高考英语语法第三讲从句 57页

从句考点归纳 从句1.名词性从句2.定语从句3.状语从句 名词性从句1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.同位语从句 I．语序问题在名词性从句中，除了关联词在从句之首外，其它部分应用陈述句的语序，Heasked____ foraviolin．（NMET92）A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid II．用it代替主语从句或宾语从句为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中，但what，whatever，whoever，whichever引导的主语从句一般不后置。例如：Ihate____ whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull．（MET98）A．itB．thatC．theseD．them［解析］答案：A。此题考查了it作先行词代替宾语从句，而把宾语从句放在句末。其它人称代词或指示代词都不能代替从句。 2.用it作形式主语的结构(1)Itis＋名词＋从句Itisafactthat…事实是…Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识(2)Itis＋形容词＋从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…(3)Itis＋不及物动词＋从句Itseemsthat…似乎…Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itappearsthat…似乎…(4)It＋过去分词＋从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…Itissaidthat…据说… III．关联词的区分 that从句与wh-从句的区别：that连词在从句中不作成分，不含有疑问意义，而wh-连词在从句中作成分，且含有疑问意义。1.____wecan"tgetseemsbetterthan____ wehave.（NMET96）A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,that D.That,what［解析］答案:A。此题考查了两个名词性从句,因为从句中都缺宾语,所以都应选what不选that,that在引导名词性从句时不作成分。2.—Doyouremember____ hecame?—Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.（NMET94）A.howB.whenC.thatD.if［解析］答案:A。根据答语Hecamebycar可知,问句应是提问方式,所以选择A,how。再如：______hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent.（NMET93）A.What B.ThatC.Thefact D.Thematter 另外，在名词性从句的复习过程中，我们还须特别注意以下问题：1．主语从句Whatever,whoever,whichever引导的主语从句的区分。whatever相当于anythingthat,是what的强调形式，表示“无论什么”。例如：Whatevershedoesisridiculous．whoever相当于anyonewho,是who的强调形式，表示“无论谁；任何……的人”。例如：Whoeverwalksaroundinsuchaheavyrainwillcatchacold．whichever“无论哪个;无论哪些”,既指人,也指物;可以单独使用,可以修饰名词,也可以后跟of短语。例如：Whicheverofusfulfilshistaskfirstwilllendahandtoothers．Whicheverbookyouborrowdoesn"tmattertous． 2．表语从句reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导,不能用why引导,但reason后面的定语从句可以用why或者that引导。例如：Thereasonwhywedidn"ttrusthimisthathehasoftenlied．3．同位语从句①能跟同位语从句的名词。idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt等名词后面,可以跟that或者连接代词、连接副词引导的同位语从句。同位语从句只是对前面的名词作进一步的解释,说明前面的名词的具体含义。例如：Wearesurprisedatthefactthatthechildrendiditontheirown．TheyexpressedthehopethatwewouldgoandvisitGermanyagain． ②同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略;that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义，不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句:Thesuggestion(that)heraisedatthemeetingisverygood.（that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略）Thesuggestionthatthestudents(should)haveplentyofexerciseisverygood.（that引导同位语从句）Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.（that引导同位语从句,不能省略）Haveyougottheidea(that)thisbookgivesyouoflifeinancientGreece?（that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略） 名词性从句的两点注意注意一引导词that的省略引导宾语从句时，that可以省略引导主语、表语和同位语从句时，that不能省 注意二：名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致（1）宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如果从句中表示提示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。如：Hello,Ididn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here? The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed. （2）主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。如：When the meeting will begin ______not been decided yet.（hasnot）When they will start and where they go _______not been decided yet. (havenot)When and where the meeting will begin _______not been decided.（hasnot） 定语从句 一、引导定语从句的关系词指代人who，whom，that指代事物which，that所属关系whose，ofwhich指地点where指时间when指原因why 二、关系代词that和which在很多情况下可以互换，但下列情况只用that。All______canbedonehasbeendone.Doyouhaveanything________youdon’tunderstand?Thereislittle_______canbebelievedaboutit.Thebookdoesn’tsaymuch________amuseschildren.thatthatthatthat先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定代词，引导定语从句用that。(something有时可用which) Hamburgisthemostbeautifulcity_______I’veeverseen.ThisisthebestTV_______ismadeinChina.Thefirstmuseum_______hevisitedinChinawastheHistoryMuseum.thatthatthat先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用that。 I’vereadallthebooks________youlentme.Nosample________wenavereceivedissatisfactory.Pleasesendusanyinformation________youhaveaboutthesubject.Heistheonlyperson_________waspresentatthetime.thatthatthatthat先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last修饰时，引导定语从句用that。 Thefamouswriterandhisworks_________theradiobroadcasthavearousedgreatinterestamongthestudents.Avictimisaperson,animalorthing________sufferspain,death,harm,etc.thatthat先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that. Who_______youhaveeverseencandoitbetter?Who_______youaretalkingtoistheyoungfellow?thatthatWho做先行词时，引导定语从句用that。 三、不用that，而用which，who，whom的情况Hemadethesamemistakesagain,_____madehisparentsveryangry.YesterdayIboughtadictionary,_______costmemorethan100yuan.MrSmith,_______gaveatalkseveralmonthsago,willcomeagain.Myunclehascomebackfromabroad,________Ihaven’tmetforalongtime.whichwhichwhowhom在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用which，指人用who或whom。 Herbag,in________sheputallhermoney,hasbeenstolen.Thisistheringon________shespent1000dollars.XiaoWang,with________Iwenttotheconcert,enjoyeditverymuch.whichwhichwhom在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom。 注意：如何判断介词Thegirl_____whichhehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.Heistheman_____whomIthinkyoucandepend.1、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配foron 2、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配Hereferredmetosomereferencebooks______whichIamnotveryfamiliar.Dolphinsmightbetrainedtocooperatewithfishermenandhelpthembyfindingorevencatchingfish,______allofwhichactivitiesdolphinsareexpert.within 3、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词搭配Therate______whichwildanimalsarebeingdestroyedhasincreased.Thisisourclassroom,_______________whichthereisateacher’sdesk.atinthefrontof Thecommitteeconsistsof20members,5of_______arewomen.Thebookcontains50poems,mostof________werewrittenin1930s.Therearetwoleft,oneof_______isalmostfinished,andtheotherof_______isnotquite.Ihaveasentence,themeaningof_______Idon’tunderstand.whomwhichwhichwhichwhich名词/代词/数词+of+which/whom where引导的定语从句先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词，用where引导定语从句,在从句做状语。Thisisthetownwhere(=inwhich)Ispentmychildhood.Thetablewhere(=atwhich)sheissittingisanewone.Canyouthinkofasituationwhereyoumayusethisexpression? 注意1若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。Thelibrary________studentsoftenstudywasonfirelastnight.Thelibrary,_______wasbuiltinthe1930s,needsrepairing.Thelibrary________youvisitedyesterdaywasbuiltin1990.wherewhichwhich 注意2区分where引导的定语从句和状语从句where前面有被修饰的地点名词时，是定语从句，否则是状语从句。Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkatthespotwhereyouhaveanyquestions.Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions. when引导的定语从句先行词是表示时间的名词，用when引导定语从句,在从句作状语。I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)Imetyou.Thiswasthetimewhen(=atwhich)heleftforBeijing.Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,whenwewon’tbebusy. 注意:若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。I’llneverforgettheday_________wefirstmetinthepark.I’llneverforgetthetime_________Isentoncampus.I’llneverforgetthetime__________wasspentwithyou.whenwhichthatwhichthat why引导的定语从句。先行词是表示原因的名词，用引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。Thisisthereasonwhy(=forwhich)Ididn’tcomehere.Thereason__________shegavewasnottrue.whichthat whose引导的定语从句表示所属关系Theriver_________banksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.whoseThereareinthisclass20students,______aredifferent.A.whosebackgroundsB.thebackgroundsofwhomC.ofwhomthebackgroundsD.thebackgroundsofwhose 状语从句 1、时间状语从句：从属连词有：when,while,as,whenever,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas,once…等。 注意：（1）when,as,whilewhen既可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它表示动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。 as引导持续性动作，侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。e.g.Hesangashewalked. While：指的是“在某一时间里”，“在…期间”，从句里的动作必须是持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。e.g.WhilewewerewatchingTV,hewaswritingacomposition. 由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere引导2、地点状语从句： 由because,as,since,nowthat引导。区别是:because：表示“因为”，直接而明确的原因和理由，语气最强，why提问的句子，一般都用because回答。e.g.Hedidn"tcomebecausehewasill.3、原因状语从句： since：表示“既然”，语气比because弱。e.g.Sinceyouarehere,youmustdoit.nowthat意思与since相似，表示“既然”。e.g.Nowthatalltheguestshavearrived,let’shaveourdinner. for也表示“因为”，但是并列连词，它连接的不是状语从句，语气比较强。Itmustbemorning,forthebirdsaresinging. 由sothat,inorderthat,incase（以防、免得）,forfearthat等引导：Ihidthebookforfearthatheshouldseeit.4、目的状语从句： 由that,so…that,such…that引导：注意：so后面跟的是形容词和副词such后面跟的是名词（词组）5、结果状语从句： 由if,unless,aslongas(=solongas)(只要),incase(that)(如果，万一),onlyif,providing(that)等引导：IncasethatIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutthat.6、条件状语从句： 由though,although,while,as(虽然尽管),evenif,eventhough引导.7、让步状语从句： 1.由连词as…as,notso(as)…as,than等引导：2.“the+比较级(接从句)，the+比较级(接主句)，这一句型也归在比较状语从句内。8、比较状语从句： 由连词：as,asif,asthough引导：asif和asthough意义和用法大致一样，引导的从句多用虚拟语气，但也可用陈述语气。HetreatsmeasifIwerehisownson.Hewalkedasifheweredrunk.9、方式状语从句： 完成句子其他考点之倒装倒装释义---谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装倒装的形式---全部倒装和部分倒装全部倒装是指整个谓语置于主语之前部分倒装仅是指助动词、情态动词或be动词等功能置于主语这前 全部倒装的经典例句Theregoesthebell.Herecomesthebus. 考点---部分倒装以否定词(notuntil,barely,hardly,never,seldom,not)放句首,句子要倒装.以so开头表示也是的句子,以neither/nor开头表示也不是的句子,要倒装. So…that句型中---So+adj/adv+谓语+主语As引导的让步状语从句---Adj+as+主语+谓语 完成句子其他考点之倍数表达法1.Aisthree(four,etc.)times/half/onethirdthesize(height,length…)ofB.如：Theirlibraryistwicethesizeofours. 2.Aisthree(four,etc.)times/half/onethirdasbig(high,long…)asB.如：Thenewbridgeisthreetimesaslongastheoldone. 3.Aisthree(four,etc.)times/half/onethirdbigger(higher,longer…)thanB.如：Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours. 倍数表达例题P24/32上P25/9