2016届高中英语语法复习第四讲非谓语动词讲练 6页

四非谓语动词语法精讲_、概述:在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式；动词的Tng形式；过去分词。（一）非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用：Theybuiltagarden.TheysuggestedbuiIdingagarden.2)都可以被状语修饰：Thesuitfitshimverywell.Thesuitusedtofithimverywel1・3）都有主动与被动，“体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化（过去分词除外）。例：Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.（谓语动词被动语态）Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents.（ing形式白勺被动式）Wehavewrittenthecomposition.（谓语动词的完成时）Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin.（现在分词的完成式）4）都可以有逻辑主语Theystartedtheworkatonce.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）WeareLeaguemembers・（谓语动词的主语）WebeingLeaguemember,theworkwaswel1done・（ing形式白勺逻辑主语）（二）非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动词的-ing形式），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式、动词的Tng形式和过去分词），在句屮做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式、动词的Tng形式和过去分词），在句中作状语。非谓语动词的句法功能一览表:主语表语宾语补语定语状语同位语不定式-ing形式过去分词（三入非谓语动词的各种形式:1、不定式的形式：不定式分为带to和不带to的不定式两种（以write为例）主动被动一般式towritetobewritten进行式tobewriting/完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成进行式tohavebeenwriting/否定式：not+(to)donot(to)bewritingnot(to)bewrittennot(to)havewritten等2.-ing形式的形式：（以write;go为例）及物动词write不及物动词go 主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式writingbeingwrittengoing完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenhavinggone否定式：not+writingnot+beingwrittennot+havingwrittennothavingbeenwritten等二、非谓语动词的用法比较1)动词不定式和-ing形式作主语比较-ing形式作主语表示--般或抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。例如：1.isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold・(MET1992)A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk答案是B2.Itisnotunusualforworkersinthatregion•A.tobepaidmorethanamonthlaterB・tobepaidlaterthanmoreamonthC.topaylaterthanamonthmoreD.topaylatermorethanamonth答案是A.2.动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作表语比较(1)如果-ing形式的作用相当于名词时，不定式和-ing形式作表语的区别同作主语一样。Hisjobisbui1dinghouses.Ourtasknowistoincreasefoodproduction.Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthecustomers.Themostimportantthingistoputtheoryintopractice.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake(Key：B)(2)如果-ing形式的作用相当于形容词时，Tng形式作表语时不是说明主语的内容，而是表示主语所具有的特征或所处的状态。即主语“令(使)人….”；过去分词表示主语“感到….”Whatyousaidwasencouraging.Twassurprisedatthenews..3动词不定式和-ing形式作宾语比较(1)有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语,女U：want,wish,hope,manage,demand,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect等。Weagreedhere,butsofarshehasn，tturnedupyet.(NMET1995)A.havingmetB・meetingC.tomeetD・tohavemet(Key：C)(2)有些动词后只跟-ing形式作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,suggest,deny,putoff等。ThesquirrelwassoluckythatA.catchingB・tobecaughtTwouldappreciatebackA.youtocal1B・youcallitjustmissed.(MET1987)C.beingcaughtD.tocatch(Key：C)thisafternoon.(MET1992)C.youcallingD.yourecalling(Key：C)(3)有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟-ing形式，意义上无多大区别，如：love,like,hate,prefer,intend,start,continue等。Tintendtofinish/finishingthetaskthismorning.(4)有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式，但意义上有区别，女n：forget, remember,mean,regret,stop,try等。—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.—Oh,Iforgot.（MET1991）A.tui^ningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff（Key：C）—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregretthat.（NMET1995）A.todoB・tobedoingC・tohavedoneD.havingdone（Key：D）4、动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较（1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，如：ask,tell,order,want,wish,warn,allow,advise,permit,forbid等。Thepatientwaswarnedoilyfoodaftertheoperation.（NMET1996）A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating（Key：C）（2）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式、过去分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语，但意义不同，女U：see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,have,make等，且不定式不带to,但在被动结构中必须带to.不定式指动作的全过程；-ing形式指正在进行的动作的一部分，且都表主动意义；过去分词表被动意义，指已经完成的动作，beingdone也表被动意义，但表正在进行的动作。Pauldoesn"thavetobemade.Healwaysworkshard・（NMET1995）A.learnB.tolearnC・learnedD.learning（Key：B）Themanagerdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseethenextyear.（2000）A.carryoutB・carryingoutC.carriedoutD・tocarryout（Key：C）Westoodontheplaygroundwatchingthenationalflagbeingraised・5不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作定语比较（1）不定式作定语表示“将要”，-ing形式表示“正在”，过去分词表示“己经”，且只表被动。特別要注意比较tobedone;beingdone;done作定语的用法。注意：-ing形式的完成式不用来作定语。TheOlympicGames,in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntill912.（NMET1997）A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC・firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying（Key：C）WhenTgotbackhomeTsawamessagepinnedtothedooruSorrytomissyou；Iwillcalllater.”（NMET1999）A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading（Key：D）（2）-ing形式相当于名词时作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，-ing形式相当于形容词时作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。aswimmingpool动名词作定语，aswimmingfish现在分词作定语。（3）有些不及物动词既可用-ing形式，也可用过去分词作定语，但意义不一样。fallingleavesfallenleavesdevelopingcountriesdevelopedcountriesboilingwaterboiledwater6动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词，表示原因、目的和结果，-ing形式、过去 分词作状语修饰动词和句子，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.（NMET2001）A.TosleepB・SleepingC・SleepD.Havingslept（Key：A）suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.（NMET2000）A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered（Key：A）moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.（MET1990）A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven（Key：A）注意：答题时要分清是非谓语动词作状语、主语,还是祈使句。三、非谓语动词的其他要点I、非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在英后发生，非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前C不定式的进行式表示用于描述在我们谈论的时I"可（现在或过去）正在继续的动作。例1：Alotofyoungpeoplearelearningtodrivecars.（同卩寸发生）例2：Allofusexpectedtodiscoveranewo订field.（非谓语动词动作发生在后）例3：HeissaidtohavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.（非谓语动词动作发生在前）例3:WeenjoywatchingcolorTV.（与谓语动词动作同时）例4：Heforgothavingpromisedtowritethingsforus.（非谓语动词动作发生在前）例5：Singingasong,hecameintotheroom.（非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同吋发生）例6：Havin£writtenhiscomposition,hewenttohaveahearttohearttalkwithWang.（非谓语动词动作发生在前）例7：It"snicetobesittingwithyou.（不定式的进行式表示现在正在继续的动作）例8：Inoticedthatheseemedtobesmokingalot.（不定式的进行式表示过去正在继续的动作）II、动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended,expected,meant,wereto,wasto等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为。例如：例9:Imeanttohavesentthebooktoyoubymai1.（我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。）例10:Hewastohavebeenthenewambassador,buthefel1ill.（他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。）III、不带to的几种用法1、不定式的进行式、完成式与情态动词连用表推测、责怪等。（略）2、在let;make;see;hear;feel;watch;notice;help;observe;have;等后可跟不带to的不定式作宾补.例11:Sheletsherchildrenstayupverylate.例12：Tmadethemgivemethemoneyback.例13：HaveMrs.Hansencomein,please.例14：I"veneverknownhim（to）payforadrink. 3^Why（not）句型屮例15：Whypaymoreatothershops?Wehavethelowestpricesintown.例16：Whynotletmelendyousomemoney?4^and,or,except,but,than后例17：I"dliketoliedownandgotosleep.例18：Doyouwanttohavelunchorwaittil1later?例19：Wehadnothingtodoexcept（to）lookatthepostersoutsidethecinemas.例20：It"seasiertopersuadepeoplethan（to）forcethem.5、解释do的精确意思的句屮，可以含有不带to的不定式。例21：AllIdidwas（to）givehimalittlepush.例22：Whatafire-doordoesis（to）delaythespreadofafirelongenoughforpeopletogetout.IV、动词不定式、-ing形式的复合结构1、〃介词for+名词/代词〃表示不定式的逻辑主语。常用于：Ttis+adj.+forsb.+todosth.结构.Ttisinconvenientformetowritethewholebookbyhand.Ttisnecessaryforyoutohurryup.Otherwiseyouwi11belate.Thatisforyoutoeat・Itistimeforustohavedinner.Thisisaproblemforustosolve.Forthechildrentoentercollege,manyparentsemploytutors.2、物主代词my、your等和所有格的词如John"s可与带-ing的形式连用。I，mannoyedaboutJohnJsforgettingtopay.Doyoumindmymakingasuggest]on?在非正式英语中，当这些词在语法上起着句子中宾语的作用吋，常用me,you,John这样一些形式T"mannoyedaboutJohnforgettingtopay.Doyoumindmemakingasuggestion?语法精练:1・（2002全国）Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremainswhethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD・seen2.（2002全国）Theresearchissodesignedthatoncenothingcanbedonetochangeit・A.beginsB・havingbegunC.beginningD.begun3.（2003北京春）Mr.Smith,ofthespeech,startedtoreadanovel.A.tired;boringB.tiring;boredC.tired;boredD.tiring;boring4・（2003上海春）Friendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan•A.keptB.tobekeptC.keepingD.beingkept5.（2003上海春）themeetinghimselfgavethemagreatdealofencouragement.A・Thepresidentwi11attendB.ThepresidenttoattendC・ThepresidentattendedD.Thepresident"sattending6.（2003上海春）Uniesstospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconferenee.A.invitedB・invitingC.beinginvitedD・havinginvited7.（2003_L海春）Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasa roleinmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive.A.tohaveplayedB.toplayC・tobeplayedD.tobeplaying5.（2002北京）Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?Thekeytheproblemistomeetthedemandbythecustomers?A.tosolve;makingB・tosolving;madeC.tosolve;makingD・tosolve;;made6.（2002上海）Tnordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystate-runcompanyarestrivingtheirproductsmorecompetitive.A.tomakeB.makingC.tohavemakeD・havingmade7.（2002上海）Thoughmoney,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin8.（2002上海）Don，tusewords,expressions,orphrasesonlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC・tobeknownD.known9.（2002上海）tosun1ightfortoomuchtimewi11doharmtoone，sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.Beingexposed0.Afterbeingexposed10.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet;buthismothertoldhim.A.nottoB.nottodoC・notdoitD・donotto11.Twou1dlovetothepartylastnightbutThadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport・A.togoB.tohavegoneC.tobegoneD・going12.Withalotofdifficultproblems,themanagerfeltworriedal1thetime.A.settledB・sett1ingc.tosettieD.beingsettled.