英语语法之平行句 12页

1．Everyoneshouldknowwherethenearestfirealarmboxislocatedandwhereexits,fireescapes,andfiredoorsare.2．Thewayspaceisusedtoenabletheindividualtoachieveprivacy,tobuildhomesortodesigncitiesisculturallyinfluenced.3．Iwantedhertoknowthatmyheartwaswithher,andthatIthoughtEnglandowedheragreatdebtandwasgoingtomissher.4．Keepingyourhead,insteadofcrowdingandpushingtogettoanexit,maymakethedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathwhenfirebreaksout.5．Neitherfriendsnorfamilycanconvincephobicpeoplethatmostanimalsareharmless,thatthousandsoftravelersflysafelyeveryday,andmillionsofpeopleridesafelyinelevatorsseveraltimeseachday.6．Millionsofpeopletravelaboutthecountrybyrail,bybus,orbyautomobile,ordrivetoandfromtheirplacesofworkandtheirhomes.7．Herewehavealittlechild,withoutknowledgeorexperience;thereagrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowers.8．Therearerelayracesinrunningandswimminginsummer,andrelayinskiinginwinter.9．Butwerememberwithfargreaterpainthatwedidnotseethatbeautywhenitflowered,thatwefailedtorespondwithlovewhenitwastendered.10．Thisisnotaneasylessontolearn,especiallywhenweareyoungandthinkthattheworldisourstocommand,thatwhateverwedesirewiththefullforceofourpassionatebeingcanbeours.11．MorethanthreemillionpeopleliveininnerLondon,andnearlyfivemillionpeopleliveinthesurroundingsuburbanarea,whichismadeupofformerlyseparatevillagesthathavemergedtoformwhatisnowcalledouterLondon. 12．Thejourneyandthestayarebydefinitionoutsidethenormalplacesofresidenceandwork,andareofshort-termandtemporarynature,andthereisaclearintentiontoreturnhomewithinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.13．Thelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.14．Wehavetriedtoisolatesomeofthekeyfactorsthatgovernservicequality,andofferexamplesoforganizationsthatmanageservicewellandofsomethatmanageitpoorly.15．Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensuredtheirsurvival,bytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.难句分析：1．Everyoneshouldknowwherethenearestfirealarmboxislocatedandwhereexits,fireescapes,andfiredoorsare.结构：本句有三个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为shouldknow，其余两个都是由where引导的并列宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：1)Everyoneshouldknow.2)Wherethenearestfirealarmboxislocated.3)Whereexits,fireescapes,andfiredoorsare.翻译：每个人都应该知道最近的火灾报警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火门位于何处。2．Thewayspaceisusedtoenabletheindividualtoachieveprivacy,tobuildhomesortodesigncitiesisculturallyinfluenced. 结构：本句有2个谓语动词，其中第二个isinfluenced是主句的谓语动词，主干是Thewayisculturallyinfluenced。第一个isused是定语从句的谓语动词，但是该定语从句省略了引导词。定语从句中三个并列的不定式短语动词toachieveprivacy,tobuildhomesortodesigncities共同作为isused的目的状语。本句可以拆分为：1)Thewayisculturallyinfluenced.2)Spaceisusedtoenabletheindividualtoachieveprivacy,tobuildhomesortodesigncities.翻译：怎样利用空间来获得个人隐私、建造家园以及设计城市都会受到文化的影响。3．Iwantedhertoknowthatmyheartwaswithher,andthatIthoughtEnglandowedheragreatdebtandwasgoingtomissher.结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为wanted。was和thought分别属于两个由that引导的并列宾语从句。而owed和wasgoing为两个并列的谓语动词，共同主语为England。England这句话前面为了避免重复而省略了宾语从句的引导词that，实际上是thought的宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：1)Iwantedhertoknow.2)Thatmyheartwaswithher.3)ThatIthought.4)(That)Englandowedheragreatdebtandwasgoingtomissher.翻译：我想让她知道我的心陪伴着她，而且我认为英国欠了她一大笔债，很快就会想念她。4．Keepingyourhead,(insteadofcrowdingandpushingtogettoanexit),maymakethedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathwhenfirebreaksout.结构：本句有两个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为maymake，其主语是动名词短语keepingyourhead。breaksout是when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词。插入语(insteadof…)中的crowding和pushing两个动名词是平行并列结构。本句可以拆分为： 1)Keepingyourheadmaymakethedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath.2)Whenfirebreaksout.翻译：当发生火灾时，保持头脑冷静，而不是向安全出口拥堵，能够带来生与死的不同结果。5．Neitherfriendsnorfamilycanconvincephobicpeoplethatmostanimalsareharmless,thatthousandsoftravelersflysafelyeveryday,andmillionsofpeopleridesafelyinelevatorsseveraltimeseachday.结构：本句有4个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为canconvince，其主语为Neitherfriendsnorfamily。其余三个谓语动词全是convince的宾语从句的谓语动词，其中最后一个从句前面省略了that。拆分为：1)Neitherfriendsnorfamilycanconvincephobicpeople.2)Thatmostanimalsareharmless.3)Thatthousandsoftravelersflysafelyeveryday.4)(That)millionsofpeopleride…eachday.翻译：朋友及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使其相信大多数动物都无害，无数旅行者每天安全地飞行，上百万人每天都多次安全地乘坐电梯。6．Millionsofpeopletravelaboutthecountrybyrail,bybus,orbyautomobile,ordrivetoandfromtheirplacesofworkandtheirhomes.结构：本句有2个谓语动词，都是并列的主句谓语动词。三个并列的by…,by…,by…作为travel的方式状语。本句可以拆分为：1)Millionsofpeopletravelaboutthecountrybyrail,bybus,orbyautomobile.2)Millionsofpeopledrivetoandfromtheirplacesofworkandtheirhomes. 翻译：上百万人乘坐火车、公交车或者小汽车在周游全国，或者开车往返于工作地点和家庭处所之间。7．Herewehavealittlechild,withoutknowledgeorexperience;thereagrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowers.结构：本句只有一个谓语动词have。here…there属于平行并列结构，表示两个事物的对比状态，相当于theone…,theother…。翻译：一方是一个没有任何知识或者经验的小孩，另一方是一个有着健全发展的智力的成年人。8．Therearerelayracesinrunningandswimminginsummer,andrelayinskiinginwinter.结构：本句只有一个therebe句型。relayraces和relay并列作为主语。本句可以拆分为：1)Therearerelayracesinrunning…insummer.2)Therearerelayinskiinginwinter.翻译：夏季有赛跑和游泳赛接力赛，冬季有滑雪比赛。9．Butweremember(withfargreaterpain)thatwedidnotseethatbeautywhenitflowered,thatwefailedtorespondwithlovewhenitwastendered.结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中remember是主句的谓语动词，被(withfargreaterpain)分隔了两个并列的宾语从句thatwedidnotsee…和thatwefailedto…。本句可以拆分为：1)Butwerememberwithfargreaterpain.2)Thatwedidnotseethatbeauty.3)Whenitflowered.4)Thatwefailedtorespondwithlove.5)Whenitwastendered. 翻译：但是我们更加痛苦地回忆着，当花儿开放时我们没有看到她的美丽，在别人给予我们爱的时候也没有用爱来做出回报。10．Thisisnotaneasylessontolearn,especiallywhenweareyoungandthinkthattheworldisourstocommand,thatwhateverwedesire(withthefullforceofourpassionatebeing)canbeours.结构：本句有6个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为is。think后面有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，而第二个宾语从句里面有一个由whatever引导的主语从句。(withthefullforceofourpassionatebeing)分隔了主语从句和其谓语canbe。being是动名词。本句可以拆分为：1)Thisisnotaneasylessontolearn.2)Especiallywhenweareyoungandthink.3)Thattheworldisourstocommand.4)Thatwhateverwedesirecanbeours.翻译：这不是容易学会的一课，尤其是当我们还年轻，认为这个世界是由我们掌控，而且认为无论我们渴望得到什么，只要充满激情、全力以赴，就能实现。11．MorethanthreemillionpeopleliveininnerLondon,andnearlyfivemillionpeopleliveinthesurroundingsuburbanarea,whichismadeupofformerlyseparatevillagesthathavemergedtoformwhatisnowcalledouterLondon.结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为两个并列的live。which引导非限定性定语从句修suburbanarea；that引导定语从句修饰villages，而what引导form的宾语从句。可以拆分为：1)Morethan…peopleliveininnerLondon.2)Andnearlyfivemillionpeoplelivein…area.3)Theareaismadeupof…villages. 4)Thevillageshavemergedtoform.5)WhatisnowcalledouterLondon.翻译：三百多万人住在伦敦市区，将近五百多万人住在周边郊区——该地区由以前分散的村庄组成，后来逐渐合并形成今天所谓的外部伦敦。12．Thejourneyandthestayare(bydefinition)outsidethenormalplacesofresidenceandworkandareofshort-termandtemporarynature,andthereisaclearintentiontoreturnhomewithinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.结构：本句有三个并列的主句谓语动词。两个are的共同主语是thejourneyandthestay。(bydefinition)分割了are和表语outsidethenormalplaces。nature在这里表示“本质、性质”的意思。本句可以拆分为：1)Thejourneyandthestayareoutsidethenormalplacesofresidenceandwork.2)Thejourneyandthestayareofshort-termandtemporarynature.3)Thereisaclearintentiontoreturnhome…翻译：（旅游中的）旅程和停留从定义上讲是在通常的居住和工作处所之外的，而且有一种短暂的性质。在短期之内，还要有一个明确的回家的意图。13．Thelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.结构：本句有3个谓语动词，其中第二个arefocused是主句的谓语动词。ratherthan意思是“而非”，其前后并列两个on引导的介词短语。拆分为：1)Thelimitedinvestmentsare…focusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskills. 2)Theinvestmentsaremadeintrainingworkers.3)Theskillsmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.翻译：用于培训工人的有限投资也被集中用在训练完成下一个工作的必要技能上，而非用在可以吸收新技术的基本技能培训上。14．Wehavetriedtoisolatesomeofthekeyfactorsthatgovernservicequality,andofferexamplesoforganizationsthatmanageservicewellandofsomethatmanageitpoorly.结构：本句有4个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为havetried，不定式to后面并列两个动词isolate和offer。两个of并列作为examples的后置定语。ofsome指代的是ofsomeorganizations。本句可以拆分为：1)Wehavetriedtoisolatesomeofthekeyfactors.andofferexamplesoforganizationsandofsome.2)Factorsgovernservicequality.3)Organizationsmanageservicewell.4)Organizationsmanageitpoorly.翻译：我们力图挑选出一些控制服务质量的关键因素，并且提供一些例子来说明某些机构把服务管理得很好，而有些却很差。15．Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensuredtheirsurvival,bytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.结构：本句只有2个谓语动词havedistinguished和haveensured。主干是Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselves…and…ensuredtheirsurvival。by引导的方式状语后面并列了多个动词不定式toobserveandunderstand…/toadaptto…/tocontrolandadaptitto…，作为ability的修饰成分。 翻译：人类已经将自己与其他动物区分开来，并且通过这样做来确保自己的生存，所依靠的就是通过观察和理解周围的环境，然后适应，控制并且改造该环境，使其适合自己需要的能力。句子的理解I．理解名词短语例1：Perhapsthebestsignofhowcomputerandinternetusepushesupdemandforpapercomesfromthehigh-techindustryitself,whichseesprintingasoneofitsmostpromisingnewmarket.（NMET2003.E篇）主干句:thesigncomesfrom…1)修饰语ofhowcomputerandinternetusepushesupdemandforpaper2）定语从句whichseesprintingasoneofitsmostpromisingnewmarket.或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。（名词短语作主语）例2：Theactiongrouphasalsofoundacceptablepapermadefrommaterialsotherthanwood,suchasagriculturalwaste.（NMET2003.E篇）这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。简析：Keysentence:grouphasfoundpaper. 主要修饰语:madefrommaterialsotherthanwood,suchasagriculturalwaste.关键词otherthan而不是。 （名词短语作宾语）例3：Itisoneofmanylanguagebooksthatarenowflyingoffbooksellers’shelves.（NMET2003.D篇)它是现在很畅销的许多外语书中的一本。简析：比喻生动形象。Keysentence:Itisone.  （名词短语作表语） II．理解介词短语例1：Newtonisshownasagiftedscientistwithveryhumanweaknesseswhostoodatthepointinhistorywheremagicendedandsciencebegan.（NMET2003.C篇）牛顿被证明是一位很有才华的科学家，他处于一个魔术终结科学开启的历史时期，他也有普通人所特有的弱点。简析：夹杂两个定语从句。    Fewofusareaskedtomakegreatdecisionsaboutnationsgoingtowarorarmiesgoingtobattle,butallofusarecalledupondailytomakeagreatmanypersonaldecisions.（NMET96）我们当中很少有人被要求作出关于国家进行战争，军队进行战斗的重大决定，但我们每天都要求作出很多个人的决定。 简析：含动名词的所有格形式。 （介词短语作定语）   例2：Butforallthetextsthatarewritten,storedandsentelectronically,alotofthemarestillendinguponpaper.（NMET2003.E篇）但对于所有这些以电子手段记录，贮存及传递的文本而言，许多文本仍要（打印）在纸上。简析：关键词text文本；endup最后成为（处于）。 （介词短语作宾语）例3：Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence,accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals（ITA）insaltLakeCity.（NMET2003.B篇） 据盐湖城的ITA的观点，闪烁的棕色眼睛，摇着尾巴，并有无条件的爱心，狗能成为无判断力的（忠实的）听者，这是刚开始搞阅读的小孩所需要的。简析：夹杂with构成的介词短语及过去分词短语。  （介词短语作状语）III．理解句子中的动词例1：Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.（NMET2001.C篇）一些公司已经把洁净安全产品的生产当作他们主要的销售关键，并且在他们的广告宣传中强调这一点。 简析：make后接双宾语。例2：Thepresentquestionisthatmanypeopleconsiderimpossiblewhatisreallypossibleifeffortismade. 目前的问题是，很多人把其实只要付诸努力就能做到的事情看成是做不到的。简析：consider后的宾语后置。 （复合宾语）例3：WhenIwasinthearmyIreceivedanintelligencetestthatallsoldierstook,and,againstanaverageof100,scored160.（NMET2002）当我在军队服役时，我曾接受过所有战士都参加的智力测试,与平均分100分相比，我得了160分。简析：关键词against与…相比较。（动词的分隔）例4：Haryalsostudyingbiologysaidtheywantedtomakeasmuchnoiseaspossibletoforcethegovernmentofficialstorealizewhateverybodywashavingtostand.（NMET1999） 也攻读生物学的哈利说他们要制造尽可能大的噪音来迫使政府官员们认识到大家正不得不忍受的东西。简析：句型结构as...aspossible尽可能地……。（多个动词连用）例5：SowhenEdarrivedforourgamenotonlywiththebottomofhisshirtgatheredinsidehistrousersbutalsowithastomachyoucouldhardlynotice,IwassosurprisedthatIwasspeechless,mycousinmusthavemadeanefforttogethimselfintoshape.（NMET2003）因此当伊德来参加我们的比赛时,我发现他不仅将衬衫的底部扎进裤里,而且几乎注意不到他的肚子,我感到很惊奇,以致无话可说,我的表弟过去一定努力把自己训练好,保持很好的竞技状态。简析：含有notonly…butalso…及so…that…的句型结构，musthaveP.P表示对过去事实的推测。（忽略复杂状语，简化阅读）例6：WhenAmericansvisitEuropeforthefirsttime,theyusuallyfindGermanymore“Foreign”thanFrancebecausetheGermantheyseeonsignsandadsseemsmuchmoredifferentfromEnglishthanFrenchdoes.（NMET2001.D篇）当美国人第一次游览欧洲时，他们通常发现德国比法国对他们来说更加“陌生”，因为他们在标牌和广告上看到的德语，比起法语更加不同于英语。