英语语法知识汇总 16页

英语语法知识汇总一、词类：1、动词：动词可以分为四类：系动词（be）、情态动词、行为动词（或称实义动词）以及助动词。（1）系（be）动词：am、is、are、was、wereis、am、are为一类，一般用于一般现在时、现在进行时和一般将来时中。was和were为另一类，一般用于一般过去时。（2）情态动词can、may、must、should、would。情态动词后动词总是用原形。（不受其他任何条件影响）（3）行为动词分两类：一是不及物动词，二是及物动词a：不及物动词：不能直接跟宾语，常须加了介词后方能加宾语。　　如：lookat(for,after),getto(on),operateon,hearof,hearfrom,pointto(at),worryabout,knockat,playwith,thinkabout等。b：及物动词：后面必须跟宾语，意义才完整。　　在及物动词+副词构成动副搭配时，代词一定要放中间。　　　常见的动副搭配的词组有：puton,pickup,lookup,wakeup,tryon,writedown,moveaway,takeaway等。（4）助动词：do、does、diddo、does，用于一般现在时，did用于一般过去时。2、名词名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两种。不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was。可数名词单数变复数规则：a．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books,bag-bags,cat-cats,bed-bedsb．以s.x.sh.ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watchesc．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i,再加-es，如：family-families,strawberry-strawberriesd．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v,再加-es，如：knife-knivese．不规则名词复数：man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice，child-children，foot-feet,.tooth-teethfish-fish,people-people,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese，sheep-sheep3、形容词（包括副词）形容词表示某一事物的特征，副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词只有三种形式：1、原形2、+er3、+est未作比较的情况下就用原形；比较时就+er；最……时就+est另：和……一样用as……as，中间一定用原形；有than的时候一定+er；有of、in时一般+est。4、人称代词和物主代词人称代词物主代词主格----宾格形容词性（短）----名词性（长）第一人称I-------mewe------usmy----------------------mineour--------------ours第二人称you------youyou------youyour-------------------yoursyour-------------yours第三人称he------himthey------themhis------------------------histheir-------------theirsShe------herit------ither--------------------hersits---------------its人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。物主代词有两类：形容词性物主代词（短的）和名词性物主代词（长的）一般看后面有没有名词，有，就用形容词性物主代词（短的）；无，就用名词性物主代词（长的）。5、数量词基数词和序数词两类，基数用于表示数量多少。序数词用于表示次序，常在日期中出现。序数词的前面一般都加the。6、冠词有a、an、the。an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母a、e、i、o、u）前，a用于辅音音素前。二、句子： 否定句：如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句：1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+not。2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+not。3、如上述二者都没有，就用助动词（do、does、did）+not。（1）助动词+not位置在主语（某人或某物）后。（2）确定助动词用do、does还是did，根据句中动词，动词是原形的就用do+not，动词是第三人称单数的就用does+not，莫忘原来的动词单三式要还原。动词是过去式的就有did+not。莫忘原来的动词过去式要还原。（3）如果句有some的改用any。一般疑问句：如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首，并把首字母大写句末变？即可。2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首、并把首字母大写句末变？即可。3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动词放在句首。确定助动词用do、does还是did，要根据原句中动词，动词是原形的就用do，动词是第三人称单数的就用does，莫忘原来的动词单三式要还原。动词是过去式的就有did，莫忘原来的动词过去式要还原。4、如果句有some的改用any特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？其问法有很多种。问具体时间，如几点钟：用Whattime（什么时间）问时间：用When（什么时候）问人：用Who（谁）问名词性物主代词:用Whose（谁的）问地点：用Where(在哪里)问选择：Which（哪一个）问原因：用Why（为什么）问东西、事物：What（什么）问颜色：用Whatcolour（什么颜色）问意见：Whatabout。。。。（怎么样）问星期几：用Whatday（星期几）问日期：用Whatdate（什么日期）问目的：用Whatfor（为何目的）问情况：用How。。。。（怎样）年龄：用Howold（多大年纪）问意见：用Howabout。。。。（怎么样）问频率：Howoften（多久）问时间长度：用Howlong（多长时间）问多远；多长距离：用Howfar（多远） 问数量（可数名词）：用Howmany（多少数量）问多少钱或数量（不可数）：用Howmuch（多少钱；多少数量）祈使句：表示请求或命令别人做某事或不要做某事。肯定祈使句是以动词原形开头（有时用please），否定的祈使句是Don’t加动词原形开头。一、时态1.一般现在时：Hello,.我是一般现在时，我的本领如下：一，定义：　　1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：Theskyisblue.天空是蓝色的。　　2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：Igetupatsixeveryday.我每天六点起床。　　3.表示客观现实。如：Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转。二，构成：1.句中有be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：Iamaboy.我是一个男孩。2.句中是行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：WestudyEnglish.我们学习英语。　当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：MarylikesChinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。　这里需要同学们掌握动词单三式的构成规则：1.大多数动词直接在词尾加s例如：singsdancsswritesplays2、以s、x、ch、sh、o结尾的加es例如：watcheswashesgoesdoes3、以辅音字母加y结尾的把y变i加es例如：study—studiescry—criescarry—carries三，我的变化（变否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句）否定句：Heisaworker.他是工人。-------Heisnotaworker.他不是工人。 Ilikebread.我喜欢面包。-------Idon"tlikebread.我不喜欢面包。Herunsveryfast。他跑的很快。-------Hedoesn"trunveryfast。他跑的不快。一般疑问句：在变一般疑问句时，如果句中有I、we的要把I、we变成you，另外，在一般疑问句中，句首动词一般和答语中动词一样。Heisaworker.----------------Isheaworker？Yes，heis。No，heisn"t.I’minClassTwo.----------AreyouinClassTwo？-Yes，Iam./No,I"mnot.Wearestudents。------------------Areyoustudents?Yes，weare。No，wearen"t.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句？对于特殊疑问句的回答要具实回答。Whereismybike?----------It"sunderthetree。Wheredoesshego？-------Shegoestoschool。小朋友们，下次见到我时，千万不要忘记我是"一般现在时"啊！一般现在时课堂练习一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式。(讨论第三人称单数形式的变化规则)Model:cleancleans1)watch__________2)have__________3)cook_________4)go__________5)fly_________6)make_________二．用动词的正确形式填空。1.     Weoften___________(play)intheplaygound.2.     He_________(get)upatsixo’clock.3.     __________you_________(brush)yourteetheverymorning.4.      What__________(do)heusually_________(do)afterschool?5. Danny__________(study)English,Chinese,Maths,ScienceandArtan school.6.     Mikesometimes__________(go)totheparkwithhissister.7.     Ateightatnight,she__________(watch)TVwithhisparents.8.     ________Mike________(read)Englisheveryday?9、Tom(swim)intherivernow.10、It’seighto’clocknow.Theboys(watch)TV.11、Sheusually(do)herhomeworkintheevening.12、TomandTonycan’t(swim).13、Whatdoesyourfather______(do)?He’saworker.14、Look!JimandTom(run)there.三．改句子1.    Doyouoftenplayfootballafterschool?(肯定回答)2.     Ihavemanybooks. （改为否定句） 3.     GaoShan’ssisterlikesplayingtabletennis（改为否定句） 4.     ShelivesinasmalltownnearNewYork.   （改为一般疑问句） 5.   IwatchTVeveryday.（改为一般疑问句） 6.   Davidhasgotagoal.（改为一般疑问句）四、选择填空：()1.Look!LiPingandLiYing________basketballnow.A.playB.playsC.areplaying()2.CanI______thisbook?A.haveB.hasC.having ()3.Itomusicat7:00thismorning.A.listenB.listeningC.listens()4.What______thatinthebox?Ashirt.A.amB.isC.areD.be()5.CanITV?Sure.A.watchingB.watchC.see()6、Shelikeswimming.A.doesn"tB.don"tC.isn"t.()7.Herethemoney.A.areB.isC.am()8.There_______atableandtwochairsinJenny’sroom.A.amB.isC.are 2、一般过去时：Hello,我是一般过去时，我表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：Therewasatableandtwochairsjustnow。Shewenthomeyesterday。构成：1.句中有be动词：主语+be(was，were)+其它。如：Iwasathomeyesterday。2.句中是行为动词：主语+行为动词过去时(+其它)。如：WestudiedEnglishlastnight.动词Be在一般过去时中的变化：⑴am和is在一般过去时中变为was。（wasnot=wasn"t）⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。（werenot=weren"t）⑶带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is,am,are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子否定句：主语+didn"t+动词原形+其它，如：Jimwenthomeyesterday.---------Jimdidn"tgohomeyesterday.一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如：Jimwenthomeyesterday.-----------DidJimgohomeyesterday? 特殊疑问句：⑴疑问词+一般疑问句？如：Jimwenthomeyesterday.-----------DidJimgohomeyesterday?WhatdidJimdoyesterday?　这里需要同学们掌握动词过去式变化规则：1．一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled,cook-cooked2．结尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-ed，如：study-studied4．特殊记忆：双写加-ed，如：stop-stopped5．不规则动词过去式：词义现在（原形）过去是am,is(be)was是are(be)were成为becomebecame开始beginbegan买buybought能cancould捕捉catchcaught选择choosechose来comecame切cutcut做do,doesdid画drawdrew饮drinkdrank吃eatate感觉feelfelt发现findfound飞flyflew忘记forgetforgot得到getgot给givegave走gowent成长growgrew有have,hashad听hearheard受伤hurthurt保持keepkept知道knowknew学习learnlearned, learnt允许，让letlet制造makemade放置putput读readread骑、乘riderode跑runran说saysaid看见seesaw唱歌singsang坐下sitsat睡觉sleepslept说speakspoke一般过去时练习写出下列动词的过去式isam_____________fly____________plant____________are____________drink_____________play___________go______________make________does_____________dance__________worry___________ask___________taste_____________eat____________draw____________put____________throw____________kick___________pass____________do__________一、用be动词的适当形式填空1．I_______atschooljustnow.2．He________atthecamplastweek.3．We________studentstwoyearsago.4．They________onthefarmamomentago.5．YangLing________elevenyearsoldlastyear.6．There________anappleontheplateyesterday.7．Themobilephone_______onthesofayesterdayevening.8．She_______happyyesterday.9．They_______gladtoseeeachotherlastmonth.二、句型转换1.Itwasexciting.否定句：________________________________________________一般疑问句：____________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________2.Allthestudentswereveryexcited.否定句：________________________________________________一般疑问句：____________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________3.Theywereinhispocket. 否定句：________________________________________________一般疑问句：____________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________4.Therewasacarinfrontofthehousejustnow.否定句：________________________________________________一般疑问句：____________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________三、用行为动词的适当形式填空1.He_________(live)inWuxitwoyearsago.2.Thecat________(eat)abirdlastnight.3.We_______(have)apartylastHalloween.4.Nancy________(pick)uporangesonthefarmlastweek.5.I________(make)amodelshipwithMikeyesterday.6.They________(play)chessintheclassroomlastPElesson.7.Mymother_______(cook)anicefoodlastSpringFestival.8.Thegirls________(sing)and_______(dance)attheparty.9.I______(watch)acartoononSaturday.10.Herfather_______(read)anewspaperlastnight.11.We_________tozooyesterday,we_____tothepark.(go)12.______you_______(visit)yourrelativeslastSpringFestival?13.______he_______(fly)akiteonSunday?Yes,he______.14.GaoShan_______(pull)upcarrotslastNationalDayholiday.15.I____________(sweep)theflooryesterday,butmymother______.16.What______she_______(find)inthegardenlastmorning?She__________(find)abeautifulbutterfly.17.TomandMary___________(come)toChinalastmonth.18.Mike_________________(notgo)tobeduntil12o"clocklastnight.Sohe______(get)uplate.19.Mary__________(read)Englishyesterdaymorning.20.Tom___________(begin)tolearnChineselastyear.21.Mymother________________(notdo)houseworkyesterday.22.There____________atelephonecallforyoujustnow.(be)23.-When_______you_________(come)tochina?　　-Lastyear. 24._________(be)itcoldinyourcityyesterday?25.Howmanypeople________(be)thereinyourclasslastterm?26.There________(be)afootballmatchonTVyesterdayevening,butI_________(have)notimetowatchit.四、句型转换1.SuHaitooksomephotosattheSportsday.否定句：________________________________________________一般疑问句：____________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________2.Nancywenttoschoolearly.否定句：________________________________________________一般疑问句：____________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________3.WesangsomeEnglishsongs.否定句：________________________________________________一般疑问句：____________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________4.Theyplayedfootballintheplayground.否定句：________________________________________________一般疑问句：____________________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________________________________3、现在进行时：Hi,我的名字叫现在进行时，我表示正在发生或进行的动作。构成：主语+be(am/is/are)+现在分词(V-ing)　　这里需要同学们掌握现在分词的构成规则：1.大多数动词直接在词尾加-ing，例如：go-going,work-working,study-studying,look-looking等。　　2.以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，需去掉e再加-ing，例如：make-making,write-writing,skate-skating等。3.特殊记忆：双写加-ing。 一个m(swim-swimming)　　一个g(dig-digging)　　三个n(run-running,win-winning,begin-beginning)　　三个p(stop-stopping,shop-shopping,drop-dropping)　　六个t(sit-sitting,hit-hitting,get-getting,let-letting,put-putting,forget-forgetting)　　现在进行时的判定方法　　1.若句首用了提示词listen或look，则其后的句子常用现在进行时。例如：　　Listen!Whoissingingintheclassroom?　　2.当句首或句末用了副词now时，此句子常用现在进行时。例如：　　Nowthestudentsarewritingthenewwords.　　3.根据具体的语境判定用现在进行时。例如：　　Don"ttalk,yourbrotherisdoinghishomework.　　-What"shedoing?　　-Heisflyingakite.　　[特殊]come,go,leave等短暂性动词常用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。例如：　　I"mcoming.我就来。　　We"regoingtoShanghaithisafternoon.今天下午我们将要去上海。现在进行时课堂练习一、写出下列动词的现在分词。Model:cleancleaning1)watch__________2)wash__________3)cook_________4)use__________5)swim_________6)carry____ 7）run-------------------8）write————9）do————二、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。1.Look!Thechildren________(swim)intheriver.2.Nowwe________(want)toplaybasketball.3.-________you________(draw)apicture?　-No,I"mnot.I________(write)aletter.4． Whatareyou_________(do)now?I___________(eat)bread.5.   It’snineo’clock.Myfather_______________(work)intheoffice.6.   Look,theboy____________(put)therubbishintothebin.7.   __________he__________(clean)theclassroom?No,heisn’t.He____________(play).8.   WhereisMak?He___________(run)onthegrass.9.   Listen,who____________(sing)inthemusicroom?Oh,Mary_____________(sing)there.三、选择填空：()1.Look!LiPingandLiYing________basketballnow.A.playB.playsC.areplaying()2.CanI______thisbook?A.haveB.hasC.having()3.Itomusicat7:00thismorning.A.listenB.listeningC.listens()4.What______thatinthebox?Ashirt.A.amB.isC.areD.be ()5.CanITV?Sure.A.watchingB.watchC.see()6、Shelikeswimming.A.doesn"tB.don"tC.isn"t.()7.Herethemoney.A.areB.isC.am()8.There_______atableandtwochairsinJenny’sroom.A.amB.isC.are 4、一般将来时：Hi,我是一般将来时，我表示在将来时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。与表示将来的时间连用：tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year…),soon,thedayaftertomorrow（后天）等。如：ShewillvisitShanghaitomorrow.构成一般将来时有两种构成形式：1．主语+shall/will+do+其它2.主语+begoingto+do表示“打算干……”用法（1．主语+shall/will+动词原形+其它(will可用于所有人称，shall只用于第一人称I和we)这种结构不是表示自己的打算、意图或计划，而是表示未来的事实或对将来的预测等如：Noonewilldoheavywork.Robertswilldoeverythingforus.2.主语+begoingto+do 这种结构常用来表达自己打算做某事、计划做某事或者有意做某事。注意：be动词要与主语的人称和数一致，如：Iamgoingtodosomereadingtomorrow.Heisgoingtohaveapianolessonnextweek.WearegoingtohaveapartythisFriday.另：句式变换否定句：主语+shall/will+not+do（willnot可缩写成won’t）主语+be+not+goingto+do一般疑问句：shall/will+主语+dobe+主语+goingto+do特殊疑问句：疑问词+shall/will+主语+do疑问词+be+主语+goingto+do巩固练习一、改句子。5.Nancyisgoingtogocamping.（改否定）Nancy________goingtogocamping.6.I’llgoandjointhem.（改否定）I_______go______jointhem.7.I’mgoingtogetupat6:30tomorrow.（改一般疑问句）_______________________togetupat6:30tomorrow?8.Wewillmeetatthebusstopat10:30.（改一般疑问句）_______________meetatthebusstopat10:30.9.Sheisgoingtolistentomusicafterschool.（对划线部分提问）_______________she_________________________afterschool?10.Myfatherandmotheraregoingtoseeaplaythedayaftertomorrow.(同上)__________________goingtoseeaplaythedayaftertomorrow.二、用所给词的适当形式填空。 11.Todayisasunnyday.We___________________(have)apicnicthisafternoon.12.Mybrother_______________(go)toShanghainextweek.13.Tomoften______________(go)toschoolonfoot.Buttodayisrain.He______________(go)toschoolbybike.14.Whatdoyouusuallydoatweekends?Iusually________(watch)TVand________(catch)insects?15.It’sFridaytoday.What_____she_________(do)thisweekend?She______________(watch)TVand_____________(catch)insects.16.What___________(d0)youdolastSunday?I____________(pick)applesonafarm.What______________(do)nextSunday?I______________(milk)cows.17.Mary____________(visit)hergrandparentstomorrow.18.LiuTao____________(fly)kitesintheplaygroundyesterday.19.David______________(give)apuppetshownextMonday.20.I________________(plan)formystudynow.三、按要求填空1.我打算明天和朋友去野炊。I_____________________haveapicnicwithmyfriends.I________haveapicnicwithmyfriends.2.下个星期一你打算去干嘛?我想去打篮球。What___________________________________________nextMonday?I__________________playbasketball.What_________youdonextMonday?I________playbasketball.3.你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。_____yourmother_______________goshoppingthis___________?Yes,she_________.She________________________buysomefruit.4.你们打算什么时候见面。Whattime_______you___________________meet?