高中英语语法专项总复习及综合练习题附答案 71页

一名词用法1.名词的数：不可数名词1）抽象名词、物质名词、专有名词是不可数名词注意：不可数名词表示个体时，需用量词apieceofadvice/furniture/information/news/woodanarticleofclothing/furnitureabarofchocolate/soapaloafofbreadfiveheadofcattle/sheep2）以・ics结尾的表示学科的名词，动词一般用作单数，如mathematics,physics,statistics3）某些以・s结尾的专有名词常用作单数theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations2.可数名词1）.单复相同：deer,fish,sheep,works（工厂），means,species（种类），以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、币值等单位的名词如yuanjiao,fen,mu2）.表示“某国人"的名词复数形式：a.直接力口s.Russian一Russians,German一Germans,American一Americansb.以man和woman结尾的复合名词变-man为-men,Englishman一Englishmen,Frenchwoman一Frenchwomen（一）c.单复相同：Swiss（瑞士人）,Chinese,Japanese3）.复合名词的复数形式：a.以“可数名词+介词短语”构成的复合名词，在名词后面加-s:daughter（s）-in-law,looker（s）-on旁观者,passer（s）-by过路人b.以“动词或过去分词+副词"构成的复合名词，词尾加s:grown-up（s）,breakdowns（故障）c.man和woman作为性別标志修饰的名词，两者都变复数manservant■一menservants,womandoctor■一womendoctorsd.以可数名词结尾的复合名词，直接加-s,store-keepers,boy-friends,tooth-brushes.4）.一些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示不同类別silks（各种丝绸）,teas（各种茶叶）5）.有些名词的复数形式表示待别的意义Customs海关drinks饮料，sands沙滩，hairs几根头发,papers报纸,manners礼貌，spirits情绪（二）专有名词。是个人、国家、地方、组织、机构等所有专有的名称。例AsiaChina.（三）所有格l.s所有格的特殊表示形式有：a.用于表示吋间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today"snewspaper,fiveminutes"walk/drive,fivepounds"weight,b.用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。女山theearth"splanet,theword"spopulation,China"sindustry,NewYork"sparks 2.表示无生命的所有关系，用of+名词Eg:thewindowoftheroom,thegateoftheschool3.双重所有格：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词、或指示代词时，常用“of+名词"齐的形式表示所有关系。0勺后面的名词一般都表示人，不能表示物。公式为：a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词例如thatbookofTom"s,twofriendsofmyfather"s4.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,女U:thebarber"s理发店。5.如果两个名词并列，并且分别有0则表示”分別有J只有一个则表示"共有幕如：John"sandMary"sroom(两间JohnandMary"sroom(一间)二冠词基本用法一、不定冠词a,an的用法1.a,an与可数名词单数连用，表示某类事物中的任何一个，表示泛指Ahorseisadomesticanimal.马是家畜。Thisisatiger,notawolf.这是虎不是狼。2.用于可数名词前，指某个人或事物，但不具体说明何人、何物==acertainImetanoldwomaninthestreet.Amanislookingforme.3.an,a+可数名词单数，与one同源，表示“一”。Wewillbebackinadayortwo.Itisafootlong,aninchthick..Wchaveexaminationstwiceayear.4.a,an+具体化了的抽象名词，表示、、、、人或事。(help,success,failure,pleasure,pity,surprise)(1)-…Willyoufetchmesomewater?-■一Withpleasure.(2)It"sapleasuretohelpothers.(3)(Heoffermemuchhelp.)——Heisagreathelptome.(4)Themeetingisagreatsuccess.5.a,an=thesame之后加表示尺寸，年龄的名词。Theyarenearlyanage.(thesameage)Thedoorsarcofasize.(thesamesize)6.有时不可数名词前加a,表示特殊意义AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.7.不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：1)位于下列形容词之后:such,what,many,half,Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.Manyamanisfitforthejob.2)当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent. soshortatime,toolongadistance.1)quite,rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quitealot二、定冠词the的用法1.上文提到过的人或事：（+单、复数名词）Heboughtahouse・I"vebeentothehouse・他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。2.特指双方都明白的人或物：Takethemedicine.把药吃了。3.指世上独一物二的事物：thesun,thesky,themoon,theworldtheearth,themiddle,theright,theleftThesunrisesintheeast.4.用在形容词比较级，最高级，及形容词only,very,same等前面：Thedictionaryisthebetterofthetwo.ThisisthemostinterestingnovelIhaveeverread.That"stheverythingI"vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的东西。5.the+单数名词,表示一类人或事物，如：thedollar美元Whoinventedthetelephone?Thepandacatsbamboo.6.the+普通名词构成的专有名词thePeople"sRepublicofChina屮华人民共和国theUnitedStates美国theCommunistParty7.thc+形容词或分词连用，表示一类人（谓语动词用复数），表物可指一个therich富人;theliving生者Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.&the+逢“十”的复数前，表年代Inthefifties9.用在表示只器的名词之前：Sheplaysthepiano.她会弹钢琴。10.the+江，河，湖，海，山脉，海峡theRedSea,theIndianOcean,theAlps11.the+序数词，但表示“再,又一”时用aan+N.Wheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.你住在哪？我住在二层。Heisthefirsttocome.Canyoureaditasecondtime?12.the+复数名词，指整个群体,或the+姓氏的复数名词，表示一家人：Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.（指全体教师）Theyareteachersofthisschool.（指部分教师）theChinese指整个中华民族theGreens格林一家人（或格林夫妇） 9.定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all,both,double,half,twice,threetimes等词Z后，名词Z前。Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.班里的所有学生都出去了。三、不用冠词（零冠词） 1.物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；Densewatersinksandlessdensewaterispushedtothesurface・Helikesmusic.2.泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；Theyareteachers,notstudents・Apples,pearsandgrapesbelongtofYuit.3.在一日三餐，学科，季节、月份、节日、假日、tl期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；但若有修饰成分可加a或theWegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。Whendoyouhavedinner?Wehadarichdinneryesterday.Thewinterof2004wasspecial.4•当可数名词抽象化了，不加冠词bybus,bytrain,byplane,byshipbeinprisonschoolgotocollege,beattable,inclass,inplaceof,inoffice5.在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词在句中作表语，补语，同位语时不加冠词；Hewasmadepresidentforthesecondtime.Mi;Pattis,headofthedepartment,discoveredMr,King"ssecret.TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。6.在一日三餐、球类运动和棋类运动的名称前，不加冠词。女口：havebreakfast,playchess7.单数名词，相对应使用吋shouldertoshoulder,facetoface,yearbyyear,fromwesttoeast四、冠词与形容词+名词结构如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西，如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。Heraisesablackandawhitecat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他养了一只花猫。三代词-、人称代词是表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他“的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表:数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格笫一人称ImeweUS笫二人称youyouyouyou笫三人称hehimtheythemshehertheythem•Itittheythema.在简短对话屮，当人称代词单独使用或在not后，多用宾语。-…IlikeEnglish.■■我喜欢英语。 —Metoo.―我也喜欢。b.在表示比较的非正式的文体屮，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。HeistallerthanI/me.HeistallerthanIam.二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称第一笫二笫三第一笫二笫三人称人称人称人称人称人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs三、指示代词表示”那个“、”这个”、”这些”、”那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。四、表示哦自己”、”你自己”、”他自己”我们自己”、”你们自己”和叫也们自己”等的代词,叫做反身代词。如：Shewastalkingtoherself.她自言自语。五、不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词有all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone.等。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句屮作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。1.all都，指三者以上。all的主谓一致：all指代人时时谓语动词用复数形式，指代物时谓语动词用单数形式。Allarehere.大家都到齐了。Allgoeswell.一切进展得很好。all通常不与可数名词单数连用，如1：不说allthebook,而说thewholebooko但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如allday,allnight,alltheyear；但习惯上不说allhour,allcentury«all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如allChina,allthecity,allmylife,alltheway2.both都，指两者。a.both与复数动词连用，但both...and…可与单数名词连用。b.both,all都可作同位语。其位置在行为动词前，be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。3.neither两者都不a.neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 a.作定语与单数名词连用，但neither...nor用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。0.可用于下列句型，避免重复。Shecan"tsing,neithercanhe.1.none1)none作主语，多与of构成短语noneofo在答语屮，none可单独使用，用来冋答howmany/howmuch的问题。Arethereanypicturesonthewall?None.2)none作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。2.some一些1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当作”某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用。(=acertain)Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。Acertain(some)personhasseenyoubreaktherule.某些人不同意你的看法。3)疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。如：Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?3.any一些1).any多用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句屮。2).当句屮含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。any+可数名词单数形式Herearethreenovels.Youmayreadany.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。4.代词比较辩异one,that和it1).one表示泛指，用来替代前面提到的可数名词单数形式，替代的是同名异物，泛指，相当于a+n.o特指时必需加定冠词。Ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词前无形容词，则用some,any,而不用ones。Haveyouboughtanyrulers?Yes,I"veboughtsome.Hetookdowntheoldpicturesandputupsomenewones.2).that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而It特指上文提到的同名同物，不能带任何修饰语。Ilostmypen.Ican"tfinditanywhere.Ican"tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.(不特定一个)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同类但不同一个)伤〈买的那顶帽子比我买的大。Ican"tfindmyhat.Idon"tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。8.one/another/theother1).one...theother一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one,另一个用theother02).some...theothers有三个以上,一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用theothers 1).one...another,another...泛指另一个用anothero2).some...others,others...泛指别的人或物时，用others.指当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，用othersoothers=otherpeople/thingstheothers=therest剩余的全部，特指9.anyone和anyoneanyone仅指人，anyone既可指人，也可指物。10.noone和nonenone后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而noone只单独使用，只指人。Noneofyoucouldliftit.你们中没有人可举起它。-…Didanyonecallmeupjustnow?―刚才有人打电话给我吗？——Noone.一没有。11.every和each1）every强调全体的概念，each强调个体概念。Everystudentinourschoolworkshard.我们学校的学生都很用功。Eachstudentmayhaveonebook..每个学生都可有一本书。2）every指三个以上的人或物（含三个），each指两个以上的人或物（含两个）。3）every只作形容词用，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。Everystudenthastotakeone.Eachboyhastotakeone.Eachoftheboyshastotakeone.4）every与not连用，表示部分否定；each和not连用表示全部否定。Eveiymanisnothonest.并非每个人都诚实。Eachmanisnothonest.这儿每个人都不诚实。六.疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子屮用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）四It的用法1•作代词，代替前面出现的可数名词单数（复数用they/them）注意与one的区别。Whereismybook?Ifsonthedesk.2.用以代替指示代词。What"sthis/that?It"saflag.3.指环境、情况等。Itwasquitenoisyatthemoment.Tom"smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,butitdidn"thelp.4•指某个人或小孩。Whoisthemanwalkingthere?ItmustbeMr.Li. It"salovelybaby.5.指时间、天气、距离、季节。Itoftenrainsinsumme匚Doyouhavethetime?Oh,ifsseventhirty.Ifsfivekilometersfromtheofficetomyhome.6.作形式宾语/主语。当不定式、动名词、从句作主语或宾语时，用it作形式宾语/主语。It，snotagoodhabittostayuplate*Ifsnousecryingoverspiltmilk.It，sapitythatyoudidn"treadthebook.IfounditinterestingtostudyEnglish.Hemadeitclearthathewasnotinterestedinthissubject.注意以下形式宾语：Ilikeitintheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.IhateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfulL7.用于强调句Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+...Itwasin1975thatIworkedinafactory.ItisEnglishthatProfessorLinteachesus.ItisProfessorLinthat/vvhoteachesusEnglish・五数词表示数忖多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词1基数词写法和读法：345threehundredandforty-five：2.倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+adj.+asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.我有你三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+thesize（amount,length...）of...Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.地球是月球的49倍。c.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than...Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyea匚今年比去年粮食产量增加8%od.还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。3.当数词前出现a,two…或many,several等词时，数词不加・s;但是如果表示不确切数目时，数词需加・s,后边加of短语。但是如果名此前出现the,these,those等词时，在表示确切］数li的数词后可加of,此时多表示部分与整体关系。Twodozenoftheseeggs Threescoreofthestudentinourgrade2.表示“在儿十年代”用“inthe逢十的数词复数雹例如Inthe1990s/1990"s二•序数词1.序数词一般由基数词后加・th构成，，前面一般加thee2.以y结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y改成i,再加eth3.不规则序数词有以下几个:first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth三•分数分数构成：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数形式。六形容词和副词一、形容词及其用法1.形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句屮可作定语、表语和补语。2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。这类词还有：well,unwell,ilLfaint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep»awake等。3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词Z后，例如：somethingnice2.以・ly结尾的形容词1）大部分形容词加・ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错：（错）Shesanglovely.（错）Hespoketomeveryfriendly.（对）Hersingingwaslovely.（对）Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2）有些以・ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,earlyTheTimesisadailypaper.TheTimesispublisheddaily.3.用形容词表示类别和整体1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungryThepoorarelosinghope.2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese.TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词吋，其顺序为：限定词•■数词•■描绘词・・（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）••出处••材料性质，类别••名词asmallroundtable,afamousGennanmedicalschool,anexpensiveJapanesesportscar典型例题：-・・・HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?——Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends»andspentthedaysattheseaside. A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfewD.fewsunnylast答案：Bo本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果儿个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后，在不能确定时,可参照下表：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those+three+beautiful+large+square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old+brown+wood+table二、副词及其基本用法副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。1、副词的位置：1）在动词Z前。2）在be动词、助动词之后。3）多个助动词吋，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。2、副词的排列顺序：1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+吋间副词注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。Idon"tknowhimwellenough.Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetocat.3、兼有两种形式的副词close,closely;wide,widely;deep,deeply;high,highly.4y形式的副词表抽象含义，而另一形式表具体含义。Hiseyeswerewideopen.Englishiswidelyused.Heheldhisheadhigh.Hewashighlypraised・三、形容词与副词的比较级大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级。不规则变化原级比较级最高级good（好的）/betterbestwell（健康的）bad（坏的）/worseworstill（有病的）old（老的）older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many（多的）moremostlittle（少的）lessleastfhr（远的）farther/fiirtherfarthest/furthestKas+形容词或副词原级+as1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so...aScHecannotrunso/asfastasyou. 2）当as...as中间有名词时采用以下格式。as+形容词+a+单数名词as+many/much+名词Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone・Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.2、倍数+as+adj.+as二倍数+the+n+ofThisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.3、比较级形容词或副词+thanYouaretallerthanI/me.Theylightsinyourroomareasbrightasthoseinmine.注意：1)要避免重复使用比较级。(错)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother・(X"j)Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.(对)Heisclevererthanhisbrother.2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。($□)ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.以寸)ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3)要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout4)要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。比较：Whichislarger,CanadaorAustralia?Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?Sheistallerthanhertwosisters・Sheisthetaller(one)ofthetwosisters.4、可修饰比较级的词1)abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3)以上词(除byfar,still)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题：1)——Arcyoufeeling?-…Yes,I"mfinenow.A.anywellB・anybetterC.quitegoodD.quitebetter答案：B.any可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.2)Iftherewerenoexaminations,wcshouldhaveatschool.A.thehappiesttimeB・amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime答案：Do 2.many,old和far1)如杲后接名词时，muchmore+不可数名词manymore+可数名词复数2)old有两种比较级和最高级形5^:older/oldest和elder/eldestoelder,eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。Myelderbrotherisanengineer・Maryistheeldestofthethreesisters・3)far有两种比较级，farther,further.在英语中两者都可扌旨距离。在美语屮，farther表示距离，further表示进一步。Ihavenothingfurthertosay.12the+最高级+比较范围；如果无比较的范围，则不是最高级，不加the,但如果之后有名词，常加a1)TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用。Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。（错）Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers・（对）Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.2）下列词可修饰最高级，byfar,far,much,mostly,almostThishatisnearly/almostthebiggest.注意：a.very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。Thisistheverybest.Thisismuchthebest.b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.3）句型转换：Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentinhisclass.4）“否定词语+比较级”，“否定词语+so...as“结构表示最高级含义。Nothingissoeasyasthis.=Nothingiseasierthanthis.=Thisistheeasiestthing.13和more有关的词组1）themore…themore…越就越=If.•••••,sbTheharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyou"llmake.2）moreBthanA与其说A不如说BlessAthanBHeismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.3）no+more/比较级+than...与一样不，TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.Heisnoclevererthanhisbrother. noless...than・・・与一扌羊Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.4）morethan不只是，非常Sheismorethankindtousall.5丿couldn"t/can%havedonemore...表最高级含义Whatdidyouthinkofthehotel?Youcouldn"thavefoundabetterone.七句子类型厂简单句句子的分类:结构：J并列句复合句句型分类：陈述句，祈使句，感叹句，疑问句（一般疑问，特殊疑问，反问,选择问句）（一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句（DeclarativeSentences）:说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）Thefilmisratherboring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句（InterrogativeSentences）:提出问题。有以下四种：a.—般疑问句（GeneralQuestions）：Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按口寸完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（WQuestions;HQuestions）:Wheredoyoulive?你住那儿？Howdoyouknowthat?你怎么知道那件事？c.选择疑问句（AlternativeQuestions）:Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？d.反意疑问句（Tag・Questions）:Hedoesn"tknowher,doeshe?他不认识她，对不对？反意疑问句注意事项：1）陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用arcn*tI.I"mastallasyoursister,aren"tI?2）陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may+主语。Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayI?3）陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。但有否定前缀的按肯定对待，dislikeunnecessaryTheSwedemadenoanswer,didhe/she?Someplantsneverblown（开花）,dothey?It"simpossible,isn"tit?4）含有oughtto的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn"t/oughtn"t+主语。Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn"the?/shouldn"the? 5）当陈述部分的have/has/had作“有‘‘讲吋，反意疑问部分既可用have形式也可用助动词do形式。不当“有”讲时，反意疑问部分只能用助动词do。Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don"twe?6）陈述部分的谓语是usedto时，疑问部分用didn"t+主语或usedn"t+主语。Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didn"the?/usedn"the?7）陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadn"tyou?You"dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn"tyou?8）陈述部分用must表推测时，疑问部分与must后的动词形式一致。Hemustbeadoctor,isn"the?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven"tyou?/didn"tyou?Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn"the?9）感叹句中，疑问部分用be/助动词+主语。Whatcolours,aren"tthey?Whatasmell,isn"tit?Howtheywork,don"tthey?10）陈述部分由neither...nor,either...or连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorIamanengineer,arcwe?11）陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用itoEveiythingisready,isn"tit?12）当陈述部分是I/We+think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine或Fmsure+宾语从句时,反意疑问句应与从句屮的主谓保持一致，其他的主从复合句应与主句的主谓保持一致。Idon"tthinkheisbright,ishe?Webelieveshecandoitbetter,can"tshe?Hedoesn"tthinkshecanfinishthetask,doeshe?13）带情态动词dare或need的，反意疑问句疑问部分常用need（dare）+主语。Wcneednotdoitagain,needwc?Hedarenotsayso,dareyou?当dare,need为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do+主语。Shedoesn"tdaretogohomealone,doesshe?14）祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用willyou/won^tyouoDon"tdothatagain,willyou?Gowithme，willyou/won"tyou?注意：Let"s头的祈使句，后用shallwe?Let"sgoandlistentothemusic,shallwe?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?15）陈述部分是”therebe”结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn"tthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere? 16）陈述部分的主语是one时，疑问部分的主语用one/you.Onecan"tbetoocareful,canone/canyou?rWhat+n.+主+谓！3）感叹句：彳How+adj./adv.+主+谓！IHow+主+谓！Whatacleverboyheis!Howclevertheboyis!Howtimeflies!4）祈使句：用以表示命令、请求或建议，主语常省略。肯定式：谓语用动词原形。有时用名词短语。否定式：Don^（Never）+动词原形。SpeakEnglisheveryday.Don"tbeafraid・Onemoreeffort,andyouwillsucceed・简单句并列句复合句简单句：包含一个主语（并列主语）和一个谓语（并列谓语）Heteachesthisclass・TomandJackoftenhelpeachother・五种基本句型：（1）主语+系动词+表语look,seem,sound,remain,stayHelooksangry.（2）主语+不及物动词Hecameveryearly.（3）主语+及物动词+宾语Weenjoyedtheplay.（4）主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）二主语+及物动词+直宾（物）to/for+间宾（人）Heboughtherapresent.=Heboughtapresentforher.ShegaveTomagoldwatch.=ShegaveagoldwatchtoTom..（5）主语+及物动词+宾语+补足语（宾语和补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系）在主动语态中feel;hear,listento;make,let,have;see,watch,notice,observe,lookat;help加不带to的不定式作补足语，但被动语态必须加to。另:helpsb.（to）doTheymadethebabylaugh・Thebabywasmadetolaugh.Wecaughthimsmokingagain.Theyfoundthemselvessurroundedbycolorfulrocks.并列句：简单句+并列连词+另一简单句1and,notonly...but（also）连接的并列句 Lookitupinthedictionaryandyou41findthemeaningofit.2、but,while,yet连接的转折并列句Heisdiligentwhilehisbrotherisverylazy.3、or,otherwise,orelse,either...or,neither...nor...连接的选择并歹U句Eithercomeinorgoout.Seizethechance,oryou"llregretforit.4、so/for/thus/therefore连接的因果关系Daymusthavebroken,forthebirdissinging・Hetriedhisbest,thushesucceeded.5、无连词的并列句，只用分号隔开Thewindblewhard;thesnowfellheavily.复合句：凡含有从句的句子，均为复合句：结果、目的、时间、原因、方式、让步、定从、名从……有些复合句可转换成简单句。Heissoyoungthathecanftgotoschool.—>Heistooyoungtogotoschool.Itissaidthatthebookhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages.—>Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoseverallanguages・八句子成分一般句子由主语、谓语、宾语、补足语、表语、定语、同位语、状语等组成，主语和谓语是主要成分，其他成分是次要成分。1•主语：是谓语动作的执行者。名词、代词、数词、动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）、the+分词、the+形容词、从句都可作主语。it可作形式主语。Thrcc-fourthsoftheareaiscoveredwithwater.Thewoundedaregettingbetter.Whathesaidisveryimportant.2.谓语：说明主语发生的动作、行为或处于的状态。动词作谓语，注意保持谓语动词的完整性。You"dbetternotsmokeagain・Ifyousetmefree,Iwouldmakeyourich・3.宾语：是谓语动作的承受者。名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句可作宾语。it可作形式宾语。4.补足语：补充说明宾语的，叫宾补；补充说明主语的，叫主补。Iheardhersingasonglastnight.Shewasheardtosingasonglastnight.5.定语：用來修饰、限制名词或代词的词，短语及句子叫定语。形容词、名词、名词所有格、数词、不定式、介词短语、从句、V.ing（短语）等可作定语。6.状语：在句子屮用来修饰限定形容词、副词、动词和介词短语的成分叫状语。副词、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、复合结构、名词及从句可用作状语。rbookinhand.Theteachercamein,Aabookinhishand・ 匚withabookinhishand・2.同位语：一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个名词（或其他词性）对前者作进一步解释说明叫同位语。名词、形容词（短语）、数词、代词、从句等可用作同位语。Theseatsareforusthree.Weallknowthetruththattheearthgoesroundthesun・Allpeoplehere,youngandold,womenandmen,willgototheGreatWall.&表语：在be动词和系动词Z后的成分叫表语。名词、代词、形容词、V.i昭形式、不定式、从句等可作表语。Sheisateacher・Theappletastessweet.1、MynameisRobert,mostofmyfriendscallmeBobforshort・A、thenB、insteadC>howeverD、but2^Tomswimmingincoldwater.A、notlikesB、likesnotC^doesn"tD、doeslikenot3、It"sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,?A^hasn"theB、isn"theC>isn"titD、hasn"tit4、Mrs.Blackdoesn"tbelievesomanypeoplearcsufferingfromthistsunami（海啸）,?A、aren5ttheyB、aretheyC^doesn"tshedoesshe5、Youthinkheisadoctor,?A、isheB、isn^theC、doyouD、don"tyou6^Letuspass,?A、shan"twcshallwcC、won"tweD、willyou7^Tomisateacher,Jackisaworker.・A、BothofthemarenotdoctorNeitherofthemisadoctorC、AllofthemarcnotdoctorsD、NeitherTomnorJackaredoctorsIwishtocallonyoutonight,?A、doIB、willIC、mustID^mayI9、Shehasbreakfastatsixeveryday,?A>hassheB、hasn"tsheC^docssheD、doesn"tshe10>Shedislikesthisskirt,?A、doesn"tsheB>doessheC^isn"tsheD^isshe11、Idon"tthinkhewillcometoourparty,?A、willhewon"theC>doesheD^doI12、YoumusthavereadaboutDickenslongago,?A、mustn^tyouB、haven5tyouC^can"tyouD、didn"tyou13、goodtimewehadyesterday!Andwonderfulthepartywas!A、How,whataB、What,howC、Whata,howD、How,what 14、Theboysaren^tdoingagoodjobatall,arethey?9■A^IguessnotsoB>Idon"tguessC、Idon"tguesssoD>Iguessnot15、Thewomencarryingbabies,comeinfirst,?A、willyouB、won^tyouC、don"ttheyD、willthey16、theproblemmeandFllseewhatIcandowithit・A、Whenleft,forB、Leaving,toC、Ifyouleave,withD、Leave,with17、Onemomenthesaidhewasinterestedinfineartnowheissleepinginclass.A>soasC>andD、also18、WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?hernewmotorbike.A、AshelostBnLostC、LosingD、Becauseoflosing19、Pmsickandtiredofthisjob・dosth.else?A、Whydon"tyouB.WhynotyouCHowaboutD、Whatabout20、Heisateacher,buthiswifeisadoctor,?A^isrfthcB、isn"tsheC>aren^ttheyDnisrTtit21Fmsurethatyou"llsucceed,?A、aren"tIB、amIC>won"tyouD、willyou22Youarenotgoingouttoday,areyou?,Ineedtogoshopping・A、Yes,IamB>No,TmnotC>Yes,FmnotD、No,Iam23Hecan"thavegonetothepartylastnight,?A、canheB、hasheC、didheD、ishe24Everythinggoeswell,?A、isn"titBndoesitC^doesn^theD^don^they25Friday,tobehereat8:00.A、issureissurethatC、willbesureD、besure26boyheis!A、HowcleveraB、WhatcleveraC、HowacleverD、Howclever27Thepoorwomanwithhertwochildreninastreetcorner.A、wasseenbegB、wereseenbegC、wasseenbeggingD、wereseenbegging28Soyoudon"twanttoenterforthe2006collegeentranceexamination,? A、don经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning・现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Thenewspapersaysthatit"sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。（表示报纸上说或书上说）AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比较：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬I、可动作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用现在进行时。客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。ShanghailiesinthecastofChina.表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：3）4）用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在tyoudoyouC、won"tyouD^willyou21ProtectingtheSouthChinatigerfromdyingouttakesalongtime,?A、doesn"titB、don"ttheyC^docsitD、dothey22You"dbetternotsmokehere,?A^willyouB、shallyouC、haveyouD、hadyou九动词时态英语小表示不同时间里以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，这种不同的动词形式叫做动词的吋态。考纲要求掌握十种。他们是：一般现在时与一般过去时；一般将來时与过去将来时；现在进行时与过去进行时；现在完成时与过去完成时；现在完成进行时与过去完成进行时；现将常见时态的用法及注意事项分别总结如下：一般时态进行时态amdoingisdoingaredoing完成时态havedonehasdone完成进行时态havebeendoinghasbeendoing现在dodoes过去didwasdoingweredoinghaddonehadbeendoing将来shalldoshallbedoingshallhavedone略willdowillbedoingwillhavedonebegoingtodo过去shoulddo略shouldhavedone略将来woulddowouldhavedone一般现在时的用法时。仮叽Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..5）在if,unless,evenif,等引导的条件状语从句中；when,while,before,after,once,until,till,as soonas（themoment/theminute/nexttime）,immediately,instantly,directly等引导的日寸间状语从句中；nomatterwhat/who/which/when/where/how或whatever/whoever/whichever/whenever/however/solongas,引导的让步状语从句中用现在时表示将来时。We7ZgotovisittheGreatWallifitisfinetomorrow.Hesaidhewouldgofbraholidaywhenhefinishedhiswork・6）在口语中用来表示一个规定或安排要发生的情况。常用的词有begin,come,go,leave,start,arrive,stop,return,open,think,Thefasttrainstartsat8a.m..另外，还可以用在特殊文体屮，如电影说明或拒请介绍，新闻标题或小说的章节题目，解说词，图片说明，剧本动作说明及戏剧性描写。2一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.3）同一般现在时用法54）在虚拟条件句屮，表示对“现在，将来“的愿望或假设。Iwishtheweatherwerebetter.It"stimeIwentandpickedupmylittergirlfromschool.5）在由before,after,assoonas等连词引导的从句所表示的动作与主句的动作前后紧接时，由于连词本身己经说明两动作发生的先后关系，可用一般过去时代替过去完成时（即两动作都用一般过去时）Theyoungladyrushedintotheroomimmediatelysheheardthenoise・6）在谈及过去一系列平行动作吋，可都用一般过去吋表示同吋或先后.Herantothetable,pickedupherbabyinherarms,raninsideandshutthedoor.7）在谈论去世的人物时，用一般过去时侧重当时的情况，用一般现在时，侧重对现在的影响.Hewasafamousprofessorofphysics.Chaplinisoneofthegreatestactorsinthehistoryofthecinema.8）语境中的过去时，往往表示“刚才，冈IJ刚""之意，暗示现在已“不再这样Ididiftknowyouwerehere.Ineverthoughthewoulddothat.3—般将来时1）sh汕用于第一人称，常被will所代替。且在口语中表示征求意见或询问情况。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见或表示客气的邀请或请求时常用于第二人称。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2）begoingto+不定式，表示将来。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm・ 3）be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4）beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将來时的时间状语连用。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing・5）go,come,start,move,sail,leave等可用进行时态或一般现在时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。PmleavingforBeijing.Ourschoolstartsat7:30・6）用于条件句时，begoingto表将来而will表意愿Ifyouarcgoingtomakeajourney,you"dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible・Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.7）在时间，条件和让步状语从句中用一般时表示将來时。WhenBillcomes（不是willcome）,askhimtowaitforme.PHwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.8）在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后面一般用现在时表示将来时。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.4过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。其具体用法语一般将来吋相似，只是将吋间的基点移到过去。1didnlknowifhewouldcome・LeiLeisaidthatshewouldvisitherunclenextSunday.5现在进行时1）表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。Wearewaitingforyou.2）习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）SheislearningpianounderMr.Smith・3）表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。Theleavesareturningred.It"sgettingwarmerandwarmer.4）与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Youarcalwayschangingyourmind.5）不用进行吋的动词（1）事实耳犬态白勺动i可have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continueIhavetwobrothers.Thishousebelongstomysistc匚 （2）心理*犬态白勺动词know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hateIneedyourhelp.Helovesherverymuch.（3）瞬间动词accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse,close,Iacceptyouradvice.（4）系动词seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turnYouseemalittletired.6过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某吋正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。常用的时间状语thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while或根据上下文来判断Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.■一Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?—Wewereworkinginclass.（木艮据上文）3）与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示过去反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Hewasconstantlycomplainingofthecold.7现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词（1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1）过去吋表示过去某吋发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成吋为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，如yesterday,lastweek,...ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once,before而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,或无吋间状语。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.而过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmanied等。举例：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）Ihaveseenthisfilm.强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.（在团内的状态可延续）HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.（是团员的状态"J持续）HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.（三年前入团‘joined为短暂行为。）■一WillsomebodygoandgetDr.White?―He"salreadybeensentfor.（2）两个固定句式中的现在完成时 1）It/Thisisthefirst/secondtime....that...结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Itis（=Ithasbeen）+—段时间+since从句（过去时）Itistwoyearssince1becameapostgraduatestudent.Itwastenyearssincewehadhadsuchawonderfultime.(3)since与for的用法(1)1havebeenheresince1989.(since+过去一个吋间点，如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix)。(2)Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.(since+—段时间+ago)(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewchavebeenhere.(since+从句)(4)ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.(Itis+—-段吋间+since从句)(5)Ihavebeenhereformorethan10years.(fbr+—段时间)(4)用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；I"veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)Hehaslivedthereformanyyears.瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。Hehascompletedthework.他己完成了那项工作。(表结果)⑸用于till/until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示”做…直到…”瞬间动词用于否定句，表示”到…，才…”Hedidn"tcomebackuntilteno"clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno"clock.他一直睡到10点。(6)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：hear,tell,leam,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember.Ihear(=haveheard)hewillgotoLondon.Iforget(=haveforgotten)howoldheis.(7)用于表示式时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时已经完成的动作。We"llstartifithasstoppedrainingbythen.8过去完成时1)概念：表示过去的过去其构成是had+过去分词构成。2)用法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.b.状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去吋°Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadninaway.若两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then,and,but等连词时，多用一般过去时。两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。Whenshesawthemouse,shescreamed.MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit. WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.a.叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.b.表示意向,愿望,打算的动词,如hope,wish,want,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成吋表示“原本…，未能…”即过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn"t.1)过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore・Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.2)固定句式中的过去完成式Hardlyhad・-done•••whenNosoonerhad…done…than—表示还没等…就…或刚…就…Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.=Nosoonerhadheboughtthecarthanhesoldit.HardlyhadIgothomewhentherainpoureddown・=Ihadhardlygothomewhentherainpoureddown.9现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某吋起一直不断地持续到现在(说话吋)的动作，此动作可能还在继续进行，也可能刚刚停止。常与表示一段时间的状语连用，也可不用。TheChinesehavebeenmakingpaperfortwothousandyears.Whydidn"tyoutellmethen?I"vebeenlookingforwardtoit.(2)现在完成进行时与现在进行时的比较现在完成进行时主要表示动作开始与过去某时，一直持续到现在，当然中I、可动作有时并非无停顿。事实上现在完成时除了表示动作“已完成"的概念外，也可以表示动作“未完成”的概念，两者在大多数情况下对以换用，但在口语中和带有一定的感情色彩时更倾向于用现在完成进行时。Hehaslivedherefortenyears.(Hehasbeenlivingherefortenyears.)…Wherehaveyoubeen?・・・Ihavebeentelephoningyouthewholemorning!Hehasbeentalkingtomesincethismorning.10过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，并延续到过去这个时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能已经停止。By1919,scientistswhohadbeenwatchingthestarssupportedhisworkandhequicklybecameworld-famous.11动词时态的一些典型用法某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的，约定俗成的。1This/Itisthefirst/second…time+that从句(完成时)2Itis/hasbeen+—段时间+since从句(过去时)3beabouttodo…when…即将…(这时)突然…Iwasabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang. 1bc(was/wcrc)+doingwhen…正在干—-(这时)突然一Weweregivingameetingwhenherburstin.2Hardlyhad—-donewhen・+过去时一；Nosoonerhad-・donethan■过去时一Hardly(Nosooner)hadIgothomewhen(than)therainpoureddown.3It+bc+—段时间+bcforc从句这个句式分为两种情况：如果主句用将来吋，则从句用一•般现在吋表将来吋。意为：多长时间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，则从句也用过去时。意为：多长时间以后发生了某事Itwillbetwoweeksbeforewemeetagain.两个星期Z后我们会再见面。Itwon"tbelongbeforehesucceeds.用不了多久他就会成功的。Itwastenyearsbeforetheymetagain.十年后他们又见面了。ItwasrTtlongbeforeherealizedhismistakes・没过多久他就意识到了自己的错误。十语态谓语动词在表示一个动作时，主语和谓语可以有两种不同的关系：主动关系或被动关系，表示这种关系的形式称语态。即主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。被动语态的构成为be+过去分词(及物动词的过去分词)。一，常见八种吋态的被动语态形式1be(am9is,are)doneTheladderisusuallykeptagainstthewall.2be(was,were)doneTheGreatHallofthePeoplewasbuiltin1959.3will/shallbedoneWhenwilltheworkbefinished?4would/shouldbedoneIwastoldthatthenewspaperwouldbedeliveredsoon.5bc(am，is,arc)beingdoneIcansmellsomethingisbeingburnt.6be(was,were)beingdoneThechildwasbeingexaminedbythedoctorwhentheyentered・7have/hasbeendoneEverythinghasbeenfinishedsofh匚8hadbeendoneBythetimetheyarrived,alltheappleshadbeenpicked・二，几种特殊句型的被动语态1带情态动词的被动语态情态动词+bc+过去分词，构成被动语态。Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.Theproblemmustbesolvedsoon.2双宾语的被动语态 一般是间接宾语(表示人的宾语)变为主语，将直接宾语放(表示物的宾语)在原处。也可将直接宾语变为主语，但一般要在间接宾语前加to或foeHetoldmeaninterestingstory.IwastoldaninterestingstoiyAninterestingstorywastoldtome.常力口to:give,lend,send,show,pass,hand常加for：borrow,make,buy3含有复合宾语(宾语补足语)的被动语态是将宾语改为主语，宾补保留在原处且变为主补。1）宾补为不定式，不定式表示的动作多发生在将来时。Theyaskedhimtostayalittlelonger■一Hewasaskedtostayalittlelonge匚若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加”to”。此类动词为感官动词ofeel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watchTheteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.~>Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom（bytheteacher）.Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.~>Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground・2）宾补为分词，现在分词表示动作是宾语发出的（即主动关系），且与谓语动词同时发生。过去分词表示宾语是动作的承受者（即被动关系），且在位于动词前发生或表示一种状态。Weheardhimsingingatthattime.・・・Hewasheardsingingatthattime・Wesawhimseatedonasofa・一-Hewasseenseatedonasofa.3）宾补为adj,adv,n,prepositionalphrasesShekeptmebusythismorning.—-1waskeptbusyallthismorning・Hewasmademonitoryesterday.Themanwasfoundstillintheroomafter3days.4短语动词的被动语态用于这类结构的短语动词要当作一个及物动词来看，短语中的介词或副词不可省去。Themothertakesgoodcareofthechildren.■一Thechildrenaretakengoodcareof.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.OrAttentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Severalgiantbridgeshavebeensetupovertheriverinthepastfewyears・多见的短语有•：catchsightof,keepaneyeon,makeuseof^makeafoolof,payattentionto,putanendto,setfire/lightto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof.5英语中主动形式表示被动含义的三种情况A用谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义1表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，一般不单独使用,需加上一个修饰语.wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell,drive,blow,lock, measure,record,act.Thebooksellswell.这本书销路好。Thisknifecutseasily.这刀子很好用。2表示开始，结束，运动的动词如:finish,begin,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等Classbeginsat7:30・Theshopclosesat9:30everyday.3进行时表示被动build,cook,fry,hang,printThedinneriscooking・Thebookisprinting.Thehouseisbuilding・4表示状态特征的连系动词appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay，taste,turnHisstudyplanprovedtobepractical.Goodmedicinetastesbitter.Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse・*Iwastoblamefortheaccident.B非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义1在need,require,want,worth(形容词),deserve当需要讲时，后面的动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.Thisroomneedscleaning.这房间应该打扫一下。Thisbookiswellworthreading.这本书值得—读。2不定式在某些形容词(difficult,easy,hard,comfortable,pleasant,fit,unfit,light,heavy)后作状语且和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动含义，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了forsb.Thebookisdifficultformetounderstand・Heiseasy(forpeople)togetalongwith.3不定式坐名词的后置定语，与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而且动作的发出者在句中时，用主动形式表示被动含义。Ihaveafewletterstowrite・4.Thcrcbe结构不定式作定语主动、被动都可以Therearealotofthingstodo(tobedone)・c用介词短语表示被动含义介词in,on,underetc.+n.构成的介词短语表示被动含义ThehousefacingthelakeisinthepossessionofJim.=ThchousefacingthelakeispossessedbyJim.Thequestionisunderdiscussion.(=-一isbeingdiscussed.)Alotofshoesareonshow.(Alotofshoesarebeingshown.)三不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：1fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sutlerfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto Thiskeyjustfitsthelock・Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.2系动词无被动语态：3带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：(die,death,dream,live,life)Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.4当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。(对)Shelikestoswim.(错)Toswimislikedbyher.四被动形式表示主动意义bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated(from),befinished,beprepared(for),beoccupied(in),getmarriesHeisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity・他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意：表示同某人结婚，用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.都可。Hemarriedarichgirl.Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.五表示据说或相信的句型believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understandItissaidthat...据说Itisreportedthat...据报道Itisbelievedthat...大家相信Itishopedthat...大家希望Itiswellknownthat...众所周知Itisthoughtthat...大家认为Itissuggestedthat...据建议Itistakengrantedthat...被视为当然Ithasbeendecidedthat_>大家决定Itmustberememberthat…务必记住的是ItissaidthatshewillleaveforWuhanonTuesday.H~*一情态动词表示说话人对某一动做或状态的态度，认为“能够"，“可能”“应当杯必须”等，本身词义不完全，不能单独做谓语，必须和不带to的不定式连用。没有人称和数的变化。高考对情态动词的考察主要集中在三方面：基本用法；推测用法；虚拟用法。一基本用法can的基本用法1表示能丿JCanyouplaytennis/youspeakEnglish?Yes,Ican./No,Ican"t・2表示许可或请求许可Youcangonow.CanIborrowyourbikeforaday?Yes,youcan./No,youcan"t. 2表示提议或请求Can/CouldIbuyyouadrink?4用在疑问句，否定句或感叹句中表示怀疑，惊异，不相信，不确定或不会有的情况(既否定的推测)。CanitbetmethatLilyhaspassedthecollegeentranceexamination?Howcanyoubesocareless!Thiscan^tbedonebyTom.Wherecanhehavegone?5表示过去具有某种能力并且实际上做到某事，不能用could表示此意Thewoundedmanwasableto(=managedto)gettothevillageandwassavedintheend・6理论上的，按常理推断的，抽象的，一般的或一时的可能性Mr.Smithisinpoorhealth.Hecanbeillatanytime・Beijingcanbeverycoldinspring・Awisemancansometimesmakeamistake.Heisabad-temperedfellow,buthecanbequitecharmingwhenhewishes.而表示实际的，马上能应验的，正在发生或将要发生的具体的可能性用mayMr.Smithlookspale.Hemaybeill.ImaygotoHangzhoubyairnextweek・1cannot…too/enough表示无论怎么…也不过分，越■-越好Youcannotbetoocareful.YoucannotrememberenoughEnglishwords.2cannotbut+dosth.表示不得不，只好Icannotbutadmireyourbravery.1couldn"tbutchoosetogo.will的基本用法1用于各种人称表示意志，意愿或决心Iwilltellyouallaboutit.Tomwon"tdosuchathing.2用于第二人称疑问句，询问对方或向对方提出请求Will/Wouldyoupleasetellherthenewswhenyouseeher?3表示习惯性的动作，有“总是，惯于叩勺含义，有时用于叙述真理时。Fishwilldieoutofwater.Oilwillfloatonwater.Sometimesthecatwillliethereallafternoon.4用于叙述目前或过去的习惯时Shewilllistentorecords,aloneinherroom,forhours・5用于发出命令，叮嘱或指示。givinganorderYouwillcarryouttheseinstructionsandreportbackthisafternoon・YouwillwaitheretillIcomeback.6动词.希望，愿意。仅用于一般现在时态；第三人称单数做will.Youarefreetotravelwhereyouwillinthecountry.在这个国家里你想上哪去就可以上哪去。Amanwhowon,workisnogood•不肯干活的人没出息。 Hebecamehersenioradviser―herdeputy,ifyouwill.你愿意这样说也行。shall的基本用法1用于第二，三人称，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令，警告，劝告，建议威胁，规定，强制和允诺”之意。Weshalldoasourteachersays.YoushallhavethebookassoonasIfinishit.Eachcompetitorshallwearanumbe匚Youshouldkeepyourpromise.2用于第一，三人称，征求对方意见或请求指示。Whereshallhewaitforus?Shallwegooutforawalk?must的基本用法1mustandhaveto2mustandneed3mustn"tandneedn"t4must表推测的用法略5AfterIgavehermyadvice,shemustgoanddotheopposite.偏偏，偏要（做或发生不愉快的事）may的基本用法Hemaywellbeproudofhisson•（完全能，很可能，=tobeverylikelyto—）Youmay/mightaswellstayhereoverthenight.（最好，倒不女口，满可W=hadbetterortohavenostrongreasonnotto）need/dare/usedto/oughtto的基本用法1dare（作为情态动词，常用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中，有过去式dared）Hedarednotstaylong./Hedarenotstaylong（情态V）Hedidn"tdare（to）staylong・/Hedoesn"tdare（to）staylong・（实义）dare作为实义动词用于否定句中时，不定式符号S可以省略但:Hestoodthere,withoutdaringtoraisehishead.（句中的to不可以省略）2usedto与wouldusedto表示过去常常发生的动作或习惯，但现在已不存在了。would表示过去习惯性的动作.Peopleusedtobelievethattheearthwasround・（不用would）Inthosedays,thcoldwomansitatthegateforhours,waitingforhersontoreturnfromthefront.注意usedto的否定式和疑问式Hedidn"tusetogetupearly・Heusedn^ttogetupearly・Didheusetogetupearly?Usedhetogetupearly?二推测的用法常用句型 1will+v将来一定，准会Tryyourbestandyourwishwillcometrue2.must:1）mustbe+adj/n.现在，将來一定Marymustbesadnow・letlgotoseeher.Fmsureshemustbebetterinadayortwo.mustbe+v-ing现在一定正在Theradiomustbestillworkingnow.2）musthavedone.对过去情况的肯定猜测Ididn^thearthephone・Imusthavebeenasleep.musthavebeendoing过去一定/肯定止在Mr.SmithmusthavebeenwatchingTVthistimeyesterday.3.may/might/could1）may/might/couldbe/adj.现在，将来可能Hemay/might/couldbefriendly.…WhereisTom?…Fmnotsure・Hemay/might/couldbeplayingfootball.2）could/may/mighthavebeendoing过去可能正在Theguardscould/may/mighthavebeensleepingthen.may/mighthavedone・本可以干的却未干。突出可能性。Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.couldhavedone本能够做但却未做。强调能力。—Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear・・-Yes・ataxiwasn"tatallnecessary・2may/mightnot1)may/mightnotbc/adj.现在，将来可能不Tommaynotbeourmonito匚may/mightnotbedoing现在可能不在做…Hestudiesharderthanbefore;hemaynotplayinggamesnow・2)may/mightnothavedone过去可能没有做过…Hemightnothavestolentheca匚3can"t/couldn"t1)can"tbe现在，将來不可能是Thatyoungmancan"tbemyuncle.can"tbedoingsth.现在不可能在做某事Isawhimjustnow,sohecan"tbestudyingintheclassroom.2)can,t/couldn"thavedone..对过去事情的否定猜测Jackcan,havearrivedyet,otherwisehewouldhavetelephonedme・说明：1・5条都是主观上的推测，若表示客观推测，用can来表示.Heisinpoorhealth,hecanbeillatanytime.Helooksveryweak.,hemayfallill. 三表示“允许”“必须”“必要”的问答May/MightI...?—Ofcourse/Certainly—Sorry.youcan"t(youmustn"t)Can/CouldI・・・?一Ofcourse/Certainly(youcan)~Sorry.youcarft(youmustn"t)Must/NeedI...?—Yes、youmust—No,youneedn"t/Youdon"thaveto十二非谓语动词一.分词（一）分词的构成主动被动现在分词一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去分词done否定形式：not+非谓语动词（二）特点：现在分词：主动；进行。（三）成分：定语；状语；补语；表语。1.定语。asleepingchild=achildwhoissleepingThemanlivinginthenextroomisTom"suncle.=ThemanwholivesinthenextroomisTom"suncle・Thehousebeingbuilttherewillbealibrary.Thehousetobebuiltnextyearwillbealibrary.Thehousebuiltlastyearwillbealibrary・译：Theproblemtobediscussedatthemeetingtomorrowwasraisedbyanexpert.Thebookpublishedlastmonthisabestselle匚2.状语。分词作状语其逻辑主语为句子主语，除了generallyspeaking,judgingfrom/by...;considering之外。有时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随状语等。结果、伴随状语常常后置。Nothavingbeentoldthetruth,Jamemotherwasangry.（SinceJame5smotherhadnotbeentoldthetruth）Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.Hefellfromthetree,hurtinghisleg.（比较：Hehurriedtotherailwaystation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft. Iwon"tgototheparty,evenifinvited・Hestoodthere,lookingintothesky.Judgingfromhisaccent,heisasoutheme匚Franklyspeaking,yoursuggestiondoesn"tsoundgood・若分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则用独立结构，即逻辑主语+分词，主以判断逻辑主语与分词的关系。Sincehedidn"tturnup,themeetingwasputoff.Henotturningupthemeetingwasputoff.Thelunnelfinishedlastyear,peoplecangotherefreely.Itbeingfine,let"sgoouting・1.补语。（注意表语与分词的关系）Wecaughthimsmoking.Whendidyouhaveyourhaircut?Wcheardhimsingingasong.Weheardasongbeingsung.Wefoundsomethingstolen.4•补语（注意主语与表语的关系）表语表示主语的状态（注意分词作表语与被动语态及与进行时的区别）Thedoorisclosed.（状态）ThedoorwasclosedbyLiPing（halfanhourago）.（被动语态） Thelectureistiring.（状态）比较：Theyarecleaningtheroom.（进行时）二、动名词（一）形式：同分词。复合结构：one"s（not）doing（二）成分：主语、宾语、表语、定语。1、主语（强调前后一致）Doingnothingisdoingill.Seeingisbelieving=Toseeistobelieve.2、表语（可与主语互换位置）Herjobislookingafterthesick・比较：Mywishistobecomeascientist.（表将來类似的还有plan,goal,intention）3.定语（说明被修饰名词的作用、用途）Thisisagoodfishingpole.（apoleforfishing）aswimmingpool（apoolforswimming）找出下列动名词。adyingdog,asleepingcar,awashingmachine,boilingwater,asewingmachine4.宾语。（介词、动词之后）（1）只跟动名词作宾语的动词和动词词组有：avoid,admit，delay,dislike,deny，enjoy，escape，excuse,fancy，finish,giveup，can"thelp,imagine,keep，mind,miss,practice，putoff,resist,risk,suggest,bear,stand,appreciate,getdownto,objectto,payattentionto,devote…to,feellike,lookforwardtoHeescapedbeingpunishedbyhisfather.Idomindyou（r）standingintheway.Hecamewithoutbeingasked.Hedislikeseatingout.但有些动词可加不定式、动名词。如：continue,begin,start,like,hate.Ilikeswimming,butIdon"tliketoswimnow.Ilikeswimming/toswim.（2）want,need,requiredoing/tobedoneThehouseneedsclcaning/tobecleaned.比较：Ineedtofetchsomewater（表主语发出的动作）（3）有些动词之后可加不定式、动名词，但意思不同.Forget,remember,regret,stop,try,meanIdidn"tmeantohurtyou.Learningalanguagedoesn"tmeanonlylearninginclass・Iregrettellinghimaboutit. Iregret（amsorry）tosayyoufailedintheexam.(4)advise，permit,allow,consider,forbid,encouragedoing/sb.todo.(注意被动语态中只用不定式)Youareforbiddentosmokehere.TomisencouragedtostudyChinese.HeisconsideringgoingtoTibet.Heisconsideredtohavestudiedabroad・三、动词不定式（一）时态名称主动被动一般式TodoTobedone进行吋Tobedoing无完成时TohavedoneTohavebeendone（二）作用:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语注：不定式--般式作主语、宾语吋，当todo,doing同吋出现在一个句子里，doing常表示一般情况；todo常表示一次性的或具体的行为；有时要结构一致。作定语、表语时，常表示将来含义。1・不定式作定语1）被修饰名词与不定式之间有主谓关系。Heisalwaysthefirstonetoleave.Heisnotamantodosuchafoolishthing.2）不定式与被修饰名词Z间有逻辑上的动宾关系。不及物动词加适当介词。Ihavealotofworktodo•（比较tobedone）I"mgoingtoShanghai.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourmother?Ihavenopentowritewith.YouhaveseveralmodelstochoosefYom.3）不定式说明被修饰名词的内容。Hissuggestiontosolvetheproblemisacceptable・2.用不定式的主动结构代替被动结构的两种情况。①Ihavealotofpersonalaffairstoattendto.②Tomhasanimportantlettertotypenow.③Thesecretaryasked,doyouhaveanythingtobetypednow.④Theproblemisdifficulttosolve.（Tosolvetheproblemisdifficult.）⑤Themaniseasytodealwith.（Todealwiththemaniseasy.）十三定语从句定语从句有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。 定语从句的引导词分两种，关系代词和关系副词，关系代词起代词的作用，在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，关系副词起副词的作用，在定语从句中作状语。常用的关系代词：which,that,as（物），who,whom,that(人)whose+n(人的、物的)关系副词：when,where,why介词之后只用which,whom一、限定性定语从句：1.关系代词的用法；(关系代词作主语时，不可省略，做宾语时，可省略，但在介词Z后不可省)Thebook(thatwhich)Iboughtyesterdayisworthreading.Wearegoingtodosomethingthathasneverbeendonebefore.(that不可省)Thebuildingwhosewindowsfacesouthwasbuiltlastyear.Thefactoryinwhichheworksis50yearsold.关系代词as的三种用法：(1)thesamesuch+nHeissuchafoolashelooks・PHbuythesamedictionaryasyou.(比较：Thedictionaryisthesameasyours.)(2)指全句的意思，一般译为“正如、、、一样”Asisknowntoall,gunpowderwasinventedinancientChina.(比较：ItisknowntoallthatgunpowderwasinventedinancientChina.)Hecameontime,aswasexpected.(3)Soas,suchas用于区别so….that•…,such….that.…Thisissointerestingabookaseverybodywantstoread.Thisissointerestingabookthateverybodywantstoreadit.Thisissuchaninterestingbookaseverybodywantstoread・Thisissuchinterestingabookthateverybodywantstoreadit.关系代词只用that的几种情况(不用which)(1)先彳亍词为all,much,little,—thing时(不定代词)Allthatglittersisnotgold.Thereisnothingthatistoodifficultforonewhosetshismindtoit.(2)先行词指人也指物时Hewroteabookaboutthepeopleandthingsthatimpressedhimdeeplyonhisjourney・(3)先行词指人的职业、身份时，用that.Hewillbecomeascientistthathisfatherwantshimtobe.(4)先行词中有序数词和最高级修饰时,theonly,thevery,justthe,all,no修饰Thisisthebestgift(that)Ihavereceived.Thefirsttextbooksthatwerepublishedyearsagopushededucationforward.ThisistheverybookthatIwaslookingfor.(5)避免上下文重复Whichisthebookthatyouborrowedfromthelibrary?2.关系副词的用法：(where,when,why)关系副词=介词+关系代词 Thereasonwhyhewaslateisunknown.(=forwhich)Thehousewherehelivewillberebuilt.(=inwhich)但：Thereasonthathegavewasacceptable・Doyourememberthedaysthatwespenttogether?ThefactorywherewcwentyesterdayproducesTVsets.比较：ThefactorythatwevisitedyesterdayproducesTVsets.非限制性定语从句修饰独一无二的人、物，常有一逗号与主句隔开，若去掉句子仍成立。注意：非限制性定语从句中，不用关系代词that,关系代词做宾语也不能省。LiPing,whois1.8metrestall,ismyclassmate.Hisson,whoservesinthearmy,is20yearsold.比较：Hissonwhoservesinthearmyis20yearsold.ThebiggesttourismseasoncomesaroundMarch,whenthecariocascelebratethesunwithaseven—ayfestival.WcvisitedtheWestLake,wherewchadagoodtime.Helostthekeytothedoor,whichangeredhismother.Asistoldtous,heisabigliar.Heboughttwobooks,eitherofwhichisinteresting・比较：Heboughttwobooks,buteitherofthemisinteresting・Itisthebiggestclockintheworld,ofwhichtheminutehandismetreslong.Itisthebiggestclockintheworld,theminutehandofwhichismetreslong.Itisthebiggestclockintheworld,andtheminutehandofitismetreslong・十四状语从句1.地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成WhereverIamTwi11bethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。2•方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as...so...,asif,asthough引导。1)as,(just)as...so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但(just)as...so…结构中位于句首吋，as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是”正如...”，”就像“，多用于正式文体，例如：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。1)asifasthough两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。常译作”仿佛……似的”，”好像……似的”，例如:Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting・他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用鹿拟语气。)Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看來天气很快就会好起來。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)说明：asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。1.原因状语从句比较：because,since,as和for1)because语势最强，用来回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或sincecIdidn"tgo,becauseIwasafraid.Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.2)如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday・4目的状语从句表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导，例如：Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold・5•结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so...that或such...that引导，比较：so和suchso+形容词/畐ij词，such+名词，但是so与表示数量的many,few,much,little连用，形成固定搭配。Theboyissoyoungthathecan"tgotoschool.Heissuchayoungboythathecan"tgotoschool6条件状语从句连接i诃主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat,providing/provided(在条件下，要是，以为条件),・Given(that)(假定)supposing/suppose(that)假设etc.. unless=ifnot.Let"sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired・Ifyouarenottootied,lefsgooutforawalk.Supposingyouwereinmyshoes,whatwouldyoudo?IwillcomeprovidingthatIamwellenough7.让步状语从句though,although,everif,eventhough.即使whether...or-不管都注意：当有though,although时，后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用Althoughifsraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。Heisveiyold,buthestillworksveryhard・虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue・2）as,though引导的倒装句as引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词）。Childashewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.=Thoughhewasachild,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.注意：句首可数名词单数不能带任何冠词。3）"nomatter+疑问词”或”疑问词+后缀ever"Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.替换：nomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwho=whoevernomatterwhen=whenevernomatterwhere=wherevernomatterwhich=whichevernomatterhow=however注意：nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.（对）Whateveryousayisofnousenow.你现在说什么也没用了。（Whateveryousay是主语从句）&时间状语从句when,while,as,until,till,before,onct,等比较while,when,as1）as,when引导短暂性动作的动词。While从句中动词只能是延续性动词Justas/Justwhen/WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome.2）从句表示伴随连词能用as,不用when或whileoAsthedaywenton,theweathergotworse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。3）当表示“这时突然发生了另一件事"时，只能用when比较until和till 肯定句中动词是延续性动词：Isleptuntilmidnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。WaittillIcallyou.等着我叫你。否定句动词为短暂动词：Don"tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped・公共汽车停稳后再下车。Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened・直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。(1)Notuntil...在句首，主句用倒装。NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跄了几多岁月。(2)Itisnotuntil...that...表示”一…就…”的结构1)Hardly/scarcely+had+主语+过去分词...when+过去式，Nosooner-i-主语+had+主语+过去分词...than+过去式2)assoonas主从句都用过去式3)directly,immediately,instantly4)theminute,thesecond,themoment,theinstanceAssoonasIgothome,itbegantorain.Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.ThemomentIgothomeitbegantorain.9•比较状语从句。连接词than二、状语从句的省略。当从句和主句的主语一致，同时从句句中又有be动词时，省略从句中的主语和be动词或者省略从句中的itis/was(连词+过去分词，连词+现在分词，连词+形容词/其他)Whenaskedabouthislastjob,hesaidthathehadbeenacarpenter.Thoughwamedofthedanger,hewillgoskatingonthethinice.Whilewalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.Pleasecorrectthemistakesinthecompositionwhen(if)necessary.三、注意的几个句型1.wasdoing....when正要做…这时…2.beabouttodo…when…正要做…这时… 1.beonthepointofdoing....When...正要做…这时…2.itwon"tbe+--段时fn|before不久之后就…3.itwillbealongtimebefore...很久之后才…4.Hardly/scarcely+had+主语+过去分词...when+过去式，一…就…Nosooner+主语+had+主语+过去分词…than+过去式一…就…十五名词性从句名词性从句可分为：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句及表语从句。一、用that引导，山at不做成分，在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中，that通常不省去，that引导两个以上的名词性从句,之后的that不省去。Themainideaswerethatallpeoplearebrothersandsisters,andthatallpeopleshouldbetreatedequally.（表语）Thatweareinvitedtoaconcertthiseveningisapieceofgoodnewstous•（主语）Hedemanded（that）everyonebeequal.（宾语）WordcamethatNapolcanwouldcometoinspect•（同位语）注意判断：Thenewsthatwewonthegameinspiredus.Thenewsthatwereceivedwasnottrue.（定语从句）二、Whether与if引导：“是否S主语从句（尤其在句首）、表语从句、同位语从句、介词之后与or,ornot连用时用whether.Whetherweshallgoisunknown.（主语从句）—>Itisunknownwhether/ifweshallgo.Itdependsonwhetherhewillcome（ornot）.（宾语从句）Theproblemiswhetherwecangetenoughhands.（表语从句）Thequestionwhetherwcneedithasnotyetbeenconsidcrcd・（同位语从句）三、Wh・从句作名词性从句：代词wh・，同时在名词性从句中作主、宾、表语；可用it作形式主语；副词wh-,-ever无论，同时在名词性从句中作状语。Whoshouldberesponsiblefbritisamystery.—>Itisamysterywhoshouldberesponsibleforit.（主语）Idon"tknowwhatishappeningoverthere・（宾语）Thebosscouldn^tdecidewhichofthemshouldbefired.（宾语）Thebookiswhereyouleftit.（表语）Theproblemhowwecangetthereontimeisleftunsettled.（同位1幵）Thereasonwhyhewaslateisunknown.（同位语）Thatwasbecausehefellill.（表语）■■ever。Jin：whatever,whoever,however,whomever等也可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句，引导让步状语时，等于Nomatter...It"snotwisetogiveachildwhateverhewants.（anythingthat）Whoevergetsthemostvoteswillwinintheclcction.（Anyonewho）Herearethreebooks.Youcanchoosewhicheveryoulike・ 比较：Whateveryoumaysay,hewon"tchangehismind.=Nomatterwhatyoumaysay,hewon"tchangehismind.十六虚拟语气L三个基本句型虚拟语气也是动词的一种形式，表示说话人说的话与事实不符，而是一种假设、愿望,猜测。1在if主从复合句中情况条件从句中谓语动词形式主句中谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去式（be用were,适用于各种人称）should(would,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词与将来事实相反1)动词过去式2)should+动词原形3)were+todoshould(would,could,might)+动词原形1)与现在事实相反IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotothecinemawithyounow.2)与将来事实相反IfIsawhimtonight,Ishouldletyouknow.3)与过去事实相反IfIhadmetyouyesterday,Ishouldhavetoldyouaboutit.几种特殊情况1)注意混合条件句：IfIhadstudiedhardinthepast,Iwouldpasstheexamnow・2)用事实代替if从句Iwouldlovetohavemetyouatthestation,butIhadtoworkextrahours.Iwouldhaveattendedyourbirthdayparty,butIwastoobusythen.3)butfor,without等介词代替if从句Butforyourhelp,Icouldn"thavesucceededII其他从句中的虚拟语气l)wish,ifonly,asif,asthough,wouldrather,shouldprefer+从句中，用过去时虚拟现在,用过去完成时虚拟过去.wish宾语从句中： Iwishyoucouldcometomorrow.HowIwishIcouldflytothemoon.IwishIrememberedheraddress・Shewishesshehadknownmebefore・asif/asthoughHespeaksEnglishasifhewereaforeigner.Shetalkedaboutitasifhehadseenwithhisowneyes・wouldrather+宾语从句rdratheryoucametomorrow.EdratherIwereyou.FdratherIhadseenhimyesterday・ifonlyIfonlywecouldseeeachotheragain.IfonlyIhadlistenedtohisadvise.2在Itisstrange/natural/important/necessary/thatsb(should)do.Suggest(建议)，insist,demand,desire,order,request,advise,recommend,require等词后加宾语从句中，应使用(should)doItisimportantthatwestudyEnglishwell.MotherinsistedthatIhadcaughtacoldandthatIgotoseethedoctor.Thebossadvisedthattheworkbestartedatonce・2.It"s(high)timesbdidsthIfstimeyougotup.十七倒装句倒装句分为完全倒装和部分倒装一・完全倒装完全倒装是指将谓语的全部提至主语之前。1.用在表地点、时间、方位等副词(纯副词)开头的句子里，表示强调，主语是名词而不是代词。这类词有：here,there,now,then,in,out,up,down,away,off^etc. 1)Herecomesthebus・2)Theregoesthebell.3)Awaywenttheboys・但:Hereshecomes・1.当表示地点的介词词组放在句首时，用全部倒装1)Northofthecityliesaglassworks.2)Infrontofthetemplestandtwostonelions.2.表语置于句首时，用倒装结构PresentatthemeetingwereClareFlower,thelawyerandanunknownman.GonearethedayswhenIfellinlovewithniceladies.二・部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语部分可以提前的系动词、情态动词或助动词提至主语之前，必要时可借助动词。1.用于only+状语开头的句子中，作状语的可以是副词、介词短语或状语从句1)Onlyinthiswaycanyousolvetheproblem・2)OnlywhenIarriveddidhestopwatchingTV.注：如果only用来强调作主语的名词或代词，则不用倒装。例如：OnlyHelenknowsthissecret.2.用于以下列否定词或词组开头的句中：hardly,never,seldom,barely,scarcely,little,not,notonly,notonce,etc.1)Littledidheknowwhothegirlwas2)Seldomdoeshetakeexercise.注：含有no的复合词或词组用在句首，要用部分倒装结构。例如：1)Innowaycantheyfinishthetask.2)Nowherecouldthewolveshidethemselves.3.用于hardly/scarcely...when...,nosooner...than…及notuntil句型中Notuntilhisparentsreturnedhomedidhefinishhishomework.注：在hardly/scarcely...when..nosooner...than…构成倒装句的句式中，一般前面主句用过去完成式，后面从句用一般过去时。例如:Hardlyhadwegottothestationwhenthetrainleft4.用于so/such---that,表示“如此以至于”的结构屮，so置于句首，构成倒装。1)Socarelesslydoeshedrivethatheisoftenfinedbypolicemen.2)Soabsorbeddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.3)Suchagoodteacherisshethateveryoneofuslikesher.5.用于省略了if的虚拟语气句型中，将if从句屮原有的were,had或should提至主语之前1)Wereshenotsobusy,sheshouldgowithyou.2)HadIbeenhereyesterday,Iwouldhavegonetotheconcert.6.as作“尽管、虽然”解，引导让步状语从句时，将从句中作表语的名词、形容词或作状语的副词置于句首，构成倒装；实意动词也可以放在句首构成倒装。此时，as可以换成though□ 1)MuchasIlikeher,Iwillnevermarryhe匚2)Youngasheis,heknowsalot.3)Tryastheywould,theymightfailagain.注：从句屮作表语的单数名词，须省略前面冠词；如果该名词有形容词修饰时，则不省略。例如：1)Childasheis.Heknowsalot.2)Alittlechildasheis,heknowsalot.1.用于开头的句子，表示重复前句内容，即表示前一个人的情况也适合于后一个人。后句的谓语应与前句谓语的时态、形式相一致。如：HehasbeentoBeijing・SohaveI.Liweican"tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.&such作表语位于句首，采用倒装语序。如：Suchwaswhathesaid・Suchwerehiswords.十八省略句一、动词不定式的省略动词不定式常用不定式符号to,而省略后面的动词：1、表意念、愿望等动词后，如：beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish,etc.Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn^twantto.2^在have,need,ought,begoing,used等后。Ididn"twanttogothere,butIhadto.3、在某些形容词后。如:glad,happy,pleased,delighted,etc.一・Willyoujoininthegame?…Fdbegladto.4^否定形式的省略用not/nevertoo…Shallwetellhimthenews?—Iprefernotto.5、如果不定式中含有be,have,havebeen,通常保留be,have和havebeen,以便句意的完整和准确。如：…Arcyouasailor?…No,butIusedtobe.-一Hehasn"tfinishedhishomeworkyet.…Well,heoughttohave・二、复合句屮的省略1、定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,whom常可省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时，作状语的关系副词when,why,where可省略。如1：Therearesometimeswords(that)Idon"tknow.Thisisthefirsttime(when)hehadtroublewiththeboss. 2、当wh■疑问词引导宾语从句且后面的内容与前面重复时，重复的内容通常省略，只保留wh■疑问词。如：Heleft,butIdon"tknowwhen(heleft).Hewasunhappy,butIdon"tknowwhy(hewasunhappy).3、状语从句的省略一般来说，省略现象多出现于下面五种状语从句：1)由when,while,as,before,after,till,once引导的时间状语从句2)由if,unless,whether引导的条件状语从句3)由though,although,evenif,疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句4)由as,than引导的比较状语从句5)由as,asif,asthough引导的方式状语从句当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致吋，可以省略状语从句中的主语，将谓语部分改为非谓语(主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词)，或保留作表语的形容词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式等。如：When(hewas)askedabouthislastjob,hesaidthathehadbeenacarpenter.While(shewas)walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.Unless(youare)invitedtospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.Workhardwhen(youare)young.Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected・Heopenedhismouthasif(hewere)tospeak.Youngpeopleshouldgoandworkwherever(theyare)needed.当从句的主语是it或there,谓语动词为系动词be,可以将it/there和be—起省略。如：Correctthesentencesif(thereare)anymistakes.Unless(itis)necessary,you"dbetternotrefertothedictionary・另外，我们还可以用讦so或ifnot代替上文内容。如：Getupearlytomorrow.Ifnot(youdon"tgetupearly),yoifllmissthefirstbus.Hemaynotbeathomethen,ifso(sheisnotathome),leavehimanote.十九主谓一致一、考点聚焦1、语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。Thenumberofstudentsinourschooljs1,700.MaryandKellyarealike.2、意义上一致(1)主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。Thecrowdwereruningfortheirlives.单数形式代表复数内容的词有people>police>cattle等。(2)主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。Thenewsisveryexciting.形复意单的单词有ncw>works(工厂)、means和以・ics结尾的学科名称physics^politics>economics等。 3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词or、either...or.neither...nor^notonly...butalso等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。Eg.EitheryouorImad.4、应注意的若干问题(1)名词作主语。①某些集体名词如family,team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。Myfamilyis_big.ThewholefamilyarewatchingTV.这类词常有audience>class>club^committeescompany、crew^crowd、enemy>government>group>party>public、team等。population和“agroup(crowd)of+复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。②某些集体名词如people>police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。③单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。Asheepisoverthere.Somesheepareoverthere.④名词所有格Z后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。Myuncle"s主notforfromhere.常见的省略名词有thebaker?s、thebarbar*s>theZhang"s等。表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：Richardson"shavealotofoldgoodstosell.⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。Thirtyyearshaspassed.Fiveminutesisenoughtofinishthetask.⑥不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Eachboyandeachgirlinmyclasshasadictionaiy.⑦如果主语有morcthanone...或manya...构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，它的谓语动词用单数形式。Morethanonestudenthasseentheplay.Manyaboyhasboughtthatkindoftoy.但是，“more+复数名词+thanone"结构之后，谓语用复数。⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses,clothes、trousers>shoes、compasseschopsticks>scissors等。但如果主语用akindapairaseriesof等加名词构成吋，谓语动词一般用单数形式。Apairofshoesisonthedesk.⑨thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(这种书)，其谓语动词：短语thiskindofmen=menofthiskind=thesekindofmen(口语)(这一类人)，但thiskindofmen的谓语用单数,menofthiskind和thesekindofmen的谓语用复数,allkindsof后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如:Thiskindofmenis_dangerous.Menofthiskind/sortaredangerous.⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means^worksspecies(种类)、Chinese^Japanese等。当它们的前面有a、sucha、this、that修饰时,谓语用单数；有all、such、these>those修饰时，谓语用复数。(11)如果名词词组中心词是all.most,half、rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复 数形式，反之用单数。Allofmystudentsworkhard.AlloftheoilJsgone.(11)在主谓倒装的句子屮，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：Betweenthetwowindowshangsanoilpainting.(2)由连接词连接的名词作主语。①用and或both...and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。Truthandhonestyarethebestpolicy.Toloveandtobelovedjsthegreathappiness.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.Aknifeandforkisonthetable.②当主语后面跟有aswellas>asmuchas>nolessthan>alongwith^with、like^ratherthan>togetherwith^but>exceptbesides、including>inadditionto等引导的词组时，采取"就远原则”。③以or、either...neigher...nor>notonly...butalso等连接的词作主语时,釆取"就近原则”。(1)代词作主语。①名词性物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。Ours(OurParty)is_a纣eatParty.Yourshoesarewhite,mine(=myshoes)areblack.②such、thesame起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。Suchisourplan.Sucharehislastwords.③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。④疑问词who、what、which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。Wholivesnextdoor?ItisXiaoLiu.Wholivesnextdoor?TheyareWangandLi.⑤不定代词any、cithcr>ncithcr^nonc^all、some、more等作主语时，要注意下列情况：(A)单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。Nowallhasbeenchanged.(指物)Allarepresent.(指人)(B)其后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体屮，单数形式的动词更常用。Do(cs)anyofyouknowabouttheaccident?Noneofushas(havc)seenthefilm.(2)分数、量词作主语。①“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,,aheapof,heapsof,halfof+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语屮后面的名词是屮心词，而短语屮前面的量词是修饰语。如：Lotsofdamagecausedbyflood.Anumberofstudentsgonetothecountryside.但:alargequantityof.,largequantitiesof..Alargequantityofpeopleisneededhere.Quantitiesoffood(nuts)arestillonthetable.②agreatdealof、alargeamountof修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数; largeamountsof修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语吋，谓语动词通常用复数。①表示数量的oneandahalf后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Oneandahalfapplcs_isleftonthetabic.(be)②halfof、(a)partof修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数吋，谓语动词用复数。(1)名词化的形容词作主语。如果主语rtl“the+形容词(或分词)”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有therich,thepoor、thebravetheinjured>theliving>thewounded等。如表抽象的也可以用单数，如theunknown>thebeautiful等。(2)从句作主语。①由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。Whatweneedismoremoney・Whatweneedaremorepeople/teachers・②在t4oneof+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one,因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如one前有theonly则用单数形式。Thisisoneofthemostinterestingstoriesthathavebeentoldbymyfather.Shejstheonlyoneofthegirlswhoislateforclasstoday.（7）不定式、动名词（短语）作主语用单数形式；Therebe句型中be的单复数収决于be后的第一个词的数。Therejsabook,twopensonthedesk.Therearctwopens,abookonthedesk.综合练习题I.Dadisusedtosmokinganddrinking.There"snochanceI"mabletotalkhimintoA.whether；givingitupB.ofwhether；givingthemupC・that；gettingridofthemD.which；stoppingit1.Keepinmindyouwantotherstorespectyou,youmustrespectothersfirst.A.thatwhenB.thatifC.ifwhenD.whenif2.Shenzhenwasonlyasmallfishingvillagecomparedtoitisnow.A.whichB.thatC・whatD・where3.Thinkaboutyouaregoodatandyouenjoyandbuildonthoseabilities.A•what；thatB•what；whichC•that；thatD.what；what4.seemsstrangetousisthetroublesomeboyisgettingalongwellwithallhisteachers・A.It；thatB.That；howC.It；howD.What； that1.wordsIusecannotexpressmyappreciationofyourtimelyhelp・A.WhateverB・HowmanyC.NomatterwhatD.Whichever2.Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimalstheycanuselanguageasatooltocommunicate・A.inthatB・forthatC.inwhichD・forwhich8.climbergetstothetopfirstwillgeta¥5,000prize.A.NomatterwhenB.WhicheverC.NomatterwhichD・Whenever9・Alongwiththeletterwasherpromiseshewouldjoinusinthework.（重庆酉阳一中高三第四次月考）A.whichB.whatC.thatD.whether10.ManyofthecreaturesinRowling"sworldarcnotreal,andmuchofhappensisstrange・A.whichB・thatC.whatD.it11•someteenagersdon"trealizeisdifficultlifecanbeaftertheygetaddictedtodrugs・A.What；howB.That；howC.That；whatD.What；whata12.Theybegantothinkaboutcouldbemadeofthesevaluablematerials.（浙江温州中学高三1月月考）A•howuseB•fulluseC.betterD・whatuse13.Therewasabigargumentamongthechildrenaboutmovetoanewhouse・A・iftheyshouldB・thattheyoughtC.ifshouldtheyD.whethertheyshould14.sometimeskeepsherawakeatnightTomisgettingmoreandmorequietathome・A.That；whichB・It；thatC.Whether；whatD.What；that15•—Irangyouataboutnine,buttherewasnoreply.一Oh,thatwasprobablyIwasseeingthedoctor.（天津一屮高三上学期第五次月考）A・whyB.whenC.whatD.that16.Hismotherdidshecouldtheboy.A.what；helpB・that；helpC•what；tohelpD.that；tohelp17.Itisn"texpectedhesaidcausedsomuchdiscussionatthemeeting.A・thatB.whatthat C•whatD•thatwhat16.Somelanguageexpertsthinkwclearnlanguagesinthesamewaywclearnotherthings,andwearebornwithisageneralabilitytolearnandadapt.A.不填；thatwhatB.which；whatC.that；whatthatD•inwhich；that17.ItwasthefirsttimeAgassihadunderstoodrealchampionsfinallyunderstand：winningisatestofnervesandnotjustpowcr.A.thatB.whatC.howD.when18.Thinkingthatyouknowinfactyoudon"tknowisaseriousmistake•（吉林长春市高三第一次模拟）A.whatB.thatC.whenD.however21•Wcwillallappreciateyoucancometojoinusindevelopingourhometown.A.thatifB.itifC・itthatD・thatwhen22.Muchtothecouple"scomfortstheirincomeisnowdoubleitwasfiveyearsago.A・thatB・thanC.whichD.what23.Inpeace,too,theRedCrossisexpectedtosendhelptothereishumansuffering.（江西九校联考一模）A.whoeverB•whereverC.howeverD・whatever24.Itwasintimeofdangerhemadethefinaldecisiontheyshouldsendmoredoctorsthere.A・where；thatB.when：whichC.where；whatD・that；that25•Thenewsisspreadingaroundtheairportisaheavystonniscoining.A.what；不填B.that；thatC・不填；thatD・that；which26.Ifyouleavethisapplicationformandgotoanotherwebsite,youwillloseyouhavealreadyfilledoutonthisform.（福建泉州市高中毕业班临考质量检查）A•whateverB・nomatterwhatC・whicheverD.nomatterwhich27.Doyouhaveanyideaelectricityplayssuchanimportantpartinourdailylife?A・whyisitthatB.howitisthatC.whywasitD・whenitwasthat28.—Docsitmattermuchthesalesmanagerwon"tattendthemeetingtomorrow?—rvenoidea.（江苏六合高级中学高三下学期调研考试）A・whetherB.whatC.whenD・that29.Asdaysgoon,IthinkthatBeijingwillbecomethewholeworldpaycloseattentionto.A.whereB・whatC.whichD.that30.DavidsayssoundsrighttoHelen.Thafswhyshehasmadeuphermindtoleavehimhappens. A.Whatever；whateverB.Nomatterwhat；whateverC•Nomatterwhat；nomatterwhatD•Whatever；however1.“Isyouwanttosay?"askedtheteache匸A.thisB・thatC.allthatD.thatall2.September1stisthedaystudentsregisterfortheiruniversities^mixedwiththeemotionofhope,fearandanxiety.A.adayB・whichC.whatD.that3.IntheircountryAugust31stisanationalholiday,everybodydancesinthestreets.A.whichB.asC.whenD.because4・Imaginelifeasagameyouareplayingwithfiveballs.Younamethem一work,family,health,friendsandspirit.A•whatB•soC.asD・where5-LiuXiang"sbreakingtheworldrecordwasanexcitingmoment,allofuswillneverforget.A.thatB・oneC.itD・what6.TherearemanythingsindifferentareaswecandotoreducethepossibledangersofAIDS.A.whereB.thereC.whatD・that7.—Didyourememberthedayswcworkedonthefarm?——Certainly.Especiallythehardtimeswespenttogethe匚A.which；whenB・when；whichC.when：whenD.which；which8.M匚WhitewillcometothepartyonSunday,hepromisedtoeveryoneofus.A.whenB.thatC.whatD・which9."I"dliketogivemythankstothosehelpmysonwillbeabletosurvivehisterribledisease,"saidthewomanonTV.A・whoB・thatC.withwhoseD.withtheir10.—Ican"tfindMr.Brown.Wheredidyoumeethimthismorning?一Itwasinthehotelhestayed/安徽合肥市高三第三次模拟）A・thatB.whichC・whereD・when11•Wasiteleveno"clockyouarrivedhomelastnight?A.whenB・thatC.sinceD.while12.Thecompanyandtheeffectbroughtaboutdidgreatgoodtoourbusinessinthewesternarea.A.itB・thatC・whatD.which13.Thafssuchawellknownplaceeveryonewantstovisitwecanfinditinthemapoftheworld.A.that；asB.as；asC.that；thatD.as；that 12.ThoughtherearefewChinesehaveheardoftheGreatWall,manyofthemhaven"tbeenthereyet.A.asB.whoC.butD.that15-Hewassopleasedwithallwehaddoneforhimhewroteusalettertopraiseusforit.A.what；whatB・what；thatC・that；whatD.that；that16.DirectorZhang,forlitehadoncebeenveryhard,directedmanyfilmsaboutthefarmerslifb.A.hisB.whomC-whoD.whose17.IsitDaveWilliamsrunsawebsiteheencouragespeopletoprotecttheenvironment?A.who；thatB・that；whichC.who；whereD.that；as18.Zibo,ShandongProvinceisthebirthplaceoffbotball，playingfootballspreadstoeverycorneroftheworld.A.fromthereB.whereC.fromwhichD・there19.PerhapsthatistheonlypointIcompletelyagree.A•thatB•whichC•withwhichD.where20.Therearemanypeopleonlyonlineactivityissendingandreceivingemail.A.whoB・thatC.whichD・whose21.Ishallneverforget9a.m.onOct.12,2005.themostexcitingmoment,ShenzhouVIwaslaunched,isalwaysmakingmethinkofhowIcandomoreformyhomeland・A.that；whichB・which；thatC.when：asD.when；which22.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,andcameasasurprise.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.he23•He"sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationheislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A・whereB.whichC.whenD.why24.Davidgetsupearlyandtakesexerciseinthemorning,isusualwithhim•（湖北八校高三年级第二次联考）A.asB.thatC.whatD.so25.WhenyoucallonaFrenchman,youmaychatforanhourorso,notevenacoffeeorwaterisoffered.A.duringthistimeB.bythistimeC.duringwhichtimeD-bywhichtime26.Idon"tknowthereasonyouwereabsentfromthemeeting,butIamsurethatsomeonewilltellmethereasonyouhaven"ttoldme.A.why；thatB・that；whyC.because；whichD.ofwhich；that27.Doyouknowtheboythedictionaryisveryexpensive? A.whoseB・thatC・ofwhomD.ofwhich24.Thevillagers,hadbeendamagedbythefire,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.A•alloftheirhousesB•alltheirhousesC.whoseallhousesD・allofwhosehouses25.ThetimeisnotfarawaymodemcommunicationswillbecomewidespreadinChina"svastcountryside.（江苏盐城市高三第二次调研考试）A・asB.untilC.beforeD・when26.It"ssaidthathe"slookingforanewjob,onehecangetmoremoneytosupporthisfamily.A・whenB・whereC.thatD・which1.Withhismotherhim,heisgettingonwellwithhiswork・A.helpB.tohelpC.helpingD.helped2.Janewentofftothepartywithherhusband,ahappyeveningofwine,foodandsong・A.expectedB.expectingC.toexpectD.expects3•Thetrafficproblemwearelookingforwardtoseeingshouldhaveattractedthelocalgovernmenfsattention・A.solvingB.solveC.tosolveD・solved2.Heclaimedinthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.A•beingbadlytreatedB•treatingbadlyC.tobetreatedbadlyD.tohavebeentreatedbadly3.WhocouldhaveimaginedsuchasweettemperedgirlasAlicesuchathing?A・doingB.todoC.doesD.do4.Atthenews,allthewomenpresentburstout・A.disappointed；cryingB.unexpected；cryingC.unexpecting；totearsD・disappointing；tears5.Ratherthanforhelpfromsomeoneelse,howeverdifficultthetaskis,Iprefertocompleteitbymyself.A.toaskB-askingC•askD•tohaveasked6.TheWorldTradeOrganizationfinallyopeneditsdoortoChinaonNovember10，ourChinese15yearwait・A.toendB.endedC.endingD・ends7.Thafsthebestwaywcshouldthinkofthedyingsoldicr.A.helpingB.savingC・operatingD・tosave8.一Whathappenedtoyouonyourwaybacktothehotellastnight?——Ilostmywayincompletedarknessand,thingsworse,itbegantopour. A.makingB-tomakeC•havingmadeD・made11•Theexaminationresultsinthespeechofourheadmasterdelightedallofus.A.refertoB.refeiringtoC.wasreferredtoD.referredto12-—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.一Imeant,butwhenIwasleaving,Icouldnftfindheranywhere・A・todoherB・tohaveC.doingD.doingso13.—Whoisthemanthatwantstoseeme?—AmanhimselfMr.Stoncbrcakcr.A.callingB.calledC・callsD.iscalled14.Whenifshewouldrequestarise,theactressnotedthatmoneywasnotimportant・A•askedB•beingaskedC•havingaskedD.asking15•一IsBobstillperforming?一I"mafraidnot.Heissaidthestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial. D.tobeleftC.tohavebeenleft16.Facedwithabillfor$10,000,•（浙江温州市高三第一次适应性测试）A.JohnhastakenanextrajobB・thebosshasgivenJohnanextrajobC.anextrajobhasbeentakenD・anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn17.inchargeoftheshoppingcenterhasupsethimforquitesometime.A.LeftB.BeingleftC.HavingleftD.Toleave18.Hesentmetheemail,togetsomefurtherinformationforhisresearch.A.hopedBehopingC.tohopeD.hope19.AsIwillbeawayforatleastayear,I"dappreciatefromyounowandthenmehoweveryoneisgettingalong・A・hearing；tellB.tohear；tellC.hearing；tellingD.tohear；totell20.Witheverythingsheneeded,shewentoutoftheshop,withherhandsfullofshoppingbags・A.boughtB.tobuyC.buyingD.buy21.—Wedon"thaveenoughdictionaries.Whatwouldyouliketosuggest?—Howaboutfourofusone?A.shareB・toshareC.sharingD.shared22.Toimprovethequalityofourproducts,weaskedforsuggestionshadusedtheproducts.（重庆）A•whoeverB.whoC.whicheverD.which23•—Wasyesterday"sconferencesuccessful?一Notreally.Thenumberofwasmuchsmallerthanwehadexpected.A・peoplewhoattendB.peopleattendedC.peopleattendingD.peopleattend24.—WhatmadelittleTonysounhappyandcryinhisroom?—togohikingwithhisbrothcr.A.HavingnotbeenallowedB・NothavingallowedC•HavingnotallowedD.Nothavingbeenallowed25.AftertheShcngzhouVIcapsuletoucheddown,twoastronautssucceededintravelingaroundtheearth,thusagainChinaisaglobalspacepowerA・provedB.toproveC.tohaveprovedD.proving26.Thestudentsareforbidden,unlesstheyhavespecialpasses,after11p.m.・A•tostayoutB•stayedout C•stayingoutD.stayout24.Atthattime,hespentasmuchtimeashecouldtheancientstatueswhich wouldbesunkintherive匚A.paintB.topaintC.paintingD.painted24.一FdliketolearnmoreaboutExpo2012YeosuKorea・一BettertrytheCCTVwebsite,andyouarelikelytheinformationinnotime.A.tovisit；togetB.tovisit；gettingC.visiting；togetD.visiting；getting25.Duringthetestweweresupposedtostayinourseats,keepoureyesonourwork,toanyone・A.andnotspeakB.insteadofspeakingC.ratherthanspeakD・butcouldnottalk26.Theteacheratthedesktheexampapers.A.sat；tobecorrectingB・satdown；tocoiTectC.sat；correctedD・wassittingdown；correcting1.一HowcanIimprovemyEnglish?一YoushouldfindmoreopportunitiestohearEnglishasmuchasyoucanA.speakingB.speakC.tospeakD・spoken2.Taiwan一bornfilmmakerAngleewonthebestdirectorOscaratthe28thAcademyAwards,thehighesthonorinAmericanmoviefields.A・tohaveconsideredB.consideringC.toconsiderD・considered3•Aftertheflood,nohouseinthevillage.A.leftstandingB.waslefttostandC・wasremainedstandingD.remainedstanding1.Manychildrenhaveformedthehabitofreadingbutefficientnotesmeanwhile・A•nottakeB.nottotakeC.nottotakingD.nottaking5•ThefamousmagazineAsianTimerecentlyputLiYuchun,thewinnerofSuperGirls,onitscover,thatwhatLipossessesistochallengeChinesetraditionalbeauty.（湖南师大附中高三第五次月考）A.saidB-tosayC.sayingD.tohavesaid 6.Withanexamination,thestudentsfeltrelaxedandenjoyedthemselvesawholenight.A-totakeB-takingC.takenD.wastaken7-Hestoodupandlookedforwardtowhatwashappeningoverthereandfoundtherewasacinemaaroundhecouldseeafilmbeingshown.（长沙市一中高三第六次月考）A.seeing；whichB・see；whereC.see；whichD.seeing；that8-Allthingsintoconsideration,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.A.takenB.takingC・totakeD・beingtaken9.touseinApril,2010,theroadhassolvedthelongstandingproblemoftrafficjamsofthisarea.A.PutB.PuttingC•HavingputD•Beingput10.Themanofshooting6schoolchildrenwascaughtbyBeijingpolice,theXinhuaNewsAgencyreportedonFriday.（山东滨州市惠民县高三期末考试）A-beingsuspectedB・suspectingC.suspectedD.tobesuspected11•WhatmademesadwasthatIwenttoseeherthedaybeforeyesterdayonlyherdeadonherbed・A・tofindB・findingC.foundD.find12.Asthefilmstarbegantoappear,thechildrenwatched・A.fascinatingB・fascinatedC•beingfascinatedD.havingfascinated13•fromthemoon,ourearthwithwaterseventypercentofitssurface,appearsasablueball.A.Seen；coveredB.Seeing；coveringC.Seen；coveringD.Seeing；covered14.Mydaughteroftenmakesascheduletogetherselfofwhatsheistodointheday.A・remindB•toremindC.remindedD.reminding15-Thebuildingovertherelastyearwasforuslaidoffworkers.Wcappreciatewhatthegovernmenthasdoneforus・A.builtB.tobebuiltC.havingbeenbuiltD・beingbuilt16.Sir,doyouhaveanythingthisafternoon?Ifthereisnothingtodo,IwonderifIcanaskforaleave・A.typingB.typedC.totypeD.tobetyped17•itorleaveit—ifsuptoyou.A.HavingB・TakeC.HavinghadD.Totake 17•Themostofhistimehewaswhathesparedfromhisplayingtime.A.madetolearningB.tookinlearning C.tooktolearningD.madetolearn19.byhisgrandparents.Jimmywasn"tusedtolivingwithhisparents.A.TobringupB.TobebroughtupC・BroughtupD.Bringingup20.Thenoiseofdeskscouldbeheardinthestreet.A.openedandclosedB•tobeopenedandclosedC.beingopenedandclosedD・havingbeenopenedandclosed21•Whodidyouseeinthemiddleofthefrontrowmakingthatmuchnoise?A.seatedB・sitC.seatD.seating22.Limitednaturalresourcesshouldbemadefulluseoftheneedofenergy.A・meeting；increasingB.tomeet；increasedC.meeting；increasedD.tomeet；increasing23•Whilecleaningthesnowontheroad,•A・awalletwasfoundonthegroundB・awalletappearedonthegroundC.IfoundawalletlyingonthegroundD.Ifoundawalletlaidontheground24.Mrs.Smithfoundherhusbandsurroundedbylettersandpapersandveryworried・A.looksB.lookingC.tolookD.islooking25.Itisencouragingtoseemillionsontheearthwhohadnothingbutarecordofmiseryandhungerthechancetoimprovetheirlift.A.hasB・haveC.tohaveD.whohave26.Thedriverfortheaccidenthadnotbeendrivingcarefiilly.A・blamedB.beingblamedC.tobeblamedD•blaming27-Dospeakloudlywhileyourselfunderstoodwell.A.listeningtomakeB・listenedtomakeC.beinglistenedtotomakeD.listeningtobemade28.Alotofcoalminersdiedonthejoblastyear,thelocalgovernmenttoshutnearly500smallminesinShanxiProvincealone.（辽宁东北育才学校高三第二次模拟）A・forcingB.toforceC.forcedD.hasforced29.—Whatdoyouthinkmadethebeautifulladyupset?—hernewMP5playcr.（福建古田县第一中学高三上学期质量检查） B.LosingD・AsshelostA・LostC・Becauseoflosing 28.attheoffice,Mr.Greenfoundthepaperspreparedforhisbosswereleftathome・A.ToarriveB.OnarrivingC・AsarrivedD・Whilearrivingl.Onlybypractisingafewhourseverydaybeabletomasterthelanguage.A・youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyou2.Ifyoudon"tgo,neither.（2010-湖南洞口一中高三上学期期末试题）A.shallIB.doIC.IdoD.Ishall3•Nosoonertothestationthetrainleft.A.hadIgot；whenB.Ihadgot；thanC・hadIgot；thanD・didIget；when4-today,hewouldgettherebySunday・A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleave1.Neverinmylifesuchathing.（2010*湖南祁东一中12月份月考）A・IhaveheardorhaveseenB.haveIheardorseenC.IhaveheardorseenD.didIhearorseeWhereisXiaoLiu?6•—HereB.comesthebus；heisD・thebuscomes；heisB-AsmuchIlikeitD.AsIlikeitmuch—There.A・comesthebus；isheC・thebuscomes；ishe6.,Iwillnotbuyit.A.MuchasdoIlikeitC-MuchasIlikeit7.一Ilikefootball.Idon"tlikevolleyball.—.（2010-吉林长春市高中毕业班笫一次调研测试）A.SodoIB.NeitherdoIC.SoitiswithmeD・Soisitwithme8.theexpense,ItoItaly.A.Ifitwerenot；goB・Wereitnotfor；wouldgoC.Wasn"titfor；willgoD.Ifithadn"tbeen；wouldhavegone9.—Inmodemtimes,girlslikebeautifulclothes.一Yes,；.Afterall,ourlifehasgreatlyimproved・A.sodothey；sodoboysB.sotheydo；soboysdoC.sodothey；soboysdoD.sotheydo；sodoboys11•—YouhaveanEnglishclasseverydayexceptSunday.—.（2011-湖南邵东科达中学第2次月考）A・SowehaveB•Sowedo D.SodoweC・Sohavewe 12.Iwonderifyourwifewillgototheball.IfyourwifeA.docs；willB.will；docsC.will；wouldD・does；do13•OnlyafterIreadthetextoveragainitsmainidea.A.thatIknewB.didIknowsoI.C.IcouldknowD.Ididknow14.—YouseemtohavelearnedalltheEnglishwordsbyheart.A.SoIdoB.SodoIC.SoIhaveD.SohaveI15•—IseldomwatchTV,butlistentotheradioalot.—.（2010-浙江长征中学高三上学期第二次阶段性检测）A・SodoIB.NeitherdoIC・I"mthesameD.Itisthesamewithme16.JimmywassonervousthatnotasinglewordA.downinthedictation.C.17.A.C.hewrotedidhewriteB•hewaswrittenD.washewrittenwhenItookthetripwhereitwouldleadme.haveIknownB・hadIknownLittledoIknowD.didIknow18•—Haveyoueverseenanythinglikethatbefore?.（2010•湖南邵阳市高三第二次联考）No,IneverhaveseenanythinglikethatbeforeNo,neverIhaveseenanythinglikethatbeforeNo,neverhaveIseenanythinglikethatbeforeNo,Ihaveseenanythinglikethatbeforenever,Iwouldaccepttheinvitationandgototheparty.WereIyouB.WasIyouD.WouldIbeyouYoushouldworklessA.B.C.D.19.you20.A.andneithershouldIB.andsoshouldID.andsoIshould21.A.Thedoorburstopenandnishedinthecrowd,shoutingwithange匚B.inthecrowdrushedC.C•HadIbeenC.andnorshouldthecrowdinrushedD.inrushedthecrowdapromise,butalsohekeptit.（2010•湖北八校高三年级第一次联考）B.22.NotonlyA.didhemakehemadeC.doeshemakeD.hashemade23.Notoncetheirplan.A.B.theychangedC.didtheychangechangedtheyD.theydidchange—DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?一Idon"tknow,andA・nordon"tIcareB.nordoIcare C.SoitB•SoIoughtD.SoIdidB.doesn"theD・don"twe25-Notuntilhearrivedhomehefindthatthiswallethadbeenstolen.A.didB・wouldC.whenD.that26.NowhereelseintheworldcheapertailoringthaninHongKong.A.atouristcanfindB.canatouristfindC.atouristwillfindD.atouristhasfound27.thatwcallwentout,lyinginthesun.A.SofinewastheweatherB.SowasthefineweatherC.TheweatherwassofinewasD.Sotheweatherwasfine28.anicemanthatwcallbelievehim.(2010-湖南石齐学校高三第次月考）A.So；didheseemB・So；heseemedC.Such；heseemedD.Such；didheseem29.,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifully.A.TryashedocsB・AshetriesC・TryasdoesheD-Astryhedoes30.一Yououghttohavegiventhemsomeadvice・butwhocaredwhatIsaid?A•Sooughtyou6wasLAhibernatinganimalneedshardlyanyfoodallthroughthewinter,A.needitB.needn"titC.doesitD.doesn"tit2.Younevertolduswhyyouwerelateforthelastmeeting,?A・weren"tyouB.didn"tyouC.wereyouD.didyoushe?3.Sarahhadhiswashingmachinerepairedthedaybeforeyesterday,A.hadn"tB.didn"t4.ItislovenovelsthatMissWilliamsenjoysreading,A.doesn"tsheB.isn"titC-docssheD.isit5•Whatabeautifulcity,?■A.isitB.isn"titC.willitD.won"titC・hasn"tD.wasn"tit6.Whentheteacherspeaks,wehavetokeepquiet,A.mustn"twc C.weren"twe A.needn"tyouB•needyouC-haven"tyouD.doesn"tyou8・Alice,youpassmethatbowl,?（2010-辽宇沈阳一中第九次月考）A.willsheB.doesn"tsheC.don"tyouD.willyou9.IdonftthinkwhatMs.Huangsaidjustinowcanbereasonable,?A.dowcB.isitC.canweD.canshe10.Thegirldaren"tgofartherwhenshesawthesnake,?A・doesn"tsheB・daresheC.daressheD.doesnftthegirl11•Let"ssharethisnovel,?A.shallweB.willweC・shan"tweD・willyou12.Theoldmanusedtofish,?A.usedn"theB・usedheC-didn"tsheD・didhe13-Hecanfthavecomebacktohisdormitorylastnight,he?A.didB.didn"tC.hasD.hasn"t14.Everythingseemsallright,?•A.doesn"titB.isn"t"C-hasn"titD-donftthey15•You"dlikesometea,?A・hadn"tyouB・wouldn"tyouC•hadyouD.wouldyou16.Nooneisgoingtoclimbnextweek,?•A.issheB・isn"theC.aretheyD.aren"tthey17.ShedisagreedwithmeonthequestionIputforwardatyesterda/smeeting,A・didn"tsheB.didsheC.didID.didn"tI1Idon"tsupposeitisgoingtorainthisafternoon,?A.doIB.don"tIC.isitD.isn"tit19.Iwishyouwouldhaveagoodweekend,?A.don"tIB.wouldn"tyouC-haven"tyouD-mayI20.Pmafraidshecan"tkeephisword,?■A.aren*tIB.can*tIC.isn"tsheD.canshe21•Janeknowsmuchabouttheaccident.Ithinkshemusthaveseenit,?A.don"tIB•doesn"tsheC.didn"tsheD・hasn"tshe22.Shecan"thavepassedtheexam,forsheisinlowspiritsthesedays,she? A.canB.hasC.isn"tD.did23•PmnotanexcellentengineernowasIhaven"tworkedhard,I?A.amB.areC.haveD.did24.Whenyou"vefinishedwiththatbook,don"tforgettoputitbackontheshelf,you?A.doB.don"tC.willD.won"t25.Soyou"vefalleninlovewiththeprettygirlcollegestudent,?A・haveyouB.haven"tyouC.haveID・haven"tI26.Therewasaloudscreamfromthebackstageimmediatelyaftertheconcertended.?A•wasn"tthereB・wasthereC.didn"titD.didit27.Mr.Woodheadmusthavebeenpunishedforhisbeingrudeatthemeeting,he?A・mustn"tB.wasn"tC.hasn"tD.didn"t28.Iknowwearelate,butpleaseletustakethetestthistime,?A•don"tyouB•don"twcC.willyouD.shallwe29.UncleSamiscrazyaboutgardening.Hemustbewateringhisflowersinthebackyardnow,?A•mustn"theB•isn"theC.needn"theD•doesn"the30.Idorftsupposeourteammighthavebeenbeatenbytheirslastnight,（2010ll|东潍坊二中高三上学期期末考试）A・doIB.mightitC.hasn"titD.wasit综合练习答案 名词性从句CBCDDAABCC定语从句DACDBDBDCC非谓语动词CBDDABCCDBDDDDCCBAAC倒装句DACCBBCCBD反义疑问句CDBBBDBDBBADDBBCDABAAADCDBCCDDDBAAAABBCAABCCADBDCCBABCDCDCABAAAABCACDDBDBDBABDBADBAACACDDBCACDDACCABADCBBACABBDAABABADADDCACAABCBD