsup!Subjunctive:IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’teatmywords.命令语气比较简单，一般也没有动词形变，甚至可以不要动词。Thosewhoagree,putupyourhand.Comeon.Don’tbesosilly.Handsup!Eyesleft!Let’s(lethim,letit……)Cheers!(Bottomup!)注：let’s不一定等于letus，如：Let’s(Letus)go! 虚拟语气可分为：be型虚拟，were型虚拟。be型虚拟（动词原形）表示命令、决定、建议、祝愿(诅咒)、推测、让步等等。如：ThecommanderorderedthattheNazimurderersbeshotonthespot.Thedoctorsuggestedthathestayinbedforafewdaysanddrinkmorewater.Itisimportant(necessary)thateveryonebethereontime. Don’tmakenoises,lestthepreyflee.Thougheveryonerejectyou,Iwouldnot.I’dratherthatheleaveatonce.Godbewithyou!Goddamnit!Einstein:“Iamsatisfiedwiththemysteryoftheeternityoflifeand……withthedevotedstrivingtocomprehendaportion,beiteversotiny,ofthereasonthatmanifestsitselfinnature.” were型虚拟（动词原形）表示与现实相反的情况或不大可能实现的愿望、设想等。如：Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotbesoaggressiveintreatingothers.Weallknowthesituationisverybad,buthespoketousasiftheEarthweregoingtostopturningtomorrow. Ifitweregoingtoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetwouldbepostponed.Suppose(Whatif)theSunshouldriseinthewesttomorrow!Iftherehadbeennocat,manwouldhavenochancetotouchatiger.Hadtherenotbeencat,manwouldhavenochancetotouchatiger.英国哲学家罗素：“Godhascreatedthecat,somanhasachancetotouchatiger.” 英语中有些特殊句型也用虚拟式，这需要注意；例如：Itistimeforthechildtogotobed.Itistimethatthechildwenttobed.IfonlyIcouldbeabird.另外，如果事件有一定可能性，were也可以由was替代；如：IwishIwere/wasthere.Helooksasifhewere/was/issick.IfonlyIwere/wasnotsonervous. 英语动词的时、体、态、式介绍完了。最后，我们来做5个句子翻译，复习一下。1）四年后的今天，我就毕业了，或者工作，或者读研，或者出国了。 1)Fouryearslatertoday,Ishallhavegraduated,andshallbedoingajob,orworkingforapostgraduatedegree,orstudyingabroad. 2）要不是因为第三者插足，他们的婚姻本来是不会破裂的。 2)Butfor(Iftherehadnotbeen)thethirdpartysteppingin,theirmarriagewouldnothavebrokenup. 3）他看上去好像昨晚一夜没睡。出什么事儿了？ 3)Helooksasifhehasstayedawakethewholelastnight.Whathashappenedtohim? 4）很重要的是，你们部队必须在黎明前到达指定位置。 4)Itisofvitalimportancethatyourtrooparriveatthedesignatedpositionbeforedaybreak. 5）如果工程进度正常，明年年底水坝建设项目就能按时完成。 5)Iftheconstructionprogressisnormal,theirrigationdamprojectwillhavebeenaccomplishedasscheduledbytheendofthenextyear. ThisistheendoftheLecture.Seeyounextweek!Pleasepreviewthetextbookinthisorder:助动词、不定式、分词