自考英语语法简答题 8页

1・Whatarethetwomajortypesofalternativequestions?TheyarethetypeofYES-NOquestions,e.g.A:Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?B:Tea,please・AndthetypeofWH・questions,e.g.A:Whatdoyoulike,teaorcoffee?B:Tea,please.2.Whydoweneedtogobeyondthesentenceandstudythetext?Becausetoexpressaclearandcompleteideaorthought,weneedmorethanonesentence.Itisquiterarethatweonlyuseonesentencetoexpressouridea.Whenanideaorthoughtisexpressedinmorethanonesentence,wehaveatext,whichrelatessentencestogether.Inotherwords,sentencesintextarecoherentsothattheyhelpeachotherinexpressingacompleteidea.Thestudyofthetextistoknowhowsentencescanbejoinedtogethercoherentlysothattheycanbestexpressideas・3.Explainthesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredicativeandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliarywithexample・Thesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliaryisclearinthefollowingtwosentences:!>Hecan"thavebeenthereyesterday.2>Hecouldn,tbethereyesterday.Thetwosentencesrevealtwoquitedifferentusesofthemodalauxiliary.Thefirstsentence,wherethepredictivecan"trelatestoimpossibilityandthemainverbismarkedforpasttimereference,referstothespeaker"spresentdenialof possibilityofpastevent.Inthesecond,themodalauxiliaiyitself,innon-predictiveuse,ismarkedforpasttense,referringtolackofabilityinthepast.2.What9sthefunctionofrelativepronoun?Therelativepronounservesasa"link"betweentherelativeclauseanditsantecedent.Itperformstwofunctions:showingconcordwithitsantecedentandindicatingitsfunctionwithintherelativeclause.3.Provideexampletoillustratenominal,verbalandcausalellipsis.1>Nominalellipsis:Whygivemetwocupsofcoffee?Ionlyaskedforone.2>Verbalellipsis:-・Haveyouseenhimbefore?・・Yes,Ihave(seenhimbefore).3>Clausalellipsis:—AreyouOK?一Yes(IamOK).4.Iftenseisrelatedtotime,whatisaspectrelatedto?Whentensepointstothetemporallocationofaneventorastateofaffairs,aspect"reflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime”.5.Apartfromqueryingthetruthofastatement,whatotherpotentialfunctionscanaNOquestionperform?Theymayberegardedasthespeaker"sinvitationsorsuggestions,madeina tentativewayastheyoftenare,ratherthanhisnegativeassumptions・Theyarelikeimperatives.Forexamples:Won"tyoucomein?Won"tyousitdown?Theycanalsobelikeexclamations:Isn"titlovely?Aren"tyousilly?&Listthetypeofantecedents?Theantecedentisdividedintonominalantecedent.Nominalantecedentsfallintodifferentsubclasses:theymaybecommonnounsorpropernouns,personalpronounsordemonstrativepronouns.Non-nominalantecedentcanbesubdividedintothreetypes:clause,verbphrase,predictiveadjective.9.Provideexamplestoillustrateresult-adjunctsandpurpose-adjunctsthatareintroducedbysotha仁Heworkedharder,sothathemanagedtopasstheexaminations・(result)Heworkedhardersothathecouldpasstheexaminations・(purpose)10.Provideexampletoillustratethethreedegreeofcomparison・Mybotherisastallasme.(positivedegree)Mybotheristallerthanmyfather,(comparativedegree)Mybotheristhetallestinthefamily,(superlativedegree ILWhenthesimplepresentreferstothepresenttime,whatareitscharacteristicuses?Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepresenttime,itissuitableforthegeneraltimelessstatementsortheexpressionofso-called"eternaltruths".Atthesametime,italsodenotesthepresentexistenceorstateofaffairs.Besides,itcanexpressregularrecurrencesuchasahabit,anditisalsofoundinthepresentationofaneventthathappenssimultaneouslywithspeech.12.Underwhatgeneralcircumstancesdoweprefergenitivetoof-phraseandviceversa.Whennounsrefertopeople,andtherelationbetweenthenounsisoneofdefinition,classification,etc.,genitivesarepreferred.Whennounsrefertoinanimate,lifelessobjects,andtheheadwordsofnounphrasesareclassifyingadjective,of-phraseareprefeiTed.13.WhatistheprimaryofaWH-question?TheprimaryfunctionofaWH-questionistoaskforinformationconcerningwhat,when,why,whose,whichandhow.14.Whatarecontingencyadjuncts?Howmanytypesofcontingencyadjunctshavewerecognized?Contingencyadjunctsareanadverbialcategorythatincludesadjuntsdenotingsomekindofcause-effectrelation.Theycanbedividedintosubclasses:reason-adjuncts,result-adjunts,purpose-adjunts,concession-adjunctsandcondition-adjunts. 12.Explainthedifferencebetweenadoublerelativeclauseandanembeddedrelativeclause.Indoublerelativeclauses,therearetworelatives,oneenclosingtheother,whereasinembeddedrelativeclausethereisonlyonerelativeclausewhichitselfisembeddedinaclause.16>Provideexamplestoillustratesomedifferenttypesoftimeadjuncts.1>when-adjuncts:soon,onFridaymorning,now,etc.2>duration-adjuncts:fortenyears,verylong,sincewemet,etc.3>frequency-adjuncts:daily,weekly,often,etc.17.Whatkindofrelativeclausedowenormallyusetomodifyanon-nominalantecedent?Givesomeexamples.Wenormallyusenon-relativeclausetomodifyanon-nominalantecedent.e.g<1>Herhusbandismybrotherandmywifeishersister,whichmakesusdoublein-laws.2>Shedancewell,whichIdon"t.3>Nickistall,whichIwillneverbe.18・Wherearegiveninformationandthenewinformationlocatedinthesentence.Generallyspeaking,thegiveninformationisofferedatthebeginningineachsentencewhilethenewinformationinconsistentlyfoundinthepredicatewhichnormallyconstitutesthelatterhalfofasentence. 19eExplaintherelationshipbetweentenseandtime.Timeandtensearenotthesamething:timeisconceptandtenseisagrammaticaldevice.Differenttensescanexpressthesameperiodoftime,suchasthepresent.20>Whatarethetwomajortypesofexclamations?ThetwomajortypesofexclamationsareWHAT-exclamationsandHOW-exclamations.Theformerisfollowedbyanounphrase,thelatterisfollowedbyanadjectiveoradverb.2LWhatisthepseudo-passive?Apseudo-passivesentencesisform,butactiveinmeaning.Itsed-participleisadjectivalzedsothatitbecomesasubjectcomplementintheSVCstructure.Asanadjective,therefore,itcanoccurinacomparativeconstruction,withavarietyofprepositionalphrasesotherthanby・phrase,andwithotherlinkverbsbesidesbeandget.22.Explaintheconditionsinwhichweneedtousenon・assertivewordsinpositivestatementsandassertivewordsinquestion.Whenapositiveanswerexpected,assertivewordscanbeusedinquestion,suchas:Istheresomenewsforme?Issomebodywaitingforme?Andinaffirmativesentencesinwhichthereareifclauses,putativeshould-clauses,andcomparativeclauses,non-assertivewordscanbeused,suchas:Ifanyonecallsme,itmustbeJohn.It"soddthatheshouldsayanythinglikethat.Heisbetterthananyoneelseinthisclass.23.Listthemajortypesofpostponement.Postponementisgenerallyrealizedbyactive-to-passivetransformation,byextrapositionofaclauseelement,bydiscontinuityofadjacentelements. 22.Provideexampletoillustratereferenceasrealizedbypronouns,demonstrativesandcomparison.1>Referencebypronouns:Lookattheman,Ithinkhe，sthepersonwantedbythepolice.2>Referencebydemonstratives:Theyfinallyarrivedatanagreementtostopfire.Thatagreementsavedbythecountryfromwar.3>Referencebycomparison:Johnisbothstupidandlazy.Hisbrotherisnobetter.23.Provideexamplestoillustratenominal,verbalandclausalsubstitution.1>Nominalsubstitution:IknowIneedagoodcar,butIcan"taffordone.2>Verbalsubstitution:—Haveyoufinishedalltheessays?havedoneone.3>Clausalsubstitution:—Ishetherightpersonforthejob?—Isupposeso.24.Whafsthemajorfunctionofpreposition?AndlistthetwotypesofprepositionsThemajorfunctionofprepositionisconnectwordsofnounsverbsandadjectivestootherpartofthesentence.Wedivideprepositionintotwotypes:simpleprepositionandcomplexpreposition. 22.Provideexamplesofpartialinversionandcompleteinversion.Partialinversion:Undernocircumstancescanyouunderestimateyourival.Completeinversion:Thedoorburstopenandinrushedalargeangrycrowed.23.Whatisaunifiedtext?Theunifiedtextisonethatisnotonlystructurallywell-integratedbutalsosemanticallycoherent.24.Asafuturetimeexpression,whatspecialmeaningdoesthesimplepresentsimpart?Whenthereissomethingweconceiveasunalterableandwecanbeasconfidentofasweareofthegivenfacts,weusethesimplepresenttorefertothefuturetime.Somethingthathappensoncalendarortimetablefallsintothiscategory.25.Whataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswith?Whatistheirsharedsemanticfeature?Theverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswithare:think,believe,suppose,imagineandexpect.Theyaretheverbsthatexpress"opinion".