2013年考研英语语法精要 25页

一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：(1J表示感知的动词：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell;⑵表示意愿、情感的动词：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate;(3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose;{4}表示所有、占有的动词：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容纳(5)其他动词：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seemo如：rdsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminaI.(1997年考研题，belong表示归属，不用于进行式)Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.{1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进行式J2.不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：(1)begoingto表示现在的打算和意图；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,■eave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；{3)beto(do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.⑷beaboutto{do}表示将要(做}，如： Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用；(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如：Ifyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you’IIhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.｛画线部分一般不用willbe｝(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，女口：Idon’tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)rIItelIhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。｛宾语从句｝比较：「IItellhimwhenyouringagain•你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句｝⑻在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn"tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式｝1.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：⑴by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced. （表示1919年时己发生的情况｝p}by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：LondonEuropeBythetimeyouarrivein,wewillhavestayedinfortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(1)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字}years/days/months,主句用现在完成时，但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：Thechangesthathowetakenplacepiaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.{4}在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：Itisn"tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.⑸在nosooner-^than…，hardly/scarcely".when/before…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。⑹其他与完成时连用的时间状语：allthiswhile,aIIthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。1.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如:Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappenedeTheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案； (2＞根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、不定式1.不定式做主语(1)做形式主语的代词：不定式做主语，通常用it充当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。如:Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfiliedinsoshortatime.(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greed^generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel.selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It"scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.{3}不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。如：saidreportedthoughtbetodosth.believedknownsupposed Byronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.2.不定式做宾语｛1｝必须接不定式做宾语的动词：掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,Iong,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish。如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.注意：1｝有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语,这类动词有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,teII,understand,wonder,女口：WhilestiIIayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtopiaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.2｝如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语，介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如：Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.｛2｝可以用不定式做宾语补足语（复合宾语）的动词：下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语（复合宾语advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expectjeel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,Iet,like,make,mean, need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish。注意：画线动词后面的不定式不带to。如：Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.3•不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性｛2｝如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendencytodo-^tendtodo,decisiontodo-^decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3＞如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambitiontodo“干的雄心”一beambitioustodo“有雄心干”curiositytodo“对的好奇心”-^becurioustodo“对好奇”abilitytodo“做的能力”-►abletodo“有能力做”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies"abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4｝表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chanee,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,rightzmovement,drive(运动effort等。女口：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem. ⑸不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(l)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语，soasto不能置于句首。如：Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepersistent.Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.(2}so…asto,such*“asto,enough*..to,too.“to结构做程度状语。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwelIenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(1)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.⑷not/nevertoo••-to,too…notto,but/onlytoo.“to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚:•现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。•过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。 1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：{1}现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：■Vseasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld•(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic•(相当于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...){2}过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于".recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced.”}Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相当于".eachnewphonewhichisaddedto."}Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.湘当于".descriptionwhichwasbasedon."}{3}下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如anescapedprisoner一个逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人 afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学生1.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式(1｝表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：Hewasn"taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithaIImembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.{3}表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofscieneefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.:于句尾，用分词的一般式。如:ThecityfounditseIfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5俵示补充说明(同位置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如:Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.2.分词的独立主格结构 分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译时经常译成独立的句子，考生要注意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbeeauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrairuDarknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.1.分词做表语和补语，尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式｛1｝现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征，多以事物做｛逻辑｝主语。如:HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected.(2)过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受，多以人做｛逻辑)主语。如：Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We"IIhavethemtrainedinnewmethods.Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled•Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.三、动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerateo如：Althoughateenager"Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo-Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,be opposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer-•-to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewaytoo女口：TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally⑸may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.1.几个情态动词常考的句型(l)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，］=j好”，与hadbetter相近。如:Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightasweIIgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’V“too…“越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannoV"over"•。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.⑶usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。⑷should除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如： Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat>七、情态动词注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：1.表示己经发生的情况(l)musthave+过去分词，表示对己发生情况的肯定推测，译为“{昨天}一定……”。如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”⑵can分t/couldn"thave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为昨天｝一定没……”。如：MarycouIdn’thavereceivedmyIetter;otherwiseshewouidhaverepliedbeforenow.(2)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：AtFloridaPower"sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.2.表示虚拟语气⑴needn’thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……"如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn?thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了，译为“本(不)应该……”。如：IregrethavingIefttheworkunfinished;!shouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.{3}oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke. (2)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。如:Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(3)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.1.几个情态动词常考的句型⑴may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。如:Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can,t---too••-“越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot".over"。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.⑶usedn’t或didn"tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。⑷should除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：IdidiVtexpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.十、代词1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920"sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint•Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme. 1.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those},后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。theone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway-1.do的替代作用do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：Forhimtobere"elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.九、平行结构1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，即都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词，或都是句子等。如SymposiumtalkswiIIcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffeetthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes.2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone"sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。(l)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相 同的成分。如：WearetaughtthatabusinessIettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvivejetaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2｝如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.形容词、副词及其比较级1.形容词的句法功能形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：⑴以“a”开头的形容词如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。｛2｝某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词，如什iendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3｝下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语:remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run.prove,seem,appear,Iook。如：Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics•1.副词主要测试其修饰作用考生应了解：副词可修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、整个句子。如：Thispairofshoesisn’tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter.｛与前半句的否定意义吻合｝It"sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy. Andrew,myfather^syoungerbrother,wiIInotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily"sdisappointment.Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar.1.考比较级时，考生应把握(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：DoyouenjoyIisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.{2}比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear"s.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray"s.⑶比较级的修饰语如alittle,aIot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as*"as…，或修饰语+more”.than…。女口：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,■wouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”⑷下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major，junior，prefer0able,differfrom,comparedwith，incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan。如:Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.4.最高级形式应注意的问题 U）最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,amongin,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：inChina,allovertheworld;of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdressesn注意：among…相当于oneof…，不说amongaH…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来。如：Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.{2}比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范应用:anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。1.有关比较级的特殊句型⑴notsomuch*"as…与其说不如说Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.⑵no/notanymore."than…两者一样都不Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontroiledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.⑶no/notanyless“.than…两者一样都Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas.”so…•正如，也｛用倒装结构｝Justasthesoilisa partoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.