高考英语语法专题讲练八：主从复合句 22页

【考点分析】状语从句1.when,while,as引导时间状语从句的区别；2.名词词组theminute,themoment,thefirsttime,eachtime,anytime等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句；3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型；4.till和until的用法；5.although,though,as以及evenif,eventhough引导让步状语从句的用法；6.结果状语从句中“so…that”与“such…that”的区别；7.条件状语从句unless,providing/provided,suppose/supposing等引导词的用法；8.“疑问词+ever”和“nomatter+疑问词”引导从句的用法；9.incase引导的状语从句；10.where引导的状语从句；11.once引导的状语从句。12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。名词从句1.that和what引导名词性从句的区别；2.名词从句的语序和时态；3.it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况；4.宾语从句的否定转移；5.whether和if的用法区别；6.what在名词性从句中的使用；7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用；8.Who/whoever,what/whatever等的用法区别；9.连接词that的省略；定语从句1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别；2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别；3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别；4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查；5.such…as与such…that的区别；thesame…as与thesame…that的区别；6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查；7.theway作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用inwhich,that或者省略；8.含有插入语的定语从句；9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。【知识点归纳】I.句子的种类复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。按用途分种 类 类  型 例   句陈述句 肯定句 Weloveourmotherland.我们热爱祖国。 否定句 Theydon’tgotoworkonSundays. 他们星期日不上班。疑问句 一般疑问句 Areyouaworker?你是个工人吗？ Haven’tyouseenthefilm? 你没看过这部电影吗？ 特殊疑问句 Whoistheman?这人是谁？WhendoyouwatchTV?你什么时间看电视？Whataretheydoingnow?他们现在正在干什么？ 选择疑问句 Doyouwantteaorcoffee?Eitherwilldo.你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。DoeshelearnJapaneseorFrench?HelearnsFrench.他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。 反意疑问句 Theyaregoingtotheairport,aren’tthey?他们要去机场，是吗？Youhaven’tfinishedyourhomework,haveyou?你没做完作业，是吗？祈使句 肯定句 Besuretogetthereateight.务必八点钟到那儿。 否定句 Don’tworry.I’llhelpyouout.别担心，我会帮助你的。感叹句 what+名词 Whatgreatchangeswehavehadtheseyears!这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!Whatafinedayitis!多好的天气呀! how+形容词或副词 Howbraveheis!他多么勇敢呀!Howhardtheyareworking!他们工作多努力呀！ how+句子 Howtimeflies!时间过得多么快呀! How+adj.+a(an)+n.=Whata(an)+adj.+n Howniceaboy(heis)!=Whataniceboy(heis)!多好的孩子啊!按结构分种类 类型 例   句简单句 主+谓 Theydisappeared.他们消失了。 主+谓+宾 Helikesswimming.他喜欢游泳。Wehelpeachother.我们互相帮助。 主+谓+间宾+直接宾 Itoldmyfriendthegoodnews.我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。Theysentusatelegram.他们给我们拍了电报。 主+谓+宾+宾补 TheynamedtheboyJack.他们给孩子起名叫杰克。Iwanteverythingreadybyeighto’clock.我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。 主+系+表 Sheisauniversitystudent.她是一名大学生。Hehasbecomeapilot.他已成为一名飞行员。并列句 并列关系and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,both…and,not…but, Eitheryoudoit,orIaskforsomebodyelsetodoit.要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。 NeitherTomnorJackhasfinishedthehomework.汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。Notcouldn’ttheycompletethetask,butthetaskwastootough.不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。 转折关系but,while（而，尽管）nevertheless(然而；不过) Johnlikesplayingbasketball,buthedidn’t playityesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。 选择关系or,otherwiseorelse,either…or Wemusthurry,orwe’llmissthetrain. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 EitheryoucometomyplaceorIgotoyours.或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。 因果关系for,so,thus,therefore,andso Wehadbetterstayathome,foritwasraining.我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。Hedidn’tworkhard,thereforehefailedintheexamination.他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。复合句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。 从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）状语从句定语从句（详细请看以下内容）II.状语从句状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。1.时间状语从句由下列连词引导：when,while,as,before,after,once,till,until,since,assoonas,nowthat,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,bythetime，themoment,thesecond,theminute,theinstant,everytime,eachtime,nexttime,thelasttime等重点内容如下：①when,while,as引导的时间状语从句▲as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。ShecameupasIwascooking.(同时)Therunnersstartedasthegunwentoff.(几乎同时)▲when(atorduringthetimethat)既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.(指时间点)Whenwewereatschool,wewenttothelibraryeveryday.(在一段时间内)Whenwearrivedthere,thefilmhadalreadybegun.(先后发生)▲while意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示aperiodoftime时，两者可以互换。Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhile/whenothersareworking.Hefellasleepwhile/when reading.Strikewhiletheironishot.(不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”)②before状语从句的重点句型▲……之后……才：ItwasalongtimebeforeIgottosleep.▲不多久……就：Itwasn’tlongbeforehetoldmeabouttheaffair.▲不等……就：BeforeIcouldgetinaword,hehadmeasuredme.▲刚……就：Hehardlyenteredtheroombeforeheheardthetelephonering.▲先……再：Youcanhaveafewdaystothinkaboutitbeforeyoumakeyourdecision.③since引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式（包括过去完成时），则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性的用完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。▲HehasneverbeentoseemesinceIwasill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。（不在生病了）▲HehasneverbeentoseemesinceIhavebeenill.我病了，他一直未来看我。▲Ihaven’theardfromhimsincehelivedhere.自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。（不住在这儿了）▲Iknowhimverywellsincehehaslivedherenearus.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。▲It’sthreeyearssinceIwasinthearmy.我退伍已三年了。（不在服役了）▲It’sthreeyearssinceIhavebeeninthearmy=It"sthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.我入伍已三年了。④如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。notuntil放在句首时主句要倒装。2.原因状语从句由下列连词引导：as（由于）,because(因为),since（既然）,now(that)(既然),consideringthat（顾及到）,seeingthat（由于）。IdoitbecauseIlikeit.因为我喜欢我才干。(because不能与so连用)Hecouldn’thaveseenme,becauseIwasnotthere.他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。Seeing(that)quiteafewpeoplewereabsent,wedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会Nowthat/Sinceyouareallhere,let’stryandreachadecision.既然大家都来了咱们就设法做一个决定吧Asshewasill,shedidn’tcometotheparty.由于病了，她没来参加晚会。Consideringthattheyarejustbeginners,theyaredoingquiteagood job.考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。重点内容如下：①because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only,just以及否定词not连用。但不可以与so连用。如Youshouldn’tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.另外注意与not连用时否定的转移。Hedidn’tdosuchathingbecausehewasafraidofhiswife.他并不是因为怕他的妻子才做这样的事。Cf:Hedidn’tdosuchathing,becausehewasafraidofhiswife.因为怕妻子，他没有做这样的事。because引导的从句可以被强调：ItwasbecauseshewantedtostudyabroadthatsheenteredforTOEFL②as语气较弱，since语气也较弱，但比as正式一些,所说明的原因比较明显或是已知的事实，多用于口语中，所以不应该强调。常置于句首。Asalltheseatswerefull,hestoodthere.Sinceyouaregoing,I’llgo,too.③for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它引导的是并列句，不是原因状语从句。Thedaywasshort,foritwasDecember.3.地点状语从句由下列连词引导:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere。Anywherehewent,hegotwarmwelcome.Thegirltakesthedollwithhereverywhereshegoes.WuhanlieswheretheYangtzeandtheHanRivermeet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。You’dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)4.结果状语从句由下列连词引导：that，so…that，sothat（从句中不带情态动词），such…that，withtheresultthat等。注意以下几种结构：①so+adj/adv+that…                       ②such(a/an+adj)+n+that…③so+adj+a/an+n+that=sucha/an+adj+n+that… ④somany/much/few/little(少)+n+that…注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。Thisissuchaninteresting/sointerestingafilmthat/aseveryonewantstoseeit/(it).Hedidn’tplanhistimewellsothat/sohedidn’tfinishtheworkintime.他没把时间计划好，结果没按时完成这项工作。Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。Thevillageissosmallthatitcannotbeshowninthe map.这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。Jennyissuchaclevergirlthatalltheteacherslikeherverymuch=JennyissocleveragirlthatalltheteacherslikeherverymuchJenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。IhavehadsomanyfallsthatIamblackandblueallover.我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块Hehassofewfriendsthatheoftenfeelslonely.他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。IhadsolittlemoneythenthatIcouldn’taffordalittlepresent.我当时囊中羞涩连一份小小礼物都买不起5.目的状语从句由下列连词引导：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat等。目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can,could,may,might,should连用目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can,could,may,might,should连用。（sothat也可用来引导结果状语从句，但从句中不带情态动词）Let’stakethefrontseats(so)thatwemayseemoreclearly.我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。Schoolwasclosedearlyinorderthatthechildrenmightgohomeaheadofthestorm.早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。Hetookthenamedownforfearthatheshouldforgetit.他把名字写下省得忘了。（该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形，或省略should）Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。注意：sothat引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，inorderthat引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。6.条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气中）。表示条件的状语从句可以由if（如果）,unless（除非）,incase（万一）,so/aslongas（只要）,as/sofaras（就……而言）,onconditionthat（条件是……）suppose（假设）supposing（假设）（仅用在问句中）等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。As/Solongaswedon’tloseheart,we’llfindawaytoovercomethedifficulty.只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。Sendusamessageincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。Ifyouleaveat6o’clocktomorrowmorning,you’dbettergettobednow.如果你明早6点钟走，你最好现在就上床。We’llletyouusetheroomonconditionthatyoukeepitcleanandtidy.只要你能保持整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。As/SofarasIknow,heisanexpertonDNA.据我所知，他是一个DNA专家。He’llacceptthejobunlessthesalaryistoolow/ifthesalaryisnot toolow.他会接受这项工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。Suppose/Supposingwecan’tgetenoughfood,whatshallwedo?假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办？7.让步状语从句由下列连词引导：although,though,as,evenif,eventhough,while,whether…or,whoever,whatever,however,nomatter+疑问词等。Wewon’tbediscouragedevenif(=eventhough)wefailtentimes.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。Itwasanexcitinggame,though/althoughnogoalswerescored.那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。Whetheryoubelieveitornot,it’strue.不管你信不信，这是真的。However(=Nomatterhow)expensiveitmaybe,I’lltakeit.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。Don’tletthemin,whoever(=nomatterwho)theyare.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。NomatterwhatIsayorhowIsayit,healwaysthinksI’mwrong.无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。注意以下几点：①although,though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet,stil。Herefuseshelpalthoughhehasmanyfriendswhowanttoofferallkindsofhelp.②as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。Childas(though)heis,heknowsalot.（注意在child前不要用冠词）MuchasIlikeit,Iwon’tbuy.Tryashewould,hecouldn’tlifttheheavybox.8.方式状语从句由下列连词引导：as,asif,asthough,theway等。Doitthewayyouweretold.注意以下几点：①as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。Ididitjustasyoutoldme.②asif和asthough引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。③连词while和whereas可表示对比。Whereasheisratherlazy,sheisquiteenergetic.9.比较状语从句由下列连词引导：as…as,notas…as,notso…as,than等(详情请参见【专题三】形容词和副词)。10.注意状语从句中的省略现象①连接词+过去分词Unlessrepaired,thewashingmachineisno use.②连词+现在分词Lookoutwhilecrossingthestreet.③连词+形容词/其他常见的有ifnecessary、ifpossible、whennecessary、ifany等。④比较状语从句中的省略句。如：Hearrivedhomehalfanhourearlierthan(hehadbeen)expected.III.名词从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NounClauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连词可分为三类：①that（不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略。）whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。）asif,asthough（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）②what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which③when,where,how,whyWhocleanedtheblackboardisnotknownyet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。Whathesaidisnottrue.他说的不是实话Thathe’llcometoseeusisreallygreat.他来看我们真是太好啦。Idon’tknowwhyheisabsent.我不知道为什么他不在。Thequestioniswhetherhewilljoinusnexttime.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看上去天要下雨了。1.主语从句①由从属连词引导的主语从句：Whetherthecountryshouldbuildanuclearpowerstationissomethingwemustdiscuss.那个国家是否应该建立核电站……Thatlighttravelsinstraightlineisknowntoall.光以直线传播②由连接代词引导的主语从句：Whatweneedismoretime.我们所需要的是……Whicheverbookyouchoosedoesn’tmattertome.无论你选哪本书……Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.无论谁来……③由连接副词引导的主语从句：Whentheplaneistotakeoffhasn’tbeenannounced.飞机什么时候起飞……Wherehehasbeenisstillapuzzle.他到过哪儿……Howmuchwaterisflowingcanbemeasuredeasily.水的流量是多少……④关于形式主语it▲It+be+形容词+that-从句 Itisnecessarythat…  有必要…… Itisimportantthat…重要的是…… Itisobviousthat…很明显……Itislikelythat….很可能▲It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…众所周知……（注意该句型的变式：Itisknowntoallthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.=Asisknowntoall,theearthgoesaroundthesun.=Whatisknowntoallisthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.）Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……▲It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常识Itisasurprisethat…令人惊奇的是……Itisafactthat…事实是……可应用于此句型的名词还有fact/shame/honor/question/pity等。▲It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappearsthat…似乎……Ithappensthat…碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起……Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhelikesornot.2.表语从句可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等等。Theproblemisthatmillionsofpeopledieofillnessescausedbysmoking.……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病Thequestionremainswhetherwecanwinthegame…..我们是否能赢得这次比赛That’sjustwhatIwant.……我想要的Thisiswhereourproblemlies.……我们的问题所在Thedifficultyishowwecanhelpsmokerskicktheirhabit……我们如何帮助吸烟的人……注意：①表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as,asif，asthough引导Thingswerenotastheyseemed.Itlooksasthoughitisgoingtorain.好象要下雨了。②另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：Thereasonwhy…isthat…(而不用because)It(This,That)isbecause…Thereasonwhyhewasdismissedisthathedidn’tworkhard.他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。Itisbecausethetobaccocompanieswanttoremaininbusiness.3.同位语从句同位语从句一般由that,whether等连词引导，常放在advice,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,possibility,problem, question,reason,truth,word,suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheworld.登陆月球…….Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.……什么时候回来ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill……Mary也许病了Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.……是否同意4.宾语从句宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。①及物动词后的宾语从句：Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport……任何需要帮助的人……Iwonderwhysherefusedmyinvitation……她为什么拒绝了我的邀请②介词后的宾语从句：IalwaysthinkofhowIcanimprovemyspokenEnglish.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。Theteacherissatisfiedwithwhatshehassaid.老师对他所说的话很满意。③某些形容词后的宾语从句：IamsurethatyouwillmakegreaterprogressinEnglishthroughhardwork.……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步Wearesurprisedthathehasleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous…….他没有告别就走了④非谓语动词后的宾语从句：Realizingthatitwasjustadifferenceincustom,theforeignersmiledandsaidnothing.OnbeingaskedwhetherhehadhadagoodtimeinAustralia,heanswered“Terrible”.⑤关于形式宾语itWemustmakeitclearthatanyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。Ifinditnecessarythatweshouldaskhimforhisadvice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。5.名词性从句重难点①在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：▲Canyoumakesure____thegoldring？A.whereAlicehadput           B.wherehadAliceputC.whereAlicehasput           D.wherehasAliceput▲Youcan"timagine__whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcited        B.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedwerethey        D.theywerehowexcited②动词doubt用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用that作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用whether或if皆可，而不用that。Doyoudoubtthathewillwin ?Idon"tdoubtthatyourpropositioniswrong.HedoubtwhetherIknowit.③否定转移问题。▲将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移Idon"tthinkIknowyou.　我想我并不认识你。　Idon"tbelievehewillcome.　我相信他不回来。Wedon"texpecthewillcometonight,willhe?注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。　      Ihopeyouweren"till.我想你没有生病吧。▲将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移　 Itdoesn"tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看来他们不知道往哪去。　 Itdoesn"tappearthatwe"llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。④主谓一致问题。Whathewantedtoseewasanendtoallthearmiesoftheworld．WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks．⑤语气问题▲在含有suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,insist,desire,require,advise等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+动词原形”的结构Isuggestwe(should)setoffatonce.我建议我们应该立刻出发。▲在Itis＋过去分词＋that的主语从句中decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested，required等。Itisdesiredthatwe（should）geteverythingreadythisevening．▲在表语从句或同位语从句中Thesuggestionthatthemayor(should)presenttheprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone．▲在Itis（was）＋形容词＋that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should＋）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。Itisnecessarythatacollegestudent____atleastaforeignlanguage．（上海1993）A.masters  B.shouldmaster  C.mastered  D.willmaster⑥What引导名词从句的特殊含义:▲Whatwasonceregardedasimpossiblehasnowbecomeareality．(what为“所……的事”，相当于“thethingthat…；allthat…；everythingthat…”)▲After________seemedaverylongtime，Iopenedmyeyeandfoundmyselfinbed．（MET"93）A.what  B.when  C.that  D.which(what相当于“thetimethat”，表示“……时间”)▲Heisnotwhathewasafewyearsago.WhoisitthathasmadeFredwhat heisnow？(what表示“……的人”，相当于“thepersonthat…”)▲WhatisnowtheNorthSaharaDesertwasonceacivilizedworld．(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“theplacethat…”)▲Ourincomeisnowdoublewhatitwastenyearsago(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“theamount／numberthat…”)⑦不可省略的连词：▲介词后的连词不可省略BeforeIcamedownstairsIhadpreparedmyselfverycarefullyforwhatImustsay.下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。▲引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。▲宾语从句有多个that引导时，从第二个及其后面的that不能省略 Ibelieve（that）youhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillgetbetter．⑧比较：whether与if均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if取代：▲whether引导主语从句在句首Whethershecomesornotdoesn’tconcernme.她是否来与我无关。▲引导表语从句     Hisfirstquestionwaswhethershehadarrivedyet.他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。▲引导同位语从句     Answermyquestionwhetheryouarecoming.回答我你是否来的问题。▲whether从句作介词宾语     IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.我担心是否伤了她的感情。▲与ornot连在一起  Idon’tknowwhetherornotheisgoingtoJapan.我不知道他是否去日本。    大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。例如：    Itisnotimportantwhowillgo.谁去，这不重要。    Itisstillunknownwhichteamwillwinthematch. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。IV.定语从句（一）基本概念1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。关系词的分类和基本用法表一分类 指代 引导词关系代词 人 who,whom,that,as 事物 which,that,as 人或物（表所属关系） whose关系副词 地点 where 时间 when 原因 why表二  关系代词 指代 例句 解释who 人 ThemanwhohelpedyouisMrWhite. 在定从中作主语whom  Thatistheperson(whom/who/that)youwanttosee. 在定从中作宾语，可省略whose  Heisthefatherwhosesonstudiesverywellinourclass. 在定从中作定语that  I´mnotthefoolthatyouthoughtmetobe. 在定从中作表语as  Heissuchalazymanasnobodywantstoworkwith. 在定从中作宾语that 事物 Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomeadvice. 在定从中作宾语which  Adictionaryisausefulbookwhichtellsusthemeaningofwords 在定从中作主语whose  Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacessouth 在定从中作定语as  Itissuchabigstoneasnobodycanlift. 在定从中作宾语 整句内容 Asisknowntoall,heisthebeststudent. 在定从中作主语表三  关系副词 指代 例句 解释when 时间 Wouldyousuggestatimewhenwecanhaveatalk? 在定从中作状语where 地点 Thehousewheretheyliveisnotverylarge. 在定从中作状语why 原因 Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcametothemeeting. 在定从中作状语（二）定语从句的注意点本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。1.that与which,who,whom的用法区别情  况 用法说明 例  句只用that的情况 ①先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时②先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时④先行词既指人又指物时⑤先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 ①Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows. ②Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.③ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.④Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.⑤HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.⑥Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。 ①Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.②Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.③Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.只用that，inwhich或不用关系词的情况 theway做先行词时 ①Mary,thereisonewaythatyoucouldstopotherstalkingaboutyouandcriticizingyou.②Iwasstruckbythebeautyofthewayinwhichshestood.③Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_______hesaidit.A.theway     B.inthewaythatC.intheway     D.thewaywhich2.as、which和that的区别从句 区  别 例  句限制性定语从句中 名词前有such和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.thesame...as和thesame...that thesame...as指同类事物thesame...that指原物 That’sthesametoolasIusedlastweek.（同类工具，不是同一把）That’sthesametoolthatIusedlastweek.那就是我上周用过的工具。3.where、when与why引导的定语从句 关系副词 用  法 例  句where 关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。 We’rejusttryingtoteachapoint___bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.A.where   B.that  C.when D.whichwhen 关系副词when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。 Therewas________time________Ihatedtogotoschool.A.a;that        B.a;whenC.the;that       D.the;whenwhy 关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。 Doyouknowthereasonwhyshewasputintoprison?你知道她坐牢的原因吗？4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”,且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：原则 内  容 例  句原则一 根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定 Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas，shehadrunbackinthedirection__________shehadcome.A.ofwhich  B.bywhich C.inwhich  D.fromwhich[解析]此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用fromwhich表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选[D]原则二 根据先行词而定 Therearetwobuildings,_______standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.A.thelarger         B.thelargerofthem   C.thelargeronethat  D.thelargerofwhich[解析]thelargerofwhich指代thelargerofthetwobuildings，which在定语从句中指代building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为[D]。5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。现  象 例  句在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：Ithink,Isuppose,Iguess,Iimagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。 ①---Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?---Right,justtheone________youknowIusedtoworkforyears.A.that  B.which    C.where     D.what[解析]work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从句中只能作地点状语，Youknow在句中作插入语，所以答案选[C]。②Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,______ofimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkis   B.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkit   D.Ithinkis[解析]这里Ithink是插入语，which引导非限制性定语从句，故选［A］。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语 Therearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatarelikethe sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，”  不对啊， 天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被inthesky这个地点   状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语 DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？whenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰years。tenyearsago实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后 AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.6.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别类 别 区  别 例  句定语从句与并列句 定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。 ①MrLihasthreedaughters，noneof_____isanengineer．②MrLihasthreedaughters，butnoneof_____isadancer．从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词them。定语从句与状语从句 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。 Thisistheplacewhereweusedtoliveafewyearsago.这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为theplace）Let’sgowherewecanfindabetterjob.我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句） 定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。 Doyouknowthetimewhentheclassisover?你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）Itwasalreadyfiveo’clockwhentheclasswasover.=Whentheclasswasover,itwasalreadyfiveo’clock.当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句） When,where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。 Thisisthefactoryinwhich(where)hisfatheronceworked.这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）Putbackthebookwhereitwas. 把书放回原处。（状语从句） 定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。 Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。 Thenewsthatshehadpassedtheexammadeherparentsveryhappy.她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句）此句中的同位语从句Thenewsthatshehadpassedtheexam可以改写成表语从句：Thenewsisthathepassedtheexam.Thenewsthathetoldusinterestedallofus.他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）Thenewsthathetoldus是定语从句，此句不能改写为：Thenewsisthathetoldus.定语从句与强调句 强调句的结构为“Itis／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替that。 ①ItisonthemorningofMay1st_____ImetLiangWeiattheairport．②Itisthefactory_____MrWangworks．从结构上看：①小题是强调句，故填that。②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知thefactory前差个介词in，故填where。此外还要注意下列两点：▲定语从句与习惯句型用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。①Itisthefirsttime_____shehasbeeninShanghai．②Itwasthetime_____Chinesepeoplehadahardlife．解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：Itis／wasthefirst／second．．．time＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题thetime是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填when。▲定语从句与简单句用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。①Themothertoldthelazyboytowork，_____didn"thelp．②Themothertoldthelazyboytowork．_____didn"thelp． 解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。【高考预测】1.______isknowntousallisthatShenzhouVIIhaslaunchedforthefirstspacewalksuccessfully.A.That       B.What          C.It          D.As2.BarackObamadeliveredaspeechto500localyouthsduringhisvisittoChina,manyof_______werefromFudanUniversityandTongjiUniversity.A.them         B.whom           C.which            D.those3.Mostofusstillwonder_______itis_______makesthosehonestpeasantworkers,withoutbeingpaidatall,resignthemselvestothebosses.A.what;that      B./;what            C.that;what        D./;that4.—Joinusinthepartytonight,wouldyou?—Sorry,I’mafraidIcan’t,______I______thecontentofsomereportswithmyboss.A.for;havediscussed                     B.because;willbediscussing C.before;discussed                       D.when;willhavediscussed5.—I’mgoingtoNewYorkforfurtherstudiesnextterm.—Congratulations!________you’rethere,canyoukeepmee-mailed?A.As             B.While            C.Because         D.If6.ProbablynomanhadmoreeffectsonthedailylivesofpeopleintheUnitedStates________HenryFord________.  A.as;was         B.than;was        C.than;did         D.as;did7.Therearealotofstudentsinthereadingroom,mostof       withtheireyes       onandtheirheadsbentovertheirbooks.A.whom;fixing      B.them;fixed      C.whom;fixed     D.them;fixing8.Youngpeoplewhohavegotjobsmayrealizeuniversitylessonscan’tbetheonlypreparationforallofthesituations________appearintheworkingworld.A.where        B.when             C.that            D.what9.Facedwithchallenges,youshouldbelieveyourcourageis__________ makesadifference.A.that         B.what              C.which         D.whatever10.—Doyouhaveanyideaofrugby?  —Abosolutely.Itisasport______playersholdtheballandrunwithit.  A.which         B.when      C.why           D.where11.Whatwasit_________causedthemodemnationstochangetheirmind_________theyshouldhelptopreservetheRoma’shistory?A./;why        B.that;that         C.that;/      D.what;that12.WewenttotheLincolnMemorialyesterday,       ,notsurprisingly,wascrowdedwithvisitorsfromallovertheworld.A.where           B.which           C.that          D.when13.Itwastheveryplace_________thesoldiersfoughtoversixtyyearsago.A.that            B.which           C.where          D.there14.Hardly______whenthebussuddenlypulledaway.A.theyhadgottothebusstop       B.theygottothebusstopC.didtheygettothebusstop        D.hadtheygottothebusstop15.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced______tractorsin1998astheyearbefore.A.asmanytwice      B.astwiceasmany    C.twiceasmany     D.twiceasmanyas16.YoucanflytoUKthismorning_____youdon’tmindchangingplanesinHongKong.A.because           B.provided         C.unless            D.sofaras17.It’sthesameinChina---manypeople,_____somearenotoverweightatall,arealwaysgoingondietsortakingweight-losspills,______areoftendangerous.A.whose;which     B.ofwhich;who      C.ofwhom;which       D.who;that18.Is_________48hours_________theman-madesatellite_________ismadeinourcountrytoorbittheplanetaround?  A.it;that;where      B.it;when;that   C.itfor;thatittakes;that    D.it;thatittakes;which19.Is_________48hours_________theman-madesatellite_________ismadeinourcountrytoorbittheplanet around?A.it;that;where     B.it;when;that   C.itfor;thatittakes;that     D.it;thatittakes;which20._____occurredtomethatthemurderhappened____arainyday.  A.What;in         B.What;on       C.It;in        D.It;on21.Theoldmanhasasonandtwodaughters,______treatinghimwell,______makeshimsad.A.noneofthem;which              B.andnoneofwhom;thatC.noneofwhom;which             D.andnoneofthem;that22.Manyexpertsholdtheview____teachers’developmentis_____thekeytobettereducationlies.A.which;where     B.which;what    C.that;where             D.that;which23.WasitinDisneyland,______manycartooncharacterscanbeseen,______thefilmwasset?A.that;where    B.that;when   C.inwhich;where   D.where;that24.      theworldeconomyisindifficulty,   wecansee,thepeopleofChinaarefullofhope.A.As；/       B.Because；which  C.Though；as       D.With；/25.Thereason______beinglateforthemeetingwas______hislittlesonfellillthismorning.  A.for,that        B.why,that         C.for,because    D.why,because26._______shehadtimetorealizewhatwashappening,shewashitonthehead.A.Since       B.Before        C.When           D.Until27.Whatimpressesmemostis______heappearsinfrontofothers,hewearsasincereandcharmingsmile.A.what          B.which       C.thatwhere    D.thatwhenever28.______IfailedinEnglishathirdtime,Ihadnodoubtaboutmygiftforforeignlanguages.A.Bythetime      B.Until       C.After          D.Unless29Inthepastfewyears,“MyHeartWillGoOn”wasapopularsongamongyoungpeople,__________wereoftenheardsingingitatparties.A.who            B.which         C.they           D.that30.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting______wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch. 高.A.whether          B.that            C.which           D.what高.考.资.源.网31.Facedwithtroubleordifficulty，apersontakes    helpthatisavailable.A.whatever      B.whenever        C.wherever          D.however32.____youhaveexpressedyourdetermination,youshouldactimmediately.A.Nowthat       B.Eventhough       C.Inorderthat      D.Until33.You’dbettergivethetaskto_______youthinkcanfinishitaheadoftime.A.whoever      B.whomever        C.anyone        D.nomatterwho34.—It’salongtime__________Isawyoulast.—Yes,andwhatapityitisthatitwillbeanotheryear_______weseeeachotheragain.A.before;since        B.since;when       C.since;before       D.when;before35.Japanesescientistssaid“Ourdreamistocreate（clone）amammoth（猛犸），    itisabigdream.”A.since         B.because       C.though         D.however36.Thediseaseoutbreakhadinfected65peoplebylastMonday,      19havedied.A.withwhich        B.ofwhom           C.forwhom       D.inwhich37._________asmallnumberofAustraliansarebittenbyspiderseachyear,mostrecoverwithoutanymedicaltreatment.A.While          B.Unless        C.When           D.Because38.—WillyougotoMary’sbirthdayparty?—No._____invited,Ican’tgo.I’llbetoobusythen.A.If             B.Unless        C.Evenif          D.When39.       annoyedhimmostwasthathehadreceivednoapology.A.How            B.Why         C.What         D.Which40.—Doyouthinktheweatherwillbeallrightthissummer?—No,_______we’relucky.Thenewspapersaysit’llbeveryhotanyway.A.unless         B.if          C.though         D.as41.—WhenshallJanetreturntowork?  —_________shehastotallyrecovered.  A.If            B.Since       C. When          D.Until42.Hehadtoberemindedtwoorthreetimes________hecouldavoidmakingthesamemistake.A.before         B.when           C.until           D.as43.Idon"tsayIamagainsttheirplan.Butthetroubleis__   _theydodoesn"tagreewithwhattheysay.高.考.资.源.A.whatthat       B.thatwhat      C.ifwhat          D.whatif44.Itwasshortlyafterthatseriousaccidenthappened______allthepeopleinvolvedwerecaughtandquestioned.A.since           B.that          C.before           D.when45.Lucywashavingaholidaywithherfriendinanationalpark____shewasbittenonthefootbyasnake.  A.while            B.since       C.once            D.when           46.____you’vetriedit,youcan’timaginehowpleasantitis.A.Unless           B.Because    C.Although         D.When47.Thegameisnotverydifficult        youunderstandtheroles.  A.until            B.though       C.once             D.unless48.Theconferenceaimstodevelopbusinessandletpeoplethinkabout______theycanhaveapositiveinfluenceontheplanet.A.why              B.that         C.what              D.how4927.Honestyisakindofqualityandthat’s         ittakestocommunicatewithotherssuccessfully.  A.what           B.why          C.how             D.which50.Itwasthetraining_______hehadatschool_______madehimgoodjumper．A.what；what      B.that；that     C.what；that        D.that；what【参考答案】1-5BBABB    6-10CBCBD    11-15BBCDC 16-20BCDDD  21-25ACDCA 26-30BDBAA  31-35AAACC  36-40BACCA  41-45CABBD  46-50ACDAB