高考英语语法复习-动词的时态.pptx 104页

动词的时态动词主要表示动作，其次表达状态或性质，动作或状态的发生有一定的时间和表现方式，就是英语动词的时态。英语的时态主要有动词的不同形式来表现。 英语常见有12种时态。以do为例1.一般现在时dosth.2.现在进行时bedoing(is/am/are)+doingsth 3.一般过去时didsth.4.过去进行时was/weredoing 5.一般将来时will/shalldosth.6.将来进行时willbedoing 7.现在完成时has/havedonesth8.现在完成进行时has/havebeendoingsth. 9.过去完成时haddonesth.10.过去完成进行时hadbeendoingsth. 11.过去将来时woulddosth.12.将来完成时willhavedonesth. 一般时态dosthdidsthwilldosthwoulddosth 进行时态is/am/aredoingsthWas/weredoingsthWillbedoingsthHasbeendoingsthHadbeendoingsth 完成时态Has/havedonesthhaddonesthwillhavedonesth 表示现在所存在状态、性质。1.I’mastudent.2.Ihaveanuncle.3.Heisgoodatmusic.4.HeknowsalotofEnglish.5.Iunderstandwhatyoumean Iwasastudent.(现在不是学生。)Iwillbeastudent.(现在不是学生。)Ihavebeenastudent.(一直是学生。) 状态动词只有一般时，而无进行时。Youarelookingpale.(X)HeisknowingalotofEnglish.(X)I’munderstandingwhatyoumean（Ｘ） 与频率副词连用，表经常性的动作/习惯。（主要由短暂性动词）频率副词often,usually,always,sometimes,everyday,onceaweek,never,onSundays等.1.Igetupatsixeveryday.2.Doyougotothecinemaveryoften?3.Theoldmangoestotheparkeverymorning. 区别其他时态如该动词不表示经常性、则一般用过去式／现在完成时／或其它时态。区别：1.Igotupatsixthismorning.2.Hehasgonetothepark.3.Hewillgototheparktoday. 一般现在时动词表示客观事实或普遍真理JapanistotheeastofChina.Thesunrisesintheeast.Twoandtwomakesfour.Waterboilsat100·C. 在时间和条件从句中可以用一般现在时动代替一般将来时。I’llletyouknowassoonasIhearfromhim.He’llgoifitisfinetomorrow.I’llbeawaywhenhearrives. Weshallnotbeginthediscussionuntilhearrives.Mother,Iwon’tgooutunlessyouagree.Don’ttrytorunbeforeyoubegintowalk. 在here,there,up,down开首的句子中用一般现在时表示现在进行时。Eg:①Herecomesthebus.Thebusiscominghere.②Theregoesthebell.Thebellisgoingthere.铃响了。 一般现在时表示已安排或计划好的将来动作（多用于时刻表、或课程表）也表示商定好的动作。（能用该用法的动词有begin/start/go/come/leave/arrive/stop/return/open/close.Mytrainleavesat6:30. ThemeetingbeginsatsevenWeleaveBeijingat9amtomorrowandarriveinNanjingat2:20Pmthedayaftertomorrow. 在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的情节介绍或说明文字中，多用动词的一般现在时。Eg:Whenthecurtainrises,Julietissittingatherdesk.Thephonerings.Shepicksitupandlistensquietly. 现在进行时现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。I’mwritingaletter.Thisisn’tmyraincoat.Mineishangingbehindthedoor.Idon’tworkhere.I’mjusthelpingoutuntilthenewsecretarycomes. 在语言环境中，指现阶段反复/重复的动作。Eg:①I’mseeingalotofhimrecently.②Youaresmokingtoomuchrecently. 表最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。能用于该用法的动词主要有：come,go,leave,return,arrive,start等（do有时也可用）eg:1.TheyaregoingtoShanghaionFriday.2.WhatareyoudoingnextSaturday?3.I’mgoingforawalk,Areyoucomingwithme? 现在进行时常与always,continually,constantly等副词连用，表示情感或习惯性动作.有“赞扬”“惊讶”“厌烦”“批评”等感情色彩。Eg:①Heisalwayscominglate/fallingasleepinclass. ②Sheisalwaysthinkingofothersfirst/doingthingsforothers.③Heisconstantlyleavingthingsabout.(乱扔东西) 一般现在时表经常性动作，现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生的动作。Eg:Hestudieshard.他（经常）努力学习。Heisstudyinghard.他（此刻）或现阶段正在努力学习。 一般现在时表示现在发生的动作，现在进行时表示眼前看得见的动作。Boatspassunderthebridge.Theboatispassingunderthebridge. 一般现在时不带感情色彩，现在进行时带感情色彩。（往往于always,constantly,actually,really等副词连用）eg:1.Johnalwaysdoesfineworkatschool.2.Johnisconstantlydoingfineworkatschool. HeknowsalotofEnglishnow. 不表示持续行为而表示直觉、感觉、看法，认识、感情、愿望或某种状态的动词通常不用现在进行时。.感觉see,hear,smell,taste,feel,look,sound 2.心理状态(1).hate,love,like,prefer,dislike(2).believe,know,doubt,forget,suppose,think,mean(3).want,wish,astonish,hope,forgive,worry 3.存在状态的动词。Be,belongto,contain,own,posses,have,matter,owe,equal,fit,dependon,feellike,seem. 一般过去时动词主要表时过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况。时刻：1.Thetrainarrived10minutesago.2.Whattimedidyougetupyesterday? 时段1.Heservedinthearmyfrom1957to1959.2.LiHonglivedinShanghaifor10years.3.Hewasastudentinthepast.（表达现在已不存在这种情况。） 过去时间状语，常用：yesterday/thedaybeforeyesterday/lastnight/lastweek/lastyear／twodaysago/in1980/theotherday,justnow 一般过去时都和过去时间状语连用，如无可在上下文中体现。eg:I’msorry,Ididn’thear/recognizeyou.Heenteredtheclassroom,satdownathisdeskandbegantowork. 常用过去时的结构。Itis…since过去时Iwouldrathersb.didsth.It’stimethatsb.didIwish…did。。。asifsb.did.表时过去习惯还可用以下结构woulddousedtodosth. 过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。1.Thistimeyesterday,wewerehavinganEnglishlesson2.TheteacherwasgivingusalessonwhenTomwalkedintotheroom.3.IfirstmetLisa3yearsago,shewasworkingataradio-shopatthattime. 过去某一时段内正在进行或持续的动作或状态。Eg:Iwaswritingaletterthismorning.Iwasreadinganovellastnight.(allthroughthenight) 过去进行时，常于always,continually,frequently等词连用，表时过去习惯、带有感情色彩。Eg:Theoldmanwasalwaysmislayinghiskeys.Thetwobrotherswerefrequentlyquarreling. 表示“来去”等动词和短暂性动词，进行时表将要发生的动作。Eg:1.Ididn’tknowhewascominguntilyesterday.2.Hesaidhewasleavingthenextday. 与过去时的区别：过去时强调动作完成。Eg:1.Ireadastorylastnight(已完成).2.Hewrotealettertohisfriend.区别Hewaswritingalettertohisfriend,butIdon’tknowwhetherhehasfinished. 一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或情况，主要有以下几种表达方式：shall/will+动原形will①习惯②意愿③临时决定④疑问句willyou?Shall①命令②承诺③shallI/he?begoingto+动原形①计划②迹象表明betodosth.①计划②命令③注定会beabouttodosth.bedoingsth.dosth 表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观愿望一般第一人称I(We)用shall(或will)而二，三人称You/he/she/they用will。Eg.I_____befreetomorrow.I_____be20yearsoldnextyear.Winter______comesoonYou_____graduatenextyear.Tomorrow______beSunday.Answer:shall;shall;will;will;will. 带有意愿的将来（认为意志）用willIwillneverdoitagainIwilltellallaboutit.Willyougoandseethefilmwithme. 带有命令“必须”的将来，用shall或will.Youwill/shallfinishitbynoonYouwilltakethesetothegentleman’saddress. 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。①Fishwilldiewithoutwater.②Thedoorwon’topen 表示临时的决定（即得知某情况后所作出的反映）（1）．——Thereissomeoneknockingatthedoor.——I’llgoandopenit.（2）——Sorry,Iforgottoposttheletter.——nevermind,I’llpostitmyselftoday.（3）——Thelastbushasleft.——I’lltakeataxithere. 但是表示承诺“允诺”的将来用shall。③YoushallhavethebookassoonasIgetit. 表示商量，征询对方意见Shallheopenthedoor?ShallwegoforanoutingnextSunday? 表示事先经过考虑的打算.eg:IhaveboughtsomebricksandI’mgoingtobuildakitchenwiththem.Heisworkinghardandisgoingtotryforthecollegeentranceexamination 有迹象表明将来发生或即将发生某种情况.eg:Lookingattheclouds.It’sgoingtorainWatchout!Thepieceofbrickisgoingtofall.Theboyisgoingtobesick.Helooksquitepale. begoingto可用于if条件从句中，而will不能。eg:1.Ifyouaregoingtothecinemathisevening,you’dbetteryou"reyourumbrellawithyou. will一般不可用于if条件从句，但表“意愿”时，可用于if条件句.eg:Ifyou’lllearntoplaytabletennis,I’llcoachyou. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作Wearetomeetatthestationat7tomorrowmorning.ThereistobeasportsmeetonSaturday.ThequeenistovisitJapannextyear. 表示命令、禁止、可能性。（说话人要求必须做到的）eg:①Youaretofinishtheworkby5thisafternoon②Youaretobebackby10’clock.Youaretostandhere.Doyouunderstand? YouaretodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.Allthethingsaretobeansweredfor. 对于非人们意志的动作不用形式。Eg:一般不说It’storain而说It’sgoingtorain。注：beto.表示打算和安排时，可和begoingto互换，若表示非人意志控制的动作时，只用begoingto. Bedoing.表计划、安排、近期要发生的动作，仅限于少数表示往返、位置转移的动词。eg:come,go,leave,return,arrive,start等。Heisleavingtomorrow.Whereareyougoingthisafternoon? 表示说话人即将要发生的动作Look！ThetreeisjustabouttofelldownWeareabouttoleave. 此结构不可和将来时状连用。Eg:I’mabouttogoatonce/immediately（Ｘ）应为：I’mgoingtoleaveinaminute/atonce. 表示按照规定，时刻表或安排，将要发生的动作，具有不可改变或随便更改性，其主要动作是go,come,leave等。Thetrainleavesat7:30.Theplanetakesoffat10:00.SchoolbeginsonSeptember. 常用在时间，条件状语从句中代替将来时。Eg:Pleasegiveittohimassoonashecomes. 表示将来某个时刻/某段时间内正在进行的动作。eg:1.Thistimenextweekweshallbeworkinginthatfactory.2.WhenIgetuptomorrowmorning,mybrotherwillbegettingbreakfastforme. 一般现在完成时指在说话之前已经完成的动作，而后果影响至今仍然存在，（把过去的动作和现在的结果联系在一起），而过去时表示过去动作本身，与现在结果无关。Eg:①HehasgonetoShanghai.(HewenttoShanghaiandisn’therenow.) ②Ihaveopenedthewindow.(=Iopenedthewindowanditisopennow.)③Ihavehadbreakfast.(=IhadbreakfastandI’mnothungrynow.) 开始于过去，持续到现在的动作或状态。1.Ihaveworkedfor10years.2.Hehasbeenillsincelastweek.3.TheyhavebeeninBeijingsince1949.此种用法其谓动必须是延续性动词，如live,study,learn,know,teach,have,be等。 从过去到现在一段时间内发生的事情，综合起来累计的总量和反复的总量。Eg:I’veread2lettersfromhimthismonth.I’veread3pagesofthebook.I’vebeenthere3times.Wehavelearned1000Englishwordsthisterm. havebeentosp（曾经去过）havegonetosp（现在不在家）eg:HehasbeentoHangzhou.HehasgonetoHangzhou. Hehasmarriedfor3years.(X)Ihavereceived/gothisletterforaweek.(X)Howlonghaveyouborrowed(bought)thebookthisweek?(X) 注意：终止性动词如：begin/start/marry/close/open/join/see/go/come/receive;borrow;getto不可以与for短语连用。 ④Hisfatherhasdied.foramonth(X)Hisfatherhasbeendeadforamonth 可以用以下句型改写上述错误：Itis/hasbeen+段时+since过去时主+谓(过)+段时+ago段时间+has/havepassed+since过去时主+havebeen+对应的形容词/副词+since/for 现在完成时搭配的时间状语。already,yet,just,ever,never,before,recently,lately,today,thesedays,3times,thisweek(month,year),upto/tillnow;sofar;during/inthepass+段时;inrecentyears. 终止性动词，从动作发生的那一段时间算起。延续性。从动作或状态结束时算起。eg:①IhaveworkedheresinceIcamehere.我从来这儿就在这儿工作。②It’saweeksinceIwasinhospital(=left)不住院。 ③Amonthhaspassedsincehesmoked(=gaveupsmoking)不抽烟。 常用句型Itis/hasbeen…since…Thisis/It’sthefirsttimethatclause.HavegonetospHavebeentosp 现在完成时不和明确的时间状语(lastyear;whenIcamein等)连用，但可以和already,before等连用，也可以和包括现在在内的时状(thismorning,today,thisterm)等连用.Eg:Ithasbeenhotthissummer.Ihavemethimbefore. 现在完成时对现在造成影响，而过去时与现在无关。Eg:Ihavebeenillforaweek.（现在还病）Iwasillforaweek.（现在好了）Ihadmylunchatschool.（指表明吃饭了）Ihavehadmylunch.（吃过饭，现在饱） ——Who（see)mypen，Ican’tfinditanywhere.。区别过去时eg:——Haveyoufoundmypen?Ican’tfinditanywhere.——Ijust（put）ittherebutit’snotthere.Answer:haveseenput 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时表达从过去一直持续到现在的动作，这个动作还有可能持续下去。 Eg:1.Shehasbeenlivingtheresince1910.2.Hehasbeenstayingherefor2hours. 2.现在完成进行时表示到说话时为止的一段时间内，不断反复重复的动作。Eg: 1.Theyhavebeendrinkingblackteaalltheafternoon2.Ihavebeentelephoningtoyouthesedays. 1.现在完成重结果2.现在完成进行时侧重动作的延续性。1.Hehasdrunk5cupsoftea.2.Hehasbeendrinkingtea. 3.Thefellowhasdrunkmytea.4.Thatfellowhasbeendrinkingmytea. ①表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作，强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前（简单说：过去之过去）eg:1.Byyesterdayeveningtheyhadwrittentheletter. 2.Bytheendoflastyear,wehadbuiltmanynewhouses.3.IthoughtIhadmethimbefore.4.WhenIcamein,hehadfinishedhishomework. 表示过去的动作或状态，一直持续到过去某一时刻。Eg:1.Bytheendoflastmonth,IhadlivedinBeijingfor5years.2.Bysixo’clocktheyhadworkedfor8hours.3.WhenIcametoShanghai,hehadbeenthereforalongtime. IwishIhadn’tsaidthat.IfIhadn’twastedthetime.Iwouldhavepassedtheexamination4.在上下文暗示的句子语境中。Eg:1.IsawTomyesterday.Wehadn’tseeneachotherfor3years.2.Theywereinlowspirits.Theyhadlostthegames. hardly/scaredy…when/nosooner…thanwouldrathersb.haddonewish宾从asif(asthough)从hadwanted/hadhoped/hadthought/hadexpected/hadwantedtodosth. eg:①.ImetherlastChristmas,butI____(know)hersince1972. ②——Hellon_____(leave)chinalastyear.——Oh,youmeanshe_____(live)inchinafor3years.③I_____(hope)tocallonyou,butIcouldn’tgetaway.④Hellen_____(leave)herkeysintheoffice.Soshehadtowaituntilherhusband___(come)home.. Answer:①hadknown②left;hadlived③hadhoped④hadleft;came. before区别ago代表不同的句型ago不能单独使用过去时before单独使用现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时I’veneverseenhimbefore.Ihadneverseenhim3daysbefore.Ididn’tseehim3daysago. 主要表示一直持续或反复进行到过去某一时刻，并有可能继续下去的动作。比过去完成时更生动、形象，延续特征更明确。1.Ihadbeenwaitingforsomethirtyminutesbeforehecamedowntoseeme. 2.Bytheendof1955hehadbeenlearningEnglishfor5years.3.Iwastiredout;Ihadbeenreadingforhours. 表示对过去某时间来说将要发生或状态一、should/would+do原形（多用于宾从）HetoldmethatIshouldsucceed.ItoldhimthatIwouldseehimoffatthestation区别：3.Hesaid(justnow)hewillseeyoutomorrow. Was/were+不定式Was/wereaboutto+不定式was/weregoingtodosth.表过去曾经打算或准备要做的动作。不一定能实现或未实现。Eg:1.Thestudentsweregoingtoplantsometreesaroundtheplayground.2.Theyweregoingtohaveameeting. 如未实现wasgoingto=wouldhavedonesth.eg:——Didyougotothecinemalastnight?——Iwasgoingto(wouldhavegonetothecinema)butIwasbusy. 过去将来时，可以表示根据迹象过去将要发生或很有可能发生的动作。Eg:Ithoughtitwasgoingtorain 将来完成时在将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作或一直持续的状态。eg:Byseveno’clockthisafternoonweshallhavegottoShanghai.2.ByFebrarynextyearthisforeignexpertwillhavebeenonthisjobfor5years.