高中英语语法专题：非谓语动词(2) 55页

1.Hestoodthere,tiredfromawholedayofwork,thinkingofawaytoescapefromtheconstructionsite.2.Thenewsconference,tobeheldinthathall,hasalreadybeencrowdedwithreporters.3.HavingreachedtheverypeakoftheEverest,theclimberscheeredagainstthefiercenorthwind.4.Hekeepsbuyingexpensivemaps.Hemusthavemorethan200bynow.5.Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.6.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.状语状语(宾语)补语定语定语宾语找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语） 不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。还可以有自己的宾语和状语构成非谓语短语在句中一起做成分。主要形式：不定式tododoingdone make主动形式被动形式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式(not)tomake(not)tohavemade(not)tobemaking(not)tohavebeenmaking(not)tobemade(not)tohavebeenmade 主动形式被动形式一般式完成式否定形式:not+-ing的形式△--ing：(do)过去分词:donedoingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone 2.看“_____”上要填的非谓语动词与相关的名或代词（多是主语）的逻辑关系主谓关系动宾关系主动关系被动关系todo一般式进行式完成式doing一般式完成式done非谓语动词解题一般思路1.分析句子成分，看“_____”上要填谓语还是非谓语towritetobewrittentobewriting————tohavewrittentohavebeenwrittenwritingbeingwrittenhavingwrittenhavingbeenwritten————written 非谓语动词的比较作主语的区别不定式作主语表示具体动作Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)+ing作主语通常表示抽象动作；Smokingisprohibitedhere．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)不定式和+ing 作表语的区别（1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来动作。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.Hiswishistobuyacarinthenearfuture.(2)动名词作表语表示抽象的一般性的行为。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.(3)分词作表语.表示心理状态的动词加上ing变成现在分词,译为“令人……的”,加上ed变成过去分词,译为“感到…….”Interesting/interesteddelighting/delightedexciting/excitedDisappointing/disappointedTravellingisinterestingbuttiring.Theywereveryexcitedatthenews不定式、动名词和分词 3作宾语英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式.但有些动词要求:A只能加不定式作宾语的动词:affordagreeappearaskattemptbegchoosedecidedemanddesigndesiredetermineexpectfailHappenhopemanageplanwishpretendrefuseB只能加动名词作宾语的动词：admitappreciateavoidconsiderdelayenjoyescapefinishimaginekeepmindmisspermitpractisepreventrisksuggeststandallowadviseforbidneedrequireC有些动词后使用动名词和不定式作宾语的意思差别　：forgettodo/forgetdoingstoptodo/stopdoingremembertodo/doingregrettodo/doingtrytodo/doingmeantodo/doingD有些动词使用动名词和不定式意思无差别love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start，continue不定式和动名词 E这些常用的词组要求用动名词作宾语can’thelpcan’tstandbeworthdevotetolookforwardtosticktobeusedtoobjecttobebusyfeellikegetdownto 3动词不定式和动名词作宾语比较（1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect等。Weagreed_______here，butsofarshehasn"tturnedupyet．（NMET1995）A．havingmetB．meetingC．tomeetD．tohavemetC （2）有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，forgive，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，resist，risk，suggest，deny等。Thesquirrelwassoluckythatitjustmissed_______．（MET1987）A．catchingB．tobecaughtC．beingcaughtD．tocatchIwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon．（MET1992）A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you"recallingCC （3）有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词，意义上无多大区别，如：love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start，continue等。Iintendtofinish／finishingthetaskthismorning． 注意问题1.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forgettodoforgetdoing2）stoptodostopdoing3）remembertodorememberdoing4)regrettodoregretdoing5）trytodotrydoing忘记要去做某事（此事未做）忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事停止正在或经常做的事记住去做某事（未做）记得做过某事(已做)对要做的事遗憾对做过的事遗憾、后悔努力、企图做某事试验、试一试某种办法 注意问题1.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别6)meantodomeandoing7）goontodogoondoing打算，有意要…意味着继而（去做另外一件事情）继续（原先没有做完的事情） （4）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词，但意义上有区别，如：forget，remember，mean，regret，stop，try等。—Thelightintheofficeisstillon．—Oh，Iforgot_______．（MET1991）A．turningitoffB．turnitoffC．toturnitoffD．havingturneditoff—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting．—Well，nowIregret_______that．（NMET1995）A．todoB．tobedoingC．tohavedoneD．havingdoneCD 做宾补的区别有些使役动词及感官动词后如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,notice,watch,observe等动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作,宾语与动词不定式是主动关系Justthenheheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.现在分词说明宾语的动作正在进行，宾语与现在分词是主动关系Thenheheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.过去分词说明宾语与过去分词是被动关系Hehadhisbikerepairedyesterday.Hefoundhiswatchstolen.不定式,现在分词,过去分词 作宾补:Wesawtheteacher___________________.（做实验）I’veneverheardthesong______________(用英语唱）doingtheexperimentsunginEnglish 4作定语不定式作定语。A不定式与其所修饰的名词是主谓关系。例：Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon.B不定式与其所修饰的名词是动宾关系。Gethimsomethingtoeat.Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.C不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系。这里的介词不能省去。Ineedapentowritewith.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.不定式、现在分词和过去分词 分词作定语特点：1现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动含义。2现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或已完成的事。Herushedintotheburninghouse.Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother.Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom.Heisanadvancedteacher.不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系：一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 跳舞的女孩被毁的房屋下落的树叶落叶AfallingleafThereisariveraroundourschool（run).Thewatchnowishers(repair).Heisateacherbyallhisstudents(like).Americaisacountry(develop).runningbeingrepairedlikeddevelopedadancinggirlAfallenleaf（过去分词表完成）现在分词表主动Adestroyedhouse过去分词表被动现在分词表进行 做定语的区别不定式表示即将发生的动作,Thebuilding_____________nextmonthisourlibrary.现在分词表示现在发生的动作,Thebuilding____________nowisourlibrary.过去分词表示已经发生的动作.Thebuilding______lastyearisourlibrary.不定式,现在分词,过去分词tobebuiltbeingbuiltbuilt 做状语的区别不定式作状语一般表示目的,结果或原因:Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan．Theboyisnottallenoughtoreachthebookshelf．Wearegladtohearthenews.分词作状语放在句子开头，表示原因时间或条件。分词作状语放在后面一般表示伴随,Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan．Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Thepopsingercametomeethisfans,followedbytwobodyguards.不定式,现在分词,过去分词 分词作状语与主语的关系Not_________whattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.(know)_________fromthehill,thetownlooksverybeautiful.(see)分词作状语时前面可用连词When,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句，若其主语与句子主语相同时，可保留该连接词，其余部分则简化为分词短语。Whilewalkingalongthestreetearlyinthemorning,hesawher.Onceseen,itwillneverbeforgotten.Eventhoughgiveneverychance,theywouldnottry.knowingSeen 表目的：Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.注意不定式作状语放于句首时，不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary. 2)SinceIamastudent,Imuststudyhard.Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.Aswewerenotsatisfiedwiththeresult,wedecidedtodotheexperimentagain.Notsatisfiedwiththeresult,wedecidedtodotheexperimentagain.3)Iftimepermits,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Ifheisallowed,hewouldeatallthefoodinthehouse.Ifallowed,hewouldeatallthefoodinthehouse.原因 4)Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,________________（说说笑笑）Heenteredtheroom,_________________(后面跟着女朋友）．talkingandlaughingfollowedbyhisgirlfriend 因为他病了，所以他没有上学。Ashewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.因为他们希望能够得到你的支持，所以给你写了一封信。Astheyhopedtogetyoursupport,theywroteyoualetter.=Hopingtogetyoursupport,theywroteyoualetter. _______moreattention，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter．（MET1990）A．GivenB．TogiveC．GivingD．HavinggivenA 非谓语动词常考的其它结构1疑问词+不定式结构。疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语。Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Idon’tknowwhattoknow.Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver.Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.(主语）（宾语）（表语）（宾语）有时疑问词前可用介词，如：Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit. 动词不定式的几个重要时态1不定式的完成式常在动词appear,happen,pretend,seem等之后体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Sheseemedtohaveforgottenherpromise.Hepretendedtohavereadthebook.2,但在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should或wouldlike等动词之后，则表示没有实现的行为。Heplannedtohavegoneabroad.Ihopedtohaveseenher.Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.Theenemyexpectedtohavefoundhim.Iintendedtohavefinishedmyworklastnight.Weweretohavesailednextmorning.他原计划出国。（但他没有去）我们本定于第二天早上启航 不定式进行式和完成进行式不定式进行式表示其主要谓语动词所代表的动作发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生；不定式完成进行式表示其动词所代表的动作，在主要谓语动词所代表的动作之前一直在进行。Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobedoingmyexperimentinthelab.Theyaresaidtohavebeenquarrellingmanyyears.不定式的被动式：Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages. 3.有时“with(without)+名词（或代词宾格）+分词的结构表示伴随状况的独立主格结构。eg.1)Withhishomeworkfinishedaheadoftime,hebegantoplaycomputer.2)Hefellasleepwiththelampburning. 非谓语动词中的句型1）Doing...+v.Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。2)Itis+nouse/good(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,...)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.哭没有用。3)Thereisnouse(good/point/sense/harm)+doingsth做某事没用Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk． 4)在want,need,require等动词后,常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思。例如：Myhairneedscutting.(=Myhairneedstobecut.)5)在某些固定结构Generally/Franklyspeaking…,Judgingfrom/by…中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词Judgingbyhisdress,hecomesfromawealthyfamily.Franklyspeaking,Idon"tlikehimatall. ____lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept2001春季高考第21题Multiplechoice2.___aletterfromherparents,Lilyisnowlookingforwardto___fromthem.Havingnotreceived;hearB.Notreceived;hearC.Nothavingreceived;hearingD.Receivingnot;hearingV/phrases+ing:appreciate;avoid;can’thelp;consider;enjoy;escape;finish;giveup;imagine;insiston;keep(on);mind;miss…devoteoneselfto;payattentionto;beusedto;getdownto… 解析[例2]NMET1999第21题Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake.B因为主语是thepurpose，在（purpose,wish,promise,plan）后常跟不定式，故表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成thepurposeisto…notto…do句型，故选B。I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat___inmyjob.A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expectsB 10.Themissingboyswerelastseen____neartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay11.Thefirsttextbooks____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written12.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.---Well,nowIregret____that.A.todob.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone13.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_____.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto14.---WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?---____hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing [例3]NMET1997第12题Iwouldlove_____tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.havinggoneC.goingD.tohavegoneD常和不定式完成式连用的动词还有：Wouldlove,meant,hoped,planned,expected,promised,wish等例如：Imeanttohavetelephonedyou,butIforgot.[例4]NMET1999第14题Robertissaid____abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyD.tohavebeenstudyingA Thepatientwaswarned____oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteatC解析该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式，①warnsb.nottodosth.②warnsb.againstdoingsth.该题应该用①结构。两外，not应放在to之前。在大多数的动词可接不定式短语做宾补，只有少数动词（五个看see,watch,notice,observe,lookat；三使役make,let,have;二听listento,hear等）须接不带to的不定式做宾补。 _____inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.ToloseC解析1.该题考查过去分词作状语的用法。动词-ing或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语应是主语。2.“陷入深思”有两种表达法，A.LoseoneselfinthoughtB.belostinthought,按句子提供的语境可用结构B. 解析该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。Theplan与carryout的关系是被动关系。Seesth.done这结构常见的还有watch(notice,observe,have和make)sth.done.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee___thenextyear.A.carryputB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryoutC 4.Ithappened_______whenIgotoffthebus.torainB.rainingC.toberainingD.rained5.I’mglad________achance________yourfactory.tohavegiven;tovisitB.tohavebeengiven;tovisitC.togive;tovisitD.tobegiven;visiting6.I_____toschool,only_____thatitwasaholiday.A.hurry;tofindB.hurried;tofindC.hadhurried;findingD.havehurried;finding 5.Howaboutthetwoofus____awalkdownthegarden?A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking6.____downtheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn7.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered____thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented8.---Imustapologizefor____aheadoftime.---That’sallright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow9.Ratherthan___onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers____abicycle.A.ride;rideB.riding;rideC.ride;torideD.toride;riding 10.Themissingboyswerelastseen____neartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay11.Thefirsttextbooks____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written12.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.---Well,nowIregret____that.A.todob.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone13.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_____.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto14.---WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?---____hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing 1.___________blackandblue,theladycouldn’tmove.A.BeatenB.BeatingC.TobebeatenD.Tobeat2.Mostofthemen_________tothepartywerefromtown.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited3.WhenIgotback,Isawamessage____tothedoor_____“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”A.pin,readB.pinning,readingC.pinned,readingD.pinned,read4.Withalotofdifferentproblems_______,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled5.Withalotofdifferentproblems__________,thenewly-electedpresidentisverypleased.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled 6.___poorinEnglish,I’mafraidIcan’tmakemyself_____.A.Tobe;understandB.I’m;tounderstandC.Being;understandingD.Being；understood7.____theroom,thenursefoundthetape-recorder___.A.Entering;stealingB.Entering;goneC.Tohaveentered;beingstolenD.Havingentered;tobestolen8.Englishisalanguage______________inmanycountries.A.spokenB.speakingC.bespokenD.tospeak9.Ishouldsaysorrytohim.Iregret___________tohelphimthatday.A.refusingB.torefuseC.refusedD.refuse10.ProfessorLiisoftenseen___________somethinginhisoffice.A.towriteB.writeC.wroteD.written 11.Doyoustillremember__________toyourhometowntenyearsago?A.takenB.totakeC.tobetakenD.beingtaken12.Sheisnotused_________inthecity.A.toliveB.tolivingC.tohavelivedD.live13.Hurryup!Heissure_________usatthegate.A.waitingB.towaitC.tobewaitingD.tobewaitingfor14._________everywhere,thewolveshadnowhere_________themselves.A.Hunting;hidingB.Tohunt;tohideC.Hunted;hidingD.Hunted;tohide15.Thisisa_________car.A.useB.usingC.tobeusedD.used 16.When________,icechangesintowater.A.toheatB.heatingC.heatedD.theyareheated17.CharlieChaplinisconsidered__________agreatcontributiontothefilmindustry.A.tomakeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.havingmade18._________withyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.A.ComparingB.TocompareC.HavingcomparedD.Compared19.Theyhaven’tdecidedwhen__________forShanghai.A.tobeleavingB.toleaveC.leavingD.leave20.Idon’tknowthegirl___________inthesnowstorm.A.tocatchB.caughtC.catchingD.tobecatching1-5AACCA6-10DBAAA11-15DBDDD16-20CCDBB 非谓语动词的有关练习Fillintheblanks:1Iwouldlove_________________(go)tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.Weagreed___________(meet)herebutsofarhehasn’tturnedup.-----Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.-------Well,nowIregret____________(do)that.4Robertissaid___________________(study)abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.5Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp________________(persuade)intobuysomethingtheydon’treallyneed.6Heclaimed________________________(badly,treat)inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.7TheOlympicGames,____________(play)in776BC,didn’tincludewomenplayersuntil1912.tohavegonetomeethavingdonetohavestudiedbeingpersuadedtohavebeenbadlytreatedplayed 1）我记得读过这本书.Irememberreadingthebook.(指过去的动作）Imustremembertoreadthebook.(指将来的动作）2）我要设法提高我的英语口语。I’lltrytoimprovemyspokenEnglish.敲门没人答应，试着敲后门。Tryknockingatthebackdoorifnobodyhearsyouatthefrontdoor.3)不要讲话。Stoptalking.他停下来讲话。Hestoppedtotalk. 4)我没打算伤害你。Ididn’tmeantohurtyou.错过这班车意味着再等一个小时。Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.