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高中英语语法知识点详解(定语从句)6 .She went to Japan two years ago, since when I haven"t heard from her. 她两年前去了日本,从那以后我没有收到过她的来信。2)where的用法:where指地点,在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常为place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等表示地点的名词。where引导的定语从句还可以放在from后。This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这就是我去年呆过的山村。The little boy hid himself behind the door, from where he could see his mum enter the room. 那个小男孩躲在门后,从那里他可以看见他妈妈进入房间。3)why的用法:why指原因或理由,它的先行词只有reason, 在定语从句中作原因状语。 Is this the reason why she refused our offer? 这就是她拒绝我们帮助她的理由吗?I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting. 我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因的。 4)关系副词的省略:在表示方式、时间或地点的先行词后,常用that来替代19
in which, when, where; that也可以省略。that在句中充当副词使用,只引导定语从句,不作任何成分。被修饰的先行词常为the way(方法),the time(次数),the direction(方向),the day(s),the place(s)等。Can you work out a way (that/in which) we can solve this problem? 你能找出一种我们能够解决这个问题的办法吗? This is the third time (that/for which) he has been late this week. 这是他本周内第三次迟到。Then came the day (that/when/on which) he had to leave. 到了他必须走的日子了。V“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句“介词+which”可以替代when, where, why等;“介词+whom/whose”在定语从句中没有与之对应的替代词。 1.19
替代when I"ll never forget the days on which (when) we studied together. 我永远忘不了我们一起学习的日子。The year in which (when) the earthquake happened was 1976. 地震发生的那年是1976年。 2. 替代where This is the town in which (where) Shakespeare was born. 这是莎士比亚出生的城镇。I forgot the exact place in which (where) I had hidden the box. 我忘记了埋藏这盒子的确切地点。3. 替代why There"s no reason for which (why) we shouldn"t be friends. 我们没有理由不能称为朋友。I"d like you to explain the reason for which (why) you were absent. 我想让你解释一下你没来的原因。高中英语语法知识点详解(定语从句) 7 4. 替代that There are varieties of ways in which (that) we can solve this problem. 我们有很多方法可以解决这个问题。 19
March is the best time in which/ during which (that) farmers plough their fields. 三月是农民耕地的最佳时间。 5. “名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构此类结构常见的有“some/several/a few/ a little/many/more/most/the largest (land)+of+which/whom”等形式。 Here are the questions, some of which I thought difficult for you. 19
问题都在这儿,其中一些我认为对你来说太难。 Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the US. 出席会议的大都是DNA方面的专家,其中大部分来自美国。 6. 关系代词前介词的确定 1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。 I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved. 我买了很多书,这些书花了我积攒的所有钱。(on依据spend...on确定的) 19
Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. 皮鞋生意是格林一家非常投入的事业。(to依据be devoted to 确定的) 2)依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。 In ten years, Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company, in which more than 1,000 people now work. 在十年的时间里,吉尔从在邮局做起,一直做到开公司,现在有1,000多人在他的公司 上班。 19
I"ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的时光。 3)根据所表达的意思来确定。 The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的,离了它我们不能活的气体就是氧气。 You"ve anyway made some mistakes, except for which your performance would be the best. 你不知为什么犯了几个错误,要不是这几个错误,你的表演将会是最好的。 注意:1)在英语中有时为了强调某一名词,不定式前也可加上关系词。 19
Here is the money with which to buy a piano. (= Here is the money to buy a piano with.) 这就是买钢琴的钱。 2)有些“动词+介词”短语(如look for, look after, call on等)如果介词提前将会失 19
去动词短语的意义,所以不可把介词置于关系代词前。 My younger brother, after whom I have to look, is demanding. × My younger brother, whom I have to look after, is demanding. √ 我得照看我的小弟弟,真是让人费神。19
VI 关系词的省略 1. 关系代词的省略 1)关系代词在从句中作动词宾语时可省略。 I have never regretted the decision (that/which) I made years ago. 我从来没为我几年前作出的决定感到后悔。 四维教育 19
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高中英语语法知识点详解(定语从句) 8 I have been to the city twice (that/ which) you just visited. 你刚参观完的那座城市我去过两次。 219
)关系代词在从句中作表语时可省略。 After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/ that) he used to be. 二十年后,约翰逊不再是当年那个淘气的男孩子了。 The village is not the one (that) it was years ago. Great changes have taken place. 这个村庄不再是多年前的样子了,已经发生了巨大的变化。 3)关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语,而介词在从句句尾时可省略。 Generation gap is a problem (that) people are interested in. 代沟是人们感兴趣的问题。 Pamela"s health is the biggest thing (which/that) her parents are greatly concerned about. 19
帕米勒的健康问题是她父母最担心的事情。 2. 关系副词的省略 1)先行词the place后的关系副词可省略。That"s the place (where) he lived when he was in Paris. 这就是他在巴黎时所住的地方。2)先行词the reason后面的关系副词可省略。The reason (why) he did that is quite clear. 他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。3)当先行词是way时,关系副词常常省略。I appreciate the way (that) you teach us. 我喜欢你教我们的方式。VII 定语从句中需注意的问题1.关系代词与关系副词的判断依据依据用法根据从句谓语动词是及物动词,后面若无宾语,用关系代词;是不及物动词则用关系副词。根据先行词可在从句中作的成分把先行词放进定语从句中,若可作主语、宾语、定语用关系代词;作状语则用关系副词。1)19
This is the factory where he used to work. 这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(work是不及物动词)This is the factory that/which I visited last year. 这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(visit是及物动词)2)Is this the museum (that/which) you visited a few days ago? 这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗?(从句缺宾语)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held? 这就是举办展览的那座博物馆吗?(从句缺状语)高中英语语法知识点详解(定语从句)9 2.限定性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别区分点限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句限制程度不可或缺,去掉后主句意思不明确补充说明主句,去掉不影响主句意义的完整句子结构先行词与从句间没有逗号先行词与从句间用逗号分开翻译方式 一般译成前置定语一般译成并列句 关系词的省略作宾语的关系代词可以省略任何关系代词均不可省略,19
且不可用关系代词that A doctor is a person who looks after people"s health. 医生就是照顾人们健康的人。She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. 她说她已经完成了她的工作,我对此深表怀疑。We all honor and respect Albert Einstein, who is the greatest physicist in the world. 我们都敬重爱因斯坦,他是世界上最伟大的物理学家。注意:当先行词是整个主句、专有名词或先行词有物主代词、指示代词修饰时,一般用非限 制性定语从句。3.定语从句与同位语从句的区别1)相同点:定语从句和同位语从句都修饰名词。 2)不同点:句法作用不同:定语从句起修饰限制作用,用来说明名词的性质、特征、来源出处等,属于形容词性从句范畴;同位语从句是用来对前面具有具体信息内容或一定内涵的名词,如idea, fact, news, hope, suggestion, proposal, thought, doubt等作进一步的解释和说明,属于名词性从句的范畴。(1)先行词不同:定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句,同位语从句的先行词只能是一个抽象名词。(2)引导词不同:定语从句的引导词有that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, 介词19
+which/whom等;同位语从句的引导词除有that, who, why, where, when之外还有whether, how, what。 (that在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语,作宾语时可以省略;然而在同位语从句中,that只起连接作用,无意义,不作任何成分且不可以省略。) I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事。(同位语从句,补充说明idea的内容)I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句,补充说明promise的内容,that 不可省略)The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈许下了一个令她的孩子们高兴的诺言。(定语从句,that在从句中作pleased的主语,不可省略)Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句,19
which代指整个主句)高中英语语法知识点详解(定语从句)10 4.when, where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别when, where引导的定语从句往往要修饰一个表示时间或地点的先行词,其引导的状语从句则无先行词。I"ll never forget his surprise when we told him. 我永远不会忘记我们告诉他时他的惊讶表情。(时间状语从句)I shall never forget the years when I lived in the countryside. 我将永远忘不了我在乡下居住的那些岁月。(定语从句,when可用in which替换)He found the book where he lost it the day before. 他在头一天丢书的地方找到了那本书。(地点状语从句)He found the book at the place where he lost it the day before. 他在头一天丢书的地方找到了那本书。(定语从句,where可用at which替换)5.定语从句的主谓一致1)一般来讲,关系代词作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数的方面应该与先行词保持一致。Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。I, who am your new teacher, will try my best to teach you. 19
我,你们的新老师,将会尽力教你们。 2)当“one of +复数名词”作先行词,且关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数;若one前有the, the only, the very, the right或just the等修饰时,则定语从句的谓语动词与one 一致。You are the only one of the clerks who is invited to the party. 你是唯一一个被邀请参加晚会的职员。You are one of the clerks who are invited to the party. 你是被邀请参加晚会的职员之一。 3)“some/many/little/few/a little/the largest/most等+of who/which”引导的非限制性定语从句并在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词与of之前的部分一致。The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds. 那人掏出一块金表,表针是由小钻石制成的。The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which are beyond your control. 植物的生长速度受多反面因素的影响,其中大多数因素是我们不能控制的。19