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第五讲:代词Pronoun
代词(pronoun)在句中能代替名词或名词词组,它和主谓一致(agreement)关系很密切,也是各类英语测试中的一个常见内容。
一、代词的分类人称代词PersonalPronoun疑问代词Interrogativepronoun物主代词possessivepronoun关系代词relativepronoun反身代词reflexivepronoun不定代词indefinitepronoun相互代词reciprocalpronoun指示代词demonstrativepronoun
二、代词的格、人称和数人称代词、疑问代词和关系代词有主格、宾格和属格的区别。人称代词有第一、第二和第三人称的区别。第三人称代词有阳性、阴性、中性的区别。人称代词、物主代词、不定代词和指示代词有单复数的不同形式。
单数复数单数复数I主格We主格one主/宾格Ones主/宾格Me宾格Us宾格my属格our属格She/he主格They主格your属格your属格Him/her宾格Them宾格His/her属格their属格You主格You主格its属格Their属格It主格They主格this主/宾/属These主/宾/属It宾格them宾格that主/宾/属those主/宾/属
三、代词——要点掌握(一)人称代词的用法1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语,宾格用作及物动词或介词的宾语,属格用作定语。例如:Johnwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.JohnhopedthepassengerwouldbeMaryandindeeditwasshe.2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:Isawherwiththem;atleast,Ithoughtitwasher.(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语(表语))
3.人称代词之主、宾格的替换宾格代替主格a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾格。----IlikeEnglish.--我喜欢英语。----Metoo.--我也喜欢。----Havemorewine?--再来点酒喝吗?----Notme.--我可不要了。b.在than和as引导的从句中,人称代词也得用主格。HeistallerthanI(正式)/me.(非正式)Sheismorethoughtfulthanhe.Weenjoysurfingasmuchasthey.
4.人称代词在句中的词序:(1)两个以上人称代词并列时,出于礼貌的缘故,习惯上是第二、第三人称代词居前,第一人称居后。Theyaregoingtoseeyou,Tomandmeoff.(2)如果第一人称加上不定代词或后置定语的并列成分时,第一人称放前面。Weandfiveotherswillgoabroad.Iandtheyoungladylivingnextdoor.(3)如果说话人在承担责任、检讨工作等时,一般第一人称放前面。Iandhearetoblame.Weandthefirstgroupmadethemistakes.
5.it的特殊用法(1)用于“itis(was)----that(who/whom)---”强调结构中e.g.Billbrokethewindowhereyesterday.ItwasBillwho/thatbrokethewindowhereyesterday.ItwasthewindowthatBillshothereyesterday.ItwasherethatBillbrokethewindowyesterday.ItwasyesterdaythatBillbrokethewindowhere.
在带有it强调结构的英语考试中,测试重点往往放在人称代词的格或动词的数上,最好的办法是先去掉外加的Itis(was)---that(who)这个强调结构,并能发现问题所在。Itwasusboyswhocleanedupaftertheparty.ABCDIthinkitisyouwhoiswrong。ABCD
(2)It用作形式主语或形式宾语It用作形式主语或形式宾语以代表后面真正的主语或宾语,真正主语或宾语通常是句子末尾的不定式、动名词或that从句。Itneedshardworktomasteraforeignlanguage.Itisadvisabletoinformhimbeforehand.Iconsideritmydutytohelphim.Ifinditquitepleasanttoworkwithyou.
代替动名词作形式主语或宾语主要用于以下结构中:Itisnouse/nogood/dangerous/useless/senseless/worthwhile/hardwork/awaste/anuisance+动名词(不宜用不定式)Itisnogoodtakingthismedicine.MyEnglishlevelisnotveryhigh,soitishardworkkeepingupwithmyAmericanclassmates.ItisverylikelythatTeamBwillbeatTeamAthistime.Itisnotknownwhentheprojectwillbestarted.
(二)相互代词1.相互代词只有eachother和oneanother两个词组。按传统的语法概念,eachother用于两者之间的相互关系;oneanother用于两者以上之间的相互关系。Henryhastwochildren.Theyloveeachother.Henryhasthreechildren.Theyloveoneanother.但在实际生活中,两者可以交替使用。
2.相互代词的所有格(属格)应注意一个问题:oneanother和eachother的属格为oneanother`s,不是oneanothers`;应是eachother’s,不是eachothers`.它们后面接不可数名词或复数可数名词,不能接单数可数名词。Whilestudyingeachother’sstrongpoints(长处,系复数可数名词),youshouldalsopointouteachother’sshortcoming.(复数可数名词)TedandBilloftenexchangeeachother’sworkexperience.
3.相互代词不能用作主语e.g.Weknowwhatoneanother(eachother)wantsWeeachknow(knoweach)whattheotherwants.Eachofusknowswhattheotherwants.注:不管other是单数还是复数,其前面的冠词the必不少。Eachofusknowswhattheotherswant.Wetwocorrespondwitheachotherregularly,soweeachknow(eachofusknows)howtheotherisgettingalong.(主语系二者,故other用单数)Wethreecorrespondwithoneanotherregularly,soweeachknow(eachofusknows)howtheothersaregettingalong.
(三)物主代词形容词性的物主代词名词性的物主代词Myourmineoursyouryouryoursyourshistheirhistheirshertheirherstheirsitstheiritstheirs
1.物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:Johnhadcuthisfinger;apparentlytherewasabrokenglassonhisdesk.约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性(my,your等)和名词性(mine,yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
2双重所有格物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主词如:afriendofmine.eachbrotherofhis.
(四)反身代词单数复数单数复数myselfourselveshimselfthemselvesyourselfyourselvesherselfthemselvesoneselfthemselvesitselfthemselves
有些动词需有反身代词absent(离场,缺席),bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behaveE.G.Therewasanexcellentfootballmatchyesterday.Allthestudentsabsentedthemselvesfromtheclass.Takecare.Don’tcutyourself.注意:1.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错)Myselfdrovethecar.(对)Imyselfdrovethecar.我自己开车。2.但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself作主语。Charlesandmyselfsawit.3.主语为第二人称,且第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。Youshouldbeproudofyourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。
(五)指示代词指示代词有this/these,that/those,same,such等词,既可作限定词又可做代词,指示代词的句法功能;a.作主语Thisisthewaytodoit.这事儿就该这样做。b.作宾语Ilikethisbetterthanthat.我喜欢这个甚于那个。c.作主语补语Mypointisthis.我的观点就是如此。d.作介词宾语Idon’tsaynotothat.我并未拒绝那个。Thereisnofearofthat.那并不可怕。
说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:(对)Thatismyteacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)(错)Heisgoingtomarrythis.(this作宾语时不能指人)(对)Iboughtthis.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
说明2:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:(对)Headmiredthatwhichlookedbeautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。(对)Headmiredthosewholookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)(错)Headmiredthatwhodancedwell.(that作宾语时不能指人)(对)Headmiredthosewhodancedwell.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)(对)Headmiredthosewhichlookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
Such的用法1.用作主语SuchismyimpressionofEnglish.Pleasesendusyourlatestsamplesifsuchareavailable.2.用作宾语Sinceyouareascholar,youshouldshowyourselfassuch.做as的宾语。Theircriticismofme,ifitwasintendedforsuch,wasofferedinagentleandmildway.。
3.用作表语(1)Such往往倒置于句首,有时也用于句中。Sucharetheviewpointsofmyfriendsonlife.倒装结构,主语viewpoints是复数,故such后接复数are.Suchbeingthecase,Ihavetopostponemydeparturetillnextmonth.Suchbeingthecase系常用的对立结构,主语是case,作“情况既然如此”解。
(2)such和that或as引导的从句一起用(从句在后)Theissueisnotsuchascanbeeasilymediated.这一争端并非如此,以致可以较易调解。(as代词,用作主语,不能省。)Suchwastheforceoftheexplosion(=Theforceoftheexplosionwassuch)thatallthewindowswerebroken.(注意such置于句首,采用倒装语序,that是连词,需接主谓完整的结构)Theprogresswassuch(=sogreat)thatitsurprisedherteacher.连词that后面的it用作主语指代progress,绝不能省略,如that换用代词as,则需去掉it,as充当主语,即Theprogresswassuchassurprisedherteacher..
(3)such也可以和as引导的不定式短语连用,as不能省略。OurfirstviewofHonoluluwassuchastostampifforeveronthememoriesofallofus.檀香山给我们的第一印象是如此深刻,以致将永远留在我们所有人的记忆中。Ihopehisillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.我希望他的病还不至于那样让人担忧。Sheisnotsuchabadwomanastoill-treattheboy.她这女人还不至于坏到虐待孩子。Itwassuchstrongwindtoblowtheroofoff.风这么大,以致把房子都掀掉了。
4.Such用作定语Sucha(n)接单数可数名词;such接不可数名词或复数可数名词。Suchafool/afilm/astory/athing/ainterestingstorySuchfools/films/stories/thingsSuchinformation/patience/weather/elegance可以说suchafool(afilm,astory,athing),但不能说nosuchafool(afilm,astory,athing),因no等同于nota或notany,以包括不定冠词a,故在nosuchafool等这一结构中,a乃多余,需删掉。
Such和so用法上的区别Such句型So句型Sucha(n)+(形容词)+单数可数名词Such+(形容词)+不可数名词Such+(形容词)+复数可数名词So+形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词该句型中不能用复数可数名词,也不可用不可数名词Sucha+单数可数名词+as从句Such+复数可数名词+as从句Such+不可数名词+as从句在上列句型中,指示代词such用作定语,as用作代词;as在其引导的从句中作主语,宾语或表语。
e.g.suchamanashe.as用作表语,因he后面的is省掉了,即asheis,故ashe不能改为ashim.Suchamanhementioned.As用作mentioned的宾语,故he不能改为him.Suchamanaswasmentionedbyyou.As用作asmentioned的主语。SuchlanguagesasarestudiedbyyouAs用作arestudied的主语;suchlanguages用复数,故as后面的谓语动词用复数形式are.
在此句型中,such----as----是分开的,也并在一起,写成suchas-----,即AmansuchasheAmansuchasyoumentioned.Amansuchaswasmentionedbyyou.Languagessuchasarestudiedbyyou.SincetheIndustrialRevolution,theprimarysourcesofABenergy,otherthanhumanmuscleandmanuallabor,Chavebeensuchfossilfuelslikeoil,coalandgas.D
Same的用法不论用作主语、宾语、定语或表语,same前面应有定冠词the.Same的常用结构Thesame-----as(接从句,从句中的谓语常省略,有时主谓一起省略)Iworkinthesamecorporationashe(worksin).Youhavemadethesamemistakesas(youmade)lasttime.Thesame------that(接从句,从句中的谓语通常不省略)Youhavemadethesamemistakethatyoumadelasttime.Thesame------with(接宾语)Iworkinthesamecorporationwithhim(=ashe).Ourshouldspeakclearlyanditisthesamewithwriting.
(六)疑问代词疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:指 人:who,whom,whose指 物:what既可指人又可指物:which
疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。试比较:疑问代词:Whosearethesebooksonthedesk?WhatwasthedirectionalflowofU.S.territorialexpansion?美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?限定词:Whosebooksaretheseonthedesk?WhateventsledtomostoftheeastoftheMississippiRiverbecomingpartoftheUnitedStates?哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
注意1.无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which和what所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:Whichgirlsdoyoulikebest?你喜欢哪几个姑娘?Whatgirlsdoyoulikebest?你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
2.Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom,例如:Who(m)didyoumeetonthestreet?你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)Who(m)areyoutakingthebookto?你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)Towhomdidyouspeakonthecampus?你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)
3.whom用作介词宾语时,如果介词移至句末,whom则改用主格,在口语中尤其如此。Towhomdoyouwishtospeak?Whodoyouwishtospeakto?Aboutwhomareyoutalking?Whoareyoutalkingabout?
(七)关系代词关系代词有who(主格)、whom(宾格)、whose(属格)、that和which。它们用来引导定语从句以修饰它们所代表的名词或代词,该词称为先行词。关系代词在其所引导的定语从句中充当主语,宾语,表语或定语。Who用于人,which用于物,、that则两者皆可。
(非)限定性(非)限定性限定性指 人指 物指人或指物主格whowhichthat宾格whom(限定性)whichthat属格whoseOfwhich/whosewhose/ofwhich
Isawthemanwhoisfamousforhisfineacting.(用作主语)Theguestwhomyoumentionedhasnotcomeyet.(用作宾语)Thecompanydidnotwanttohireamanwhoseexperiencewassolimited.作定语Ilikenovelswhich/thatdealwithphilosophicalquestions代表物Peoplethat/whohavenotbeenproperlytrainedcannotdothiskindofwork.代表人Amyisnolongerthegirlthatshewas.作表语
Which和whom在定语从句中作状语或定语时的处理如果关系代词which和whom在它们所引导的定语从句中作状语或定语作用时,需在它们之前加上介词。用作定语Thefactoryhas3,000workers,ofwhomabout1,000arewomen.Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.用作状语HereisthebookaboutwhichItoldyoutheotherday.(aboutwhich修饰told)TheroominwhichDanielworksiskeptingoodorder.inwhich修饰works)
关系代词whowhomwhich和that的主要用法Which的先行词可以是一个句子当先行词是一个指人的集体名词时,如果强调整体,用which;若强调各个成员,用who.当先行词前有最高级形容词、only、any或no时,用that,不用which.在用作名词的little,much和代词all,everything,something,anything,nothing,none后面用that在everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone,somebody,someone等词后面用who/whom
遇到有两个先行词,一个指人,一个指物,这时应用thatThat前面不能有介词关系代词whom和which还可和不定式连用,但前面需加介词,或省掉关系代词把介词移至句末,即“介词+whom/which+不定式”或“(whom/which)省掉不定式+介词”Hobisapleasantyoungmanwithwhomtowork.Hobisapleasantyoungmantoworkwith.
用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的关系代词同学们自行总结
(八)不定代词all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone.等。