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第1课句子的三种模式(Be句型)导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型,注意词性和词序,以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单,但至关重要。掌握好它们,在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。其实英语只有三种基本句型主+系动词+表词序1主语2系动词3表语即句子的主体用于连接主语和表语表示主语身份、状态以及所处的位置词性*名词代词Be(is,am,are)*名词形容词介词+*名词(介词短语)注:*注意该结构中的名词,它们能被定语修饰。1这个人是一个老师。Themanisateacher.主语系表语主语系表语(名词)2他(是)很忙。Heisbusy.主语系表语主语系表语(形容词)●注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。3她(是)在教室里。Sheisintheclassroom.主语系表语主语系表语(介词短语)注:定语只修饰名词,不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当,形容词放在所修饰的名词之前,而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后,请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。be的人称变化You(TheyWe)areteachers.He(She)isateacher.Iamateacher----------------------------------------------------------------------Be的肯定否定及疑问的变化You(TheyWe)areteachers.He(She)isateacher.IamateacherYou(TheyWe)arenotteachers.He(She)isnotateacher.Iamnotateacher86
Areyou(TheyWe)teachers?Ishe(She)ateacher?AmIateacher?(定语的位置)●那个人是个老师.Themanisateacher.●那个人在教室里.Themanisintheclassroom.AbigdeskAsmalldeskAbeautifulgirl●教室里的那个人是个老师.Themanintheclassroomisateacher.●这个人在教室里.Themanisintheclassroom.●那个人在二楼的教室里.Themanisintheclassroomonthesecondfloor.●Themanintheclassroom教室onthesecond第二floor层isateacherfromEngland.●ThemanintheclassroomonthesecondfloorisnotateacherfromEngland.●IsthemanintheclassroomonthesecondfloorateacherfromEngland?介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语,虽然它们词性相同,但由于词序不同,它们所起到的作用也不同,当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。本课要求:牢记第一个句型的旗帜-----be(1)人称变化(2)肯定否定及疑问的变化(3)You(TheyWe)He(She)Ibe的人称变化You(TheyWe)areteachers.He(She)isateacher.IamateacherBe的肯定否定及疑问的变化You(TheyWe)areteachers.He(She)isateacher.IamateacherYou(TheyWe)arenotteachers.He(She)isnotateacher.Iamnotateacher86
Areyou(TheyWe)teachers?Ishe(She)ateacher?1、AmIateacher?2、介词介词短语的作用本课需记忆的介词(认识就行)ininfrontofonfrom3、nearof4、介词短语的作用(1)表语,位置在be之后:Themanisintheclassroomonthesecondfloor.(2)定语,名词之后:5、Themanisintheclassroomonthesecondfloor.6、本课目的-----牢牢抓住-------主系表考试时减少查字典的次数,抓主句子的中心ThemanintheclassroomonthesecondfloorisnotateacherfromEngland.课堂练习be的人称变化(变为否定与疑问)You(TheyWe)areateacher.(teachers)He(She)isateacher.Iamateacher英译汉1:Thegirl女孩intheclassroomisateacherfromEngland.2:Thefatlady女人infrontof在….前面thehospital医院isadoctor医生fromEngland.3:TheTVset电视onthedesk桌子intheliving-room客厅isnew新的.4:Thebird鸟neartheredappleinthetreeisblue.5:Thewallet钱包onthesofa沙发intheliving-roomisyourfather’s你爸爸的.第2课Be句型的时态变化课堂练习be的人称变化You(TheyWe)areateacher.(teachers)He(She)isateacher.Iamateacher1:ThegirlintheclassroomisateacherfromEngland.2:ThefatladyinfrontofthehospitalisadoctorfromEngland.3:TheTVsetonthedeskintheliving-roomisnew.4:Thebirdneartheappleinthetreeisblue.5:Thewalletonthesofaintheliving-roomisyourfather’s.课堂练习答案1:教室里的那个女孩是从英国来的老师.86
2:医院hospital前面的那个胖女人fatlady是从英国来的医生doctor.3:客厅里桌子上的那台电视TVset是新的.4:树上的红苹果apple旁边的那只鸟是蓝色的blue.5:客厅living-room里沙发sofa上的钱包wallet是你爸爸的.He,fool现在时肯定:Youarerich.否定:Youarenotrich.疑问:Areyourich?过去时waswere肯定:Youwererich.否定:Youwerenotrich.疑问:Wereyourich?将来时肯定:Youwillberich.否定:Youwillnotberich.疑问:Willyouberich?●Iamrich.●Iwasrich.●Iwillberich.Was(单数)were(复数)Youarerich.Youwererich.Youwillberich.Youwouldberich.▲一般时态的构成句型时态主系表一般现在时态is,am,are一般过去时态was,were一般将来时态willbe一般过去将来时态wouldbe▲一般时态所表示的时间概念过去ß现在à将来过去将来─────86
(即相对于过去的将来)从上面的图可以清楚地看出一般时态所使用的时间概念。Poor贫穷的●He(She)will(not)beateacher.●Willhe(she)beateacher?-----------------------------------------------------------------------主系动词表*名词代词be*1名词2形容词3介词+*名词(介词短语本课要求:牢记第一个句型的旗帜-----be孙老师特别提示---------牢牢记住英语的第一个句型,重中之重是旗帜--------be的变化---现在、过去将来,陈述、否定及疑的构成。课堂练习Youarerich.………….1:Hewillnotbethebeststudentinourclassnextyear明年.2:Mymotherwasverybeautiful漂亮tenyearsago十年前.3:TheteacherfromEnglandwasinAmericalastyear去年.第3课Therebe句型及时态课堂练习Youarerich.………….1:Hewillnotbethebeststudentinourclassnextyear.2:Mymotherwasverybeautifultenyearsago.3:TheteacherfromEnglandwasinAmericalastyear.课堂练习答1:明年他将不会是我们班最好的学生.Hewillbenotthebeststudentinourclassnextyear.2:我妈妈十年前tenyearsago非常漂亮.Mymotherwasverybeautifultenyearsago.3:从英国来的老师去年在美国.▲TheteacherfromEnglandwasinAmericalastyear.▲When▲主+系动词+表▲谓+主+状该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物(人)词序3状语1谓语2主语3状语地点存在物或人地点86
词性介词+名词(Therebe)名词介词+名词(介词短语)注:该结构中的状语可以置于句首或句尾。1桌子上有一钱包。●某地thereis某物●Thereisawallet(钱包)onthedesk.=Onthedesk,thereisawallet.●Thereisnotawallet(钱包)onthedeskIsthereawallet(钱包)onthedesk?Thereisawallet钱包onthedeskintheroomonthesecondfloorinthebuildingintheschoolinBJ.●Therewasawallet(钱包)onthedesk▲一般时态的构成句型时态主系表谓主状一般现在时态is,am,arethereis(are)一般过去时态was,weretherewas(were)一般将来时态willbetherewillbe一般过去将来时态wouldbetherewouldbe●Thereisawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewasawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewillbeawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewouldbeawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Thereisafool白痴fromEnglandonthedeskintheroomonthesecondfloorinthebuildingintheschoolinBJ.Therearethreewaysaboutstudy.本课要求:牢记第2个句型的旗帜-----Therebe的变化(变为否定与疑问及时态)孙老师特别提示---------牢牢记住英语的第2个句型,重中之重是旗帜--------Therebe的变化课堂练习Therebe的变化(变为否定与疑问)Thereisabookonthedesk.86
英译汉1:IstheteacherfromEnglandinthereading-roominthebuildingintheschool?2:Thebeautifulgirlofyourclassisfoolish傻.3:Therearefivedoctors医生fromAmericainthehospital医院nearourschool.4:Thebeautifulgirlwithaknife刀isathief.5:Isthemanunderthetreeinthegardenintheschoolyourfather?6:Thereisabeggar要饭的infrondofthebuilding大楼intheschool.第4课主谓宾(do)句型导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型,注意词性和词序,以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单,但至关重要。掌握好它们,在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。其实英语只有三种基本句型课堂练习1:IstheteacherfromEnglandinthereading-roominthebuildingintheschool?2:Thebeautifulgirlofyourclassisfoolish.3:TherearefivedoctorsfromAmericainthehospitalnearourschool.4:Thebeautifulgirlwithaknifeisathief.5:Isthemanunderthetreeinthegardenintheschoolyourfather?6:Thereisabeggarinfrondofthebuildingintheschool.课堂练习答案●Thereisabookonthedesk.WaswereWillbe1:从英国来的那个老师在学校大楼的阅览室里吗?IstheteacherfromEnglandinthereading-roominthebuildingintheschool?2:你们班的那个漂亮的女孩有点傻.Thebeautifulgirlofyourclassisfoolish.3:我们学校附近的那个医院里有五位从美国来的医生.TherearefivedoctorsfromAmericainthehospitalnearourschool.4:那个拿着刀的漂亮的小女孩是个贼.Thebeautifulgirlwithaknifeisathief.5:学校花园里大树下的那个人是你爸爸吗?Isthemanunderthetreeinthegardenintheschoolyourfather?86
6:学校的大楼前面有一个要饭的.Thereisabeggarinfrondofthebuildingintheschool.主+系动词+表Be的时态变化●Youarerich.Youarerich.Youarenotrich.Areyourich?Youwererich.Youwerenotrich.WereyourichYouwillberich.Youwillnotberich.Willyouberich?▲一般时态的构成句型时态主系表一般现在时态is,am,are一般过去时态was,were一般将来时态willbe一般过去将来时态wouldbe●▲谓+主+状该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物(人)●Thereisawallet(钱包)onthedesk.=Onthedesk,thereisawallet.▲一般时态的构成句型时态主系表主谓宾谓主状一般现在时态is,am,aredo,doesthereis(are)一般过去时态was,weredidtherewas(were)86
一般将来时态willbewilldotherewillbe一般过去将来时态wouldbewoulddotherewouldbeThereisawalletonthedesk.Thereisnotawalletonthedesk.Isthereawalletonthedesk?Therewasawalletonthedesk.Therewasnotawalletonthedesk.Wasthereawalletonthedesk?Therewillbeawalletonthedesk.Therewillnotbeawalletonthedesk.Willtherebeawalletonthedesk?主+谓+宾+状ThestudentsstudyEnglish.主语谓语宾语▲一般时态的构成句型时态主系表主谓宾谓主状一般现在时态is,am,aredo,doesthereis(are)一般过去时态was,weredidtherewas(were)一般将来时态willbewilldotherewillbe一般过去将来时态wouldbewoulddotherewouldbeYoustudyEnglish.YoudonotstudyEnglish.DoyoustudyEnglish?YoustudiedEnglish.YoudidnotstudyEnglish.DidyoustudyEnglish?YouwillstudyEnglish.YouwillnotstudyEnglish.WillyoustudyEnglish?86
------------------------------------------------本课要求:牢记第3个句型的旗帜-----do的变化(变为否定与疑问及时态变化)工欲善其事,必先利其器1.——良好的学习方法是制胜的又一法宝。2.尽可能的理解你要记忆的知识,不懂不要死记硬背。善于将知识分类,不同的概念要条理清晰不可混淆。.每个成功的(successful)男人背后都有一个女人。Thereisawomanbehindeverysuccessfulman.Everysuccessfulmanhasawoman.3.重复。4.学会联想思维及记忆,如class班级——lass小妞——ass蠢驴。这样可以成倍提高记忆速度。Theclasswillwaitformeintheclassroomat7inevening.Lass----assWallet---------wallPlanet--------planStarch---------starEar-----near-------clear------nuclear5.学习要专心。重效果,疲劳战术不可取。6.图画记忆是一种良好的记忆法。通俗的说就是在复习时不要先看书或笔记,而是先回忆。这是帮你整理大脑思维及记忆的最好方法之一。享受学习。累了,心情不好时学习效率很低。享受学习不是空话——建立在回报的基础上。即在投入时间与努力之后,学习成绩能够大幅提高,孩子就会对学习产生兴趣,反之会厌恶学习。因此,一个良好的突破口是使孩子喜欢学习的重要手段。第5课主+谓+宾+状句型及时态▲主+系动词+表词序1主语2系动词3表语即句子的主体用于连接主语和表语表示主语身份、状态以及所处的位置词性*名词代词Be(is,am,are)*名词形容词介词+*名词(介词短语)注:*注意该结构中的名词,它们能被定语修饰。1这个人是一个老师。Themanisateacher.主语系表语主语系表语(名词)2他(是)很忙。Heisbusy.主语系表语主语系表语(形容词)86
●注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。3她(是)在教室里。Sheisintheclassroom.主语系表语主语系表语(介词短语)注:定语只修饰名词,不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当,形容词放在所修饰的名词之前,而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后,请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。be的人称变化You(TheyWe)areteachers.He(She)isateacher.Iamateacher----------------------------------------------------------------------Be的肯定否定及疑问的变化You(TheyWe)areteachers.He(She)isateacher.IamateacherYou(TheyWe)arenotteachers.He(She)isnotateacher.IamnotateacherAreyou(TheyWe)teachers?Ishe(She)ateacher?AmIateacher?(定语的位置)●那个人是个老师.Themanisateacher.●那个人在教室里.Themanisintheclassroom.AbigdeskAsmalldeskAbeautifulgirl●教室里的那个人是个老师.Themanintheclassroomisateacher.●这个人在教室里.Themanisintheclassroom.●那个人在二楼的教室里.Themanisintheclassroomonthesecondfloor.●Themanintheclassroom教室onthesecond第二floor层isateacherfromEngland.●ThemanintheclassroomonthesecondfloorisnotateacherfromEngland.●Isthemanintheclassroomonthesecondfloor▲ateacherfromEngland?86
▲主+系动词+表▲谓+主+状该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物(人)词序3状语1谓语2主语3状语地点存在物或人地点词性介词+名词(Therebe)名词介词+名词(介词短语)注:该结构中的状语可以置于句首或句尾。1桌子上有一钱包。●某地thereis某物●Thereisawallet(钱包)onthedesk.=Onthedesk,thereisawallet.●Thereisnotawallet(钱包)onthedeskIsthereawallet(钱包)onthedesk?Thereisawallet钱包onthedeskintheroomonthesecondfloorinthebuildingintheschoolinBJ.▲一般时态的构成句型时态主系表主谓宾谓主状一般现在时态is,am,aredo,doesthereis(are)一般过去时态was,weredidtherewas(were)一般将来时态willbewilldotherewillbe一般过去将来时态wouldbewoulddotherewouldbeYouarerich.Youarenotrich.Areyourich?Youwererich.Youwerenotrich.Wereyourich?Youwillberich.Youwillnotberich.Willyouberich?Thereisawalletonthedesk.Thereisnotawalletonthedesk.86
Isthereawalletonthedesk?Therewasawalletonthedesk.Therewasnotawalletonthedesk.Wasthereawalletonthedesk?Therewillbeawalletonthedesk.Therewillnotbeawalletonthedesk.Willtherebeawalletonthedesk?------------------------------------------------YoustudyEnglish.YoudonotstudyEnglish.DoyoustudyEnglish?YoustudiedEnglish.YoudidnotstudyEnglish.DidyoustudyEnglish?YouwillstudyEnglish.YouwillnotstudyEnglish.WillyoustudyEnglish?IloveyouThestudentsstudyEnglish.▲主+谓+宾+状词序5状语1主语2谓语3宾语4状语5状语句子的主体主语发出的动作动作的接受者修饰谓语动词表示谓语动作发生的时间地点原因等词性介词+名词名词代词动词(do)名词代词(宾格)副词介词+名词注:在该结构中主谓是不可缺少的部分,宾格有无取决于动词是及物还是不及物动词,状语根据需要而定。---------------------------------------介词短语形容词介词短语从中国来的新学生们在美国的一所大学里努力学习英语。形容词介词短语ThenewstudentsfromChinastudyEnglishhardinthe介词短语universityinAmerica.ThestudentsstudyEnglish.主语谓语宾语Intheuniversity,thestudentsstudyEnglishhard努力地86
主语谓语宾语状语状语课堂练习一、汉译英1.我们的村庄(是)在两山之间的峡谷里。主语系定语表语2.Ourvillageisinavalleybetweentwohills3.从上海来的那些学生每天晚上在二楼的阅览室里定语主语状语状语复习英文。谓语宾语ThestudentsfromShanghaireviewEnglisheveryeveninginthereading-roomonthesecondfloor.3.我们班里有5个从上海来的女学生。状语thereare定语主语TherearefivegirlstudentsfromShanghaiinourclass.二、英译汉1.ThenumberofspeakersofEnglishinShakespeare’stimewas主语定语定语定语系fivemillion百万.Todayitis260million百万.表语莎士比亚时代使用英语的人数是五百万,而今天达二亿六千万。2.Alifewithoutafriendisalifewithoutasun.主语定语系表语定语生活中没有朋友,如同生活中没有太阳。3.Theearthhasapartnerinitstriparoundthesun.主语谓宾语状语定语Itisthemoon.地球在围绕太阳转的旅途中有一个伙伴。它就是月亮。4.每个成功的(successful)男人背后都有一个女人。Thereisawomanbehindeverysuccessfulman.EveryonlyallEverysuccessfulmanhasawoman.5.幸福是太多太少之间的一站。Happinessisastationbetweentoomuchandtoolittle.▲一般时态的构成句型时态主系表主谓宾谓主状一般现在时态is,am,aredo,doesthereis(are)86
一般过去时态was,weredidtherewas(were)一般将来时态willbewilldotherewillbe一般过去将来时态wouldbewoulddotherewouldbeThestudentsstudyEnglish.主语谓语宾语ThestudentsdonotstudyEnglish.ThestudentstudiesEnglish.ThestudentdoesnotstudyEnglish.DothestudentsstudyEnglish?DoesthestudentstudyEnglish?----------------------------------------------------------------▲一般现在时态的基本用法表示客观事实或普遍真理●Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球围绕太阳运行。●Practice练习makesperfect完美.熟能生巧。表示目前的情况及反复发生的动作,或习惯性的动作,常与频率副词连用。如sometimes,often,always,usually,seldom,这种副词通常放在主语和动词之间。●Sheseldomgetsupbefore6inthemorning.她早晨很少在6点以前起床。LookLookafterLookforGetgetup●TheyoftengoforanoutingonSunday.星期天他们经常去郊游。否定式及疑问句的构成●Theydon’toftengoforanoutingonSunday.DotheyoftengoforanoutingonSunday?▲一般过去时态的基本用法一般过去时态表示过去的状态及发生的动作。●ThestudentsstudiedEnglish.Work----Workedlove---lovedEat--------ateGo---------wentCome-----cameLearnstudy86
●Ididn’tgotoseeadoctoryesterday.1.Didyougotoseeadoctoryesterday?2.▲一般将来时态的基本用法3.在英语中,表示将来的动作或状态时,有多种形式。这里介绍四种常用形式。4.will,shallshall用于第一人称,will用于其它人称。在现代英语中,尤其在美国,在表示将来的时候,所有人称都使用will而shall只用于一些习惯用法。●ShewillarriveinLondononFriday.她将在星期五到伦敦。●Wewillneverforget忘记youforever永远.我将永远不会忘记你。●Itwillraintomorrow.明天会下雨。否定式及疑问句的构成●ShewillnotarriveinLondononFriday.WillshearriveinLondononFriday?▲一般时态的构成句型时态主系表主谓宾谓主状一般现在时态is,am,aredo,doesthereis(are)一般过去时态was,weredidtherewas(were)一般将来时态willbewilldotherewillbe一般过去将来时态wouldbewoulddotherewouldbe本课要求:牢记第3个句型的旗帜-----do的变化(变为否定与疑问及时态变化)孙老师特别提示---------牢牢记住英语的第3个句型,重中之重是旗帜--------do的变化YoustudyEnglish.YoustudyEnglish.YoudonotstudyEnglish.DoyoustudyEnglish?YoustudiedEnglish.86
YoudidnotstudyEnglish.DidyoustudyEnglish?YouwillstudyEnglish.YouwillnotstudyEnglish.WillyoustudyEnglish?第6课句子的三种模式及时态其实英语只有三种基本句型主+系动词+表词序1主语2系动词3表语即句子的主体用于连接主语和表语表示主语身份、状态以及所处的位置词性*名词代词Be(is,am,are)*名词形容词介词+*名词(介词短语)注:*注意该结构中的名词,它们能被定语修饰。1这个人是一个老师。Themanisateacher.主语系表语主语系表语(名词)n2他(是)很忙。Heisbusy.主语系表语主语系表语(形容词)adj3她(是)在教室里。Sheisintheclassroom.主语系表语主语系表语(介词短语)prepBe---isamareBe---------waswereBe-------willbe西门子bethebestIamrich.Iwasrich.Iwillberich.Iwouldberich.▲谓+主+状该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物(人)词序3状语1谓语2主语3状语地点存在物或人地点词性介词+名词(Therebe)名词介词+名词(介词短语)86
注:该结构中的状语可以置于句首或句尾。1房间里有一张桌子。某地thereis某物Thereisatableintheroom.=Intheroom,thereisatable.Thereisafoolintheroom.Thereisafoolontheroom.ThereisThereareTherewasTherewereTherewillbeTherewouldbe------------------------------------------------------------------------▲主+谓+宾+状词序5状语1主语2谓语3宾语4状语5状语句子的主体主语发出的动作动作的接受者修饰谓语动词表示谓语动作发生的时间地点原因等词性介词+名词名词代词动词(do)名词代词(宾格)副词介词+名词注:在该结构中主谓是不可缺少的部分,宾格有无取决于动词是及物还是不及物动词,状语根据需要而定。名词介词短语副词动词名词1.学生们在大学里努力学习英语。ThestudentsstudyEnglishhardintheuniversity.主语谓语宾语状语状语1.Intheuniversity,thestudentsstudyEnglishhard.2.Eventhoughulcers(溃疡)appeartoruninfamilies,lifestyleplays扮演moreofarole角色thangenetic(基因的)factorsincausingtheillness,accordingtoareportintheApril13thJournalofInternalMedicine.Inparticular,smokingandstressinmenandtheregularuseofpain-releasingmedicinesinwomenwerelinkedwithanincreasedriskofdevelopinganulcer.3.Thepassageargues指出thatA.Ulcersarerelatedtogenes.B.Ulcersarechieflyrelatedtolifestyle.C.Ulcersappearinmenandwomen.Ulcersarecausedbybacteriainfection.中国是圆脑袋,英国德国人是方脑袋。BETHEREBEDOThestudentsstudyEnglish.86
ThestudentsdonotstudyEnglish.DothestudentsstudyEnglish?DoesThestudentstudiesEnglish.ThestudentdoesnotstudyEnglish.DoesthestudentstudyEnglish?▲一般过去时态的基本用法一般过去时态表示过去的状态及发生的动作。Work----workedEat-------atedrinkdrank不规则动词由来DidnotThestudentstudiedEnglish.ThestudentsdidnotstudyEnglish.DidthestudentstudyEnglish?●Iwenttoschoolyesterday。go否定式及疑问句的构成●Ididn’tgotoschoolyesterday.Didyougotoschoolyesterday?▲一般将来时态的基本用法在英语中,表示将来的动作或状态时,有多种形式。这里介绍四种常用形式。1.will,shallshall用于第一人称,will用于其它人称。在现代英语中,尤其在美国,在表示将来的时候,所有人称都使用will而shall只用于一些习惯用法。will●ShewillarriveinLondononFriday.她将在星期五到伦敦。否定式及疑问句的构成●ShewillnotarriveinLondononFriday.2.WillshearriveinLondononFriday?3.tobe(am,are,is)goingtodo该种形式用来表示将来时,尤其是在口语中用的较多,常常含有“打算”的含义。●Iamgoingtogetupatfiveo’clocktomorrowmorning.我明天早上打算五点起床。否定式及疑问句的构成●Iamnotgoingtogetupatfiveo’clocktomorrowmorning.86
Areyougoingtogetupatfiveo’clocktomorrowmorning?dieIamgoingtodoHe(She)isgoingtodo………..WearegoingtodoThey(You)aregoingtodo…….▲一般过去将来时态的基本用法过去将来时态实际上是过去时态与将来时态相加构成的时间概念。would●Ithought(think)hewouldtakethechance.我想他会抓住这个机会。2.(相对于thought这个过去时态的将来)3.tobe(was/were)goingto这种一般过去将来时态和我们上面讲的一般将来的用法是一样的。只是立足于过去某一点谈将来的事情。●Yesterday,Iwasgoingtoseemyteacher.ButIdidn’tgo.我打算昨天去看我的老师,但我没去。will,shallshall用于第一人称,will用于其它人称。在现代英语中,尤其在美国,在表示将来的时候,所有人称都使用will而shall只用于一些习惯用法。●Wewillneverforgetyouforever.我将永远不会忘记你。tobe(am,are,is)goingtodo(be)该种形式用来表示将来时,尤其是在口语中用的较多,常常含有“打算”的含义。●Yourfathertisgoingtodie死.●I’mgoingtohavedinnerathomethisevening.今天晚上我打算在家吃晚饭。shall,will和tobegoingto的比较●Heisgoingtoseehisteacherthisafternoon.●Hewillseehisteacherthisafternoon.第一句只是一种打算,第二句在一定程度上已经决定了。●I’mgoingtoclimbtothetop.●Iwillclimbtothetop.第一句表达的是一种意向,第二句肯定程度比较大。will和tobegoingto的区别有时并不十分明显,可以换用,但在有些情况下却不行。●Iwillneverforgetyou.╳I’mnotgoingtoforgetyou.我们家谈末活动86
Wearenotgoingtoseefilm.Wearenotgoingtoseethepark.Wearenotgoingtostayhome.父亲病危,医在如何表达外企工作,与上司I’mnotgoing我要死了,交待后事I’mnotgoingtodie.高考考点第二句不对。这里表示的不是一种打算而是一种不可能、决不会的意思。本课要求:YoustudyEnglish.YoudonotstudyEnglish.DoyoustudyEnglish?YoustudiedEnglish.(Youate{eat}anapple)YoudidnotstudyEnglish.DidyoustudyEnglish?YouwillstudyEnglish.YouwillnotstudyEnglish.WillyoustudyEnglish?YouaregoingtostudyEnglish.YouarenotgoingtostudyEnglish.AreyougoingtostudyEnglish?YouwouldstudyEnglish.BegoingtoLESSON7YouweregoingtostudyEnglish.YouwerenotgoingtostudyEnglish.WereyougoingtostudyEnglish?▲特殊疑问句的构成▲特殊疑问句的构成Heisintheclassroom.主语系表语Heisnotintheclassroom.Isheintheclassroom?----------Yes.No.Whoisintheclassroom?主语提问主语,句子不变。Thebookisonthedesk.Whatisonthedesk?86
主语Heisintheclassroom.主语系表语Isheintheclassroom?-----where表语-----whereishe?表语Heis20.Ishe20?-------Howold--Howoldishe?提问句子的其他成分,先变一般疑问句,再用疑问代词或疑问副词代替所不知道的成分,并置于句首。●HestudiedEnglishhardintheuniversityforthetestonSunday.Whowhatwhathowwherewhywhen1.他为了考试过去在大学里在星期日努力学习英语。2.WhostudiedEnglishhardintheuniversityforthetestonSunday?3.WhatdidhedohardintheuniversityforthetestonSunday?4.WhatdidhestudyhardintheuniversityforthetestonSunday?---------------------------------------------------key5.HowdidhestudyEnglishintheuniversityforthetestonSunday?6.WheredidhestudyEnglishhardforthetestonSunday?7.WhydidhestudyEnglishhardintheuniversityonSunday?WhendidhestudyEnglishhardintheuniversityforthetest?●HestudiesEnglishhardintheuniversityforthetestonSunday.whowhatwhathowwherewhywhen他在大学里,为了考试在星期日努力学习英语。在英国教中文主系表的特殊疑问句●老师在教室里。Theteacherisintheclassroom.●谁在教室里?Whoisintheclassroom?●谁的爸爸在教室里?Whosefatherisintheclassroom?●老师在哪?Whereistheteacher?●这个老师二十岁。Theteacheris20yeasold.●你们老师多大了?86
Howoldistheteacher?●昨天老师在教室里。Theteacherwasintheclassroomyesterday.●昨天老师几点在教室里?When(Whattime)wastheteacherintheclassroomyesterday?therebe的特殊疑问句●Thereisabookonthedesk.●Isthereanythingonthedesk?●IsthereanybodyinW.C?●Therearetwobooksonthedesk.●Howmanybooksarethereonthedesk?●Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?Howmanybooksarethereonthedesk?Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?Myfatherisintheclassroom.Whoisintheclassroom?Myfatherisintheclassroom.-----WhoseWhosefatherisintheclassroom?主语Mysisterlovestheman?My---Whosesister—Who主语Wholovestheman?Whosesisterlovestheman?Helovesmysister.主语谓语宾语DoesHelovemysister?Whom(Who)doesHelove?宾语WhosesisterdoseHelove?宾语much《孙老师课堂》职称英语重点提示阅读理解常用提问方式1.有关主题思想的问题3)Whichofthefollowing(下列的)statements(句子)bestexpresses(表达)themainideaofthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingsentences(句子)bestsummarizes(概述)theauthor(作者)’smainpoint(要点)?5)Whichofthefollowingbeststates(陈述)thetheme(主题)ofthepassage?86
13)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?课堂练习把下列句子先变成一般疑问句,再就画线部分提问。1.Johntaught(teach)inamiddleschool.2.TomstudiesChinese.3.Themeeting会议willbegin开始attwoo’clock.4.Shewashappybecause因为shepassed通过theexam考试.5.Theywereneighbors邻居threeyearsago.6.Wewenttothecinema电影院twiceamonth.7.Hecanfinish完成thejob工作intwoweeks.Wesold售出(sell)thecotton棉花byweight.LESSON8特殊疑问句的构成课堂练习把下列句子先变成一般疑问句,再就画线部分提问。1.Johntaught(teach)inamiddleschool.2.TomstudiesChinese.3.Themeeting会议willbegin开始attwoo’clock.4.Shewashappybecause因为shepassed通过theexam考试.5.Theywereneighbors邻居threeyearsago.6.Wewenttothecinema电影院twiceamonth.7.Hecanfinish完成thejob工作intwoweeks.1.Wesold售出(sell)thecotton棉花byweight.2.练习答案3.KEYTOLESSONTWO4.WheredidJohnteach?5.WhatdoesTomstudy?6.When(Whattime)willthemeetingbegin?7.Whywasshehappy?8.Whenweretheyneighbors?9.Howmanytimes(Howoften)amonthdidyougotothecinema?10.Whencanhefinishthejob?Whosoldthecottonbyweight?四种进行时态态时一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时86
将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时▲进行时态的构成时态主谓宾现在进行时is(am,are)doing过去进行时was(were)doing将来进行时willbedoing过去将来进行时wouldbedoingBedoingYouarestudyingEnglish.YouarenotstudyingEnglish.AreyoustudyingEnglish?YouwerestudyingEnglish.YouwerenotstudyingEnglish.WereyoustudyingEnglish?YouwillbestudyingEnglish.YouwillnotbestudyingEnglish.WillyoubestudyingEnglish?▲现在进行时态和过去进行时态一般现在时过去-------现在---------将来-现在进行时1、进行态的暂时性,进行时态与一般时态的比较●TheyliveinAmerica.(一贯的)●TheyarelivinginAmerica.(暂时的)第二句给我们的感觉是,他们一直住在别的什么地方,但目前暂住美国。IamhelpingHeisstudyingEnglishhard.Youdonoteatmuch.Youarenoteatingmuch.进行时态的感情色彩。86
进行态除了表示一个进行的动作以外,更多的是带有一种“态”,也就是说有一种情态在里面。注意下面句子的比较:Itrained下雨.Itwasraining.Thegirlcried哭.Thegirlwascrying.--------Ihadverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Doyouknowyourwifewashavingdinnerwithaguyintherestaurantnearourschoolyesterdayevening?你知道不知道你的老婆昨天晚上和一个小伙子在学校附近的餐馆一起吃饭?注:说话的人没有用一般过去时,而是用过去进行时态。从这句话中可以看出他通过进行时态的画面感,给对方一个亲眼看到的感觉,以刺激听话的人。▲将来进行时态●Iwillwaitforyouattheairport.Iwillbewaitingforyouattheairport.第一句用的是一般将来时态,第二句用的是将来进行时态。第二句给人的感觉好像能够看到说话的人将在机场等待的情景,所以更亲切、更踏实。这就是画面感的效果。我们很难用汉语表达出上面两句话的不同。------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1、进行态的暂时性,进行时态与一般时态的比较2、进行时态的感情色彩。时态主谓宾现在进行时is(am,are)doing过去进行时was(were)doing将来进行时willbedoing过去将来进行时wouldbedoing将来时态WilldoBegoingtodo进行时态Bedoing本课要求:牢记第3个句型的旗帜-----do的变化(变为否定与疑问及进行时态变化)YouarestudyingEnglish.孙老师特别提示:代词的几种基本形式主格IweyoutheyhesheitHelovesme宾格meusyouthemhimherit形容词性所有格myouryourtheirhisherits86
名词性所有格mineoursyourstheirshishersitsIloveherIlovehersister.Thisismybook.Thisismine.LESSON9四种完成时态LivingLifeOver--如果有来生如果有来生,我会少说,多听 我会请朋友来家吃饭,即便地毯脏了,沙发褪色了。 我会抽时间听祖父絮叨他的青年时代 我不会因为刚刚把头发梳理定型而要求在夏天关上车窗。 我会点燃那支雕成玫瑰状的蜡烛,而不让它在尘封中熔化。 我会与孩子们坐在草地上,不去担心草地上的污渍。 我会把泪水和笑声更多地留给观察人生,而不是观看电视。 如果生病了,我会卧床休息,而不是自认没有我,地球就不转了。 我不会买那些仅仅是实用,或者不显脏,或者保证能用一生的东西。 我会更多地说“我爱你”……“对不起”……然而,最重要的是,如果有来生, 我会抓住每一秒……看人生,读人生……体验人生……再也不放手LivingLifeOverIfIhadmylifetoliveover...Iwouldhavetalkedlessandlistenedmore. Iwouldhaveinvitedfriendsovertodinnerevenifthecarpetwasstainedandthesofafaded. Iwouldhavetakenthetimetolistentomygrandfatherrambleabouthisyouth. Iwouldneverhaveinsistedthecarwindowsberolleduponasummerdaybecausemyhairhadjustbeenteasedandsprayed. Iwouldhaveburnedthepinkcandlesculptedlikearosebeforeitmeltedinstorage. Iwouldhavesatonthelawnwithmychildrenandnotworriedaboutgrassstains.Iwouldhavecriedandlaughedlesswhilewatchingtelevision-andmorewhilewatchinglife. IwouldhavegonetobedwhenIwassickinsteadofpretendingtheearthwouldgointoaholdingpatterifIwerenottherefortheday.86
Iwouldneverhaveboughtanythingjustbecauseitwaspractical,wouldnotshowsoilorwasguaranteedtolastalifetime. Therewouldhavebeenmore"Iloveyou"...more"I"msorry"...butmostly,givenanothershotsatlife,Iwouldseizeeveryminute...lookatitandreallyseeit...liveit...andnevergiveitback. 1牢记第3个句型的旗帜-----do的变化(变为否定与疑问及进行时态变化)YouarestudyingEnglish.YouarenotstudyingEnglish.AreyoustudyingEnglish?YouwerestudyingEnglish.YouwerenotstudyingEnglish.WereyoustudyingEnglish?YouwillbestudyingEnglish.YouwillnotbestudyingEnglish.WillyoubestudyingEnglish?2孙老师特别提示:代词的几种基本形式主格Iweyoutheyhesheit宾格meusyouthemhimherit形容词性所有格myouryourtheirhisherits名词性所有格mineoursyourstheirshishersitsIloveherIlovehersister.Thisismybook.Thisismine.导言完成态是英文中独有的一种“态”,汉语中没有相对应的表达方式。在学习时要根据说话的情景或文章的上下文细心体会。脱离说话时的情景或文章的上下文,完成态就无从谈起,所以千万不可简单地把完成时态理解成一个完成的动作。▲完成时态的构成现在过去过去分词IswasbeenDodiddone86
WorkworkedworkedHavehadhad句型时态主系表主谓宾现在完成have(has)beenhave(has)done过去完成hadbeenhaddone将来完成willhavebeenwillhavedone过去将来完成wouldhavebeenwouldhavedone▲现在完成时态的基本用法表示一个过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。应该明确现在完成时态属于现在时态的范畴。它所强调的不是过去发生的动作,而是对现在产生的结果和影响。否则用一般过去时态就够了。请看下面的对话。●A-WewillsendsomeonetoAmerica.我们要派一个人去美国。B-Ihavebeenthere.我去过美国。=IwasthereandIknowthecountryverywell.Wouldyousendmethere?我去过那儿,很了解那个国家。能派我去吗?C-Ihavenotbeenthere.我还没去过那儿呢。=Ididn’tgotoAmerica.Itismyturn.我没去过。这次该我了。上面对话的前提是大家都抢着去美国。所以B用现在完成时态是想说明自己有经验,派他去好。而C用现在完成时态是说自己没去过,轮也该轮到他了。两句都是强调对现在产生的影响。Didyouhavedinner?Haveyouhaddinner?DidyoustudyEnglish?HaveyoustudiedEnglish?Laochangdied?Laochanghasdied?Whowashere?Whohasbeenhere?2.3.表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。86
通常用于持续性较强的动词,例如:live,study,waitfor,be等等,并且常常与since,for连用,since给出的是过去的一个时间点,如since1958,而for往往给出的是一个时间段,如forthreeyears。●HehasstudiedEnglishforeightyears.HestudiedEnglishforeightyears.●Since1980,theyhaveknowneachother.●Wehavewaitedforyouforlongtime.●Haveyoulivedhereforovertenyears?▲过去完成时态,将来完成时态和过去将来完成时态学习完成时态应注意,所有完成时态在“态”的概念上是一样的,现在完成时态、过去完成时态、将来完成时态、过去将来完成时态所不同的只是时间上的概念。所以我们只要掌握现在完成时态,然后在时间上向过去推便是过去完成时态,向将来推便是将来完成时态。SaysaidsaidseesawseenYesterday,shesaidshehadseenthefilm.IhavestudiedEnglishfor10bynow.bynowby2000by2008IwillhavestudiedEnglishfor10yearsby2010.--1990----------------2000-------------------now----------------2010----In2000,shesaidIhadstudiedEnglishfor10years●In2000,shesaidIwouldhavestudiedEnglishfor10years●该句是指在“theendofthismonth”我们将完成工作。对本月底产生的影响也许是我们就有空了或我们就可以休息一下了。总之具体情况具体分析。●WewillhavestudiedEnglishfor10yearsbytheendofthisyear.●HesaidthatbytheendofthespringtermhewouldhavestudiedEnglishfortwoyears.该句表示study的动作是从said开始一直延续到将来,即theendofthespringterm.句型时态主系表主谓宾现在完成have(has)beenhave(has)done过去完成hadbeenhaddone将来完成willhavebeenwillhavedone过去将来完成wouldhavebeenwouldhavedoneHeisrich.Hewasrich.Hewillberich.Hewouldberich.Hehasbeenrichsince2000..Hehadbeenrichby2000.86
Hewillhavebeenrichby2010.Hesaidhewouldhavebeenrichby2008.----------------------------------------------------------------本课要求:牢记第3个句型的旗帜-----betherebedo的变化(变为否定与疑问及时态变化)Youarerich.8Thereisabookonthedesk.4ThestudentsstudyEnglish.6ThestudentsarestudyingEnglish.4ThestudentshavestudiedEnglish.4Youarerich.Youwererich.Youwillberich.Youwouldberich.Youhavebeenrich.Hesaidyouhadbeenrich.Youwillhavebeenrichby2010.Hesaidyouwouldhavebeenrichby2010.Thereisabookonthedesk.Therewasabookonthedesk.Therewillbeabookonthedesk.Therewouldbeabookonthedesk.ThestudentsstudyEnglish.ThestudentsstudiedEnglish.ThestudentswillstudyEnglish.ThestudentsaregoingtostudyEnglish.ThestudentswouldstudyEnglish.ThestudentsweregoingtostudyEnglish.ThestudentsarestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswerestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswillbestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswouldbestudyingEnglish.ThestudentshavestudiedEnglish.ThestudentshadstudiedEnglish.ThestudentswillhavestudiedEnglish.ThestudentswouldhavestudiedEnglish.LESSON10被动语态Youarerich.8Thereisabookonthedesk.486
ThestudentsstudyEnglish.6ThestudentsarestudyingEnglish.4ThestudentshavestudiedEnglish.4Youarerich.Youwererich.Youwillberich.Youwouldberich.Youhavebeenrich.Hesaidyouhadbeenrich.Youwillhavebeenrichby2010.Hesaidyouwouldhavebeenrichby2010.Thereisabookonthedesk.Therewasabookonthedesk.Therewillbeabookonthedesk.Therewouldbeabookonthedesk.ThestudentsstudyEnglish.ThestudentsstudiedEnglish.ThestudentswillstudyEnglish.ThestudentsaregoingtostudyEnglish.ThestudentswouldstudyEnglish.ThestudentsweregoingtostudyEnglish.ThestudentsarestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswerestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswillbestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswoudbestudyingEnglish.ThestudentshavestudiedEnglish.ThestudentshadstudiedEnglish.ThestudentswillhavestudiedEnglish.ThestudentswouldhavestudiedEnglish.被动语态被动语态是动词的一种形式,只有主谓宾句型才有被动语态,它所强调的,不是动作的发出者,而是动作的接受者,在掌握了时态以后,学习被动语态并不难,重要的是牢记被动语态的动词形式,我们在后面为大家列的表格,请大家熟记。●Thepolicemanarrestedthethief.Thethiefwasarrested(bythepoliceman).Bedone注:如果没有必要强调动作的发出者,我们可以把bythepoliceman省略。DodiddoneBEdone-----isdonewasdonewillbedonewouldbedone86
BitebitbitThedogbitesme.Iambitbythedog.Thedogbitme.IwasbitbythedogThedogwillbiteme.Iwillbebitbythedog.Thedogwouldbiteme.Iwouldbebitbythedog.Theteachercantranslatethissentenceindifferentways.Thissentencecanbetranslatedindifferentways.Canmaymust▲被动语态表一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amisdonearebeingdoneamisarebeendonehavehas过去donewaswerebeingdonewaswerehadbeendone将来bedonewillhavebeenwilldone过去将来bedonewouldhavebeenwoulddoneThedogbitesme.Iambitbythedog.Thedogbitme.IwasbitbythedoThedogwillbiteme.Iwillbebitbythedog.Iwouldbebitbythedog.Thedogwouldbiteme.Thedogisbitingme.Iambeingbitbythedog.Thedogwasbitingme.Iwasbeingbitbythedog.86
Thedoghasbitme.Ihavebeenbitbythedog.Thedoghadbitme.Ihadbeenbitbythedog.本课要求:能够看懂背动语态。课堂练习Bite-----bitbitThedogbitesme.--------------------------------------------------Thedogbitesme.Thedogbitme.Thedogwillbiteme.Thedogwouldbiteme.Thedogisbitingme.Thedogwasbitingme.Thedoghasbitme.Thedoghadbitme.▲被动语态表一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amisdonearebeingdoneamisarebeendonehavehas过去donewaswerebeingdonewaswerehadbeendone将来bedoneshallwillshallhavebeenwilldone过去将来bedoneshouldwouldshouldhavebeenwoulddoneIambitbythedog.IwasbitbythedogIwillbebitbythedog.Iwouldbebitbythedog.Iambeingbitbythedog.Iwasbeingbitbythedog.86
Ihavebeenbitbythedog.三、Ihadbeenbitbythedog.四、将下列句子变成被动语态。1.Sheisdrawing画(drewdrawn)apictureofthehouse.2.Theywillinvite邀请Tomtotheparty.Thepictureofthehouseisbeingdrawn(byher).Tomwillbeinvitedtotheparty(bythem).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.Workersshoulddotheworkwithgreatcare小心,小心翼翼.4.Theywillpostpone推迟themeetingtillnextWednesday.5.Mymotherdoesn’tallow允许metoeatout.6.Hehasrepaired修理mycar.7.Theyaregoingtogiveadinner正餐party.8.Theteacherwasexplaining解释thetextwhenIcamein.9.Theteacherhascorrected改正theseexercise练习books.Thepolicemen警察havecaught抓住(catch)thethief.三1.Thepictureofthehouseisbeingdrawn(byher).2.Tomwillbeinvitedtotheparty(bythem).3.Theworkshouldbedonewithgreatcare(byworkers)4.ThemeetingwillbepostponedtillnextWednesday(bythem).5.Iamnotallowedtoeatout(bymymother).6.Mycarhasbeenrepaired(byhim).7.Thedinnerpartyisgoingtobegiven(bythem).8.ThetextwasbeingexplainedwhenIcamein.9.Theseexercisebookshavebeencorrected(bytheteacher).Thethiefhasbeencaught(bythepolicemen).LESSON11四种完成进行时态与时态复习BitebitbitThedogbitesme.Iambitbythedog.Thedogbitme.IwasbitbythedoThedogwillbiteme.Iwillbebitbythedog.Thedogwouldbiteme.Iwouldbebitbythedog.Thedogisbitingme.Iambeingbitbythedog.86
Thedogwasbitingme.Iwasbeingbitbythedog.Thedoghasbitme.Ihavebeenbitbythedog.Thedoghadbitme.三、Ihadbeenbitbythedog.四、将下列句子变成被动语态。1.Sheisdrawing画(drewdrawn)apictureofthehouse.2.Theywillinvite邀请Tomtotheparty.Thepictureofthehouseisbeingdrawn(byher).Tomwillbeinvitedtotheparty(bythem).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.Workersshoulddotheworkwithgreatcare小心,小心翼翼.4.Theworkshouldbedonewithgreatcare(byworkers)5.Theywillpostpone推迟themeetingtillnextWednesday.6.ThemeetingwillbepostponedtillnextWednesday(bythem).7.Mymotherdoesn’tallow允许metoeatout.Iamnotallowedtoeatout(bymymother).8.Hehasrepaired修理mycar.9.Mycarhasbeenrepaired(byhim).10.Theyaregoingtogiveadinner正餐party.11.Thedinnerpartyisgoingtobegiven(bythem).12.Theteacherwasexplaining解释thetextwhenIcamein.13.ThetextwasbeingexplainedwhenIcamein.14.Theteacherhascorrected改正theseexercise练习books.15.Theseexercisebookshavebeencorrected(bytheteacher).16.Thepolicemen警察havecaught抓住(catch)thethief.Thethiefhasbeencaught(bythepolicemen).catch其实英语只有三种基本句型主+系动词+表词序1主语2系动词3表语86
即句子的主体用于连接主语和表语表示主语身份、状态以及所处的位置词性*名词代词Be(is,am,are)*名词形容词介词+*名词(介词短语)注:*注意该结构中的名词,它们能被定语修饰。1这个人是一个老师。Themanisateacher.主语系表语主语系表语(名词)n2他(是)很忙。Heisbusy.主语系表语主语系表语(形容词)adj3她(是)在教室里。Sheisintheclassroom.主语系表语主语系表语(介词短语)prepBe---isamare句型时态主系表一般现在时态is,am,are一般过去时态was,were一般将来时态willbe一般过去将来时态wouldbe▲一般时态所表示的时间概念过去ß现在à将来过去将来─────(即相对于过去的将来)从上面的图可以清楚地看出一般时态所使用的时间概念。▲完成时态的构成86
句型时态主系表现在完成have(has)been过去完成hadbeen将来完成willhavebeen过去将来完成wouldhavebeen1.表示过去发生的表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。通常用于持续性较强的动词,例如:live,study,waitfor,be等等,并且常常与since,for连用,since给出的是过去的一个时间点,如since1958,而for往往给出的是一个时间段,如forthreeyears。应该明确现在完成时态属于现在时态的范畴。它所强调的不是过去发生的动作,而是对现在产生的结果和影响。否则用一般过去时态就够了。Ihavebeenateacherfor5years.Ihavebeenateachersince2000.2.表示一个过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。●A-WewillsendsomeonetoAmerica.我们要派一个人去美国。B-IhavebeentoAmerica.我去过美国。=IwasthereandIknowthecountryverywell.Wouldyousendmethere?我去过那儿,很了解那个国家。能派我去吗?Heisrich.Hewasrich.Hewillberich.Hewouldberich.Hehasbeenrichsince2000..Hehadbeenrichby2000.Hewillhavebeenrichby2008.Hesaidhewouldhavebeenrichby2008.▲谓+主+状该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物(人)词序3状语1谓语2主语3状语地点存在物或人地点词性介词+名词Therebe名词介词+名词(介词短语)注:该结构中的状语可以置于句首或句尾。1桌子上有一钱包。某地thereis某物●Thereisawallet(钱包)onthedesk.=Onthedesk,thereisawallet.▲一般时态的构成86
句型时态谓主状一般现在时态thereis(are)一般过去时态therewas(were)一般将来时态therewillbe一般过去将来时态therewouldbe●Thereisawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewasawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewillbeawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewouldbeawallet(钱包)onthedesk.▲主+谓+宾+状词序5状语1主语2谓语3宾语4状语5状语句子的主体主语发出的动作动作的接受者修饰谓语动词表示谓语动作发生的时间地点原因等词性介词+名词名词代词动词(do)名词代词(宾格)副词介词+名词名词介词短语副词动词名词2学生们在大学里努力学习英语。主语状语状语谓语宾语ThestudentsstudyEnglishhardintheuniversity.主语谓语宾语状语状语BeTherebeDoIntheuniversity,thestudentsstudyEnglishhard.状语主语谓语宾语状语完成进行时态导言在学习了进行时态和完成时态之后,我们就很容易理解完成进行时态。它既有完成时的态─过去发生的动作一直持86
续到说话时的含义,又有进行态─-给人以生动的画面感,使语气更强的意义。也就是说它们是完成与进行两种“态”的结合。Iloveyou.Ihavelovedyoufor10years.Ihavebeenlovingyoufor10years.Ihavewaitedforyoufor10years.Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufor10years.▲完成进行时态的构成完成进行时态只具备完成时态的第2种用法,即过去发生的动作一直持续到说话时,并加入进行态给人的画面感,使语气更强。下面通过完成进行时态与完成时态的比较加以说明。YoustudyEnglishYoustudiedEnglishYouwillstudyEnglish………完成进行时态的构成have(has)beendoinghadbeendoingwillhavebeendoingwouldhavebeendoing被动语态一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amisdonearebeingdoneamisarebeendonehavehas过去donewaswerebeingdonewaswerehadbeendone将来bedone(shall)will过去将来bedoneshouldwould●●Thepolicemanarrestedthethief.86
Thethiefwasarrested(bythepoliceman).Bite-----bitbitThedogbitesme.Iambitbythedog.Thedogbitme.IwasbitbythedoThedogwillbiteme.Iwillbebitbythedog.Iwouldbebitbythedog.Thedogwouldbiteme.Thedogisbitingme.Iambeingbitbythedog.Thedogwasbitingme.Iwasbeingbitbythedog.Thedoghasbitme.Ihavebeenbitbythedog.Thedoghadbitme.Ihadbeenbitbythedog.本课要求:牢记第3个句型的旗帜-----betherebedo的变化(变为否定与疑问及时态变化)Heisrich.Hewasrich.Hewillberich.Hewouldberich.Hehasbeenrichsince2000..Hehadbeenrichby2000.Hewillhavebeenrichby2008.Hesaidhewouldhavebeenrichby2008.●Thereisawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewasawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewillbeawallet(钱包)onthedesk.●Therewouldbeawallet(钱包)onthedesk.ThestudentsstudyEnglish.ThestudentsstudiedEnglish.ThestudentswillstudyEnglish.ThestudentsaregoingtostudyEnglish.ThestudentswouldstudyEnglish.ThestudentsweregoingtostudyEnglish.ThestudentsarestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswerestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswillbestudyingEnglish.ThestudentswoudbestudyingEnglish.86
ThestudentshavestudiedEnglish.ThestudentshadstudiedEnglish.ThestudentswillhavestudiedEnglish.ThestudentswouldhavestudiedEnglish.Bite-----bitbitThedogbitesme.Iambitbythedog.Thedogbitme.IwasbitbythedoThedogwillbiteme.Iwillbebitbythedog.Iwouldbebitbythedog.Thedogwouldbiteme.Thedogisbitingme.Iambeingbitbythedog.Thedogwasbitingme.Iwasbeingbitbythedog.Thedoghasbitme.Ihavebeenbitbythedog.Thedoghadbitme.Ihadbeenbitbythedog.LESSON12名词性从句掌握名词性从句并不难。只是在我们过去学过的三种基本句型中出现名词的位置上,根据需要将名词扩大成一个句子,并做小小的改动。也就是说在一个主系表或主谓宾句型中再套上一个主系表或主谓宾的句子而已。并注意中文表达上的区别。IknowtheteacherIknowthatheisrichIknowthatthereisawalletonthedesk.IknowthathestudiesEnglishIknowthatyouareafool.▲IknowthatyouknowthatIknowthatyouknow.我知道你知道我知道你知道。IbelievethatheknowthatyouhavefoundthatSUNWeiisthebestteacher.由连词that、if、whether引导的名词性从句主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)86
每个人都知道地球围着太阳运行。主语状语谓语主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)●Everyoneknowsthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.连词主语谓语状语从上面的例句可以看出,宾语从句只是将宾语扩大成一个句子,并用连词that引导。因为that没有实际意思,通常可以省略。主语(主语从句)系表语地球围着太阳运行是一条真理。主语(主语从句)系表语●ThattheEarthmovesaroundthesunisatruth.形式主语系表语主语(主语从句)●ItisatruththattheEarthmovesaroundtheSun.同样的一个句子,当把它放在主语的位置时,我们便称其为主语从句。通常将主语从句放在句子的后面,并用it代替其原先的位置,叫做形式主语。在这种情况下,连词that通常不省。主语系表语(表语从句)●MyideaisthatwewillgototheGreatWallonSunday.我的意思是星期天我们去长城。从上面的句子可以看出将一个完整的句子置于表语的位置,便称作表语从句。主语从句、表语从句以及宾语从句在句子中所占的位置是名词的位置,所以称它们为名词性从句。由连词if、whether引导的名词性从句也是完整的句子,所不同的是that在句子中没有实际意思,可以省略,而if、whether因为有是否的意思,故不可省略。主谓宾语从句●Iwonderifhewillcome.●Iwonderwhetherhewillcome(ornot).形式主语系表语主语从句●●Itisnotclearwhethershewillcome(ornot).●注:whether可加ornot而if不能。有时我们可以将由whether引导的主语从句放在句首,if则不能。●英国人为什要倒装。●Isleptanddreamedthatlifewasbeauty;Iwokeandfoundthatlifewasduty.●Never forget that the most powerful force 力量on earth is love.不要忘了,世界上最强大的力量是爱情。--美国实业家 洛克菲勒. N.86
Experienc proves that most time is wasted, not in hours, but in minutes.经验证明,大部分时间都是被一分钟一分钟地而不是一小时一小时地浪费掉的。--------法国语言学家 梅耶. P.▲由连接代词who、whom、what、which、whose、howmuch、howmany引导的名词性从句上面列出的连接代词代替从句中的名词或修饰名词的词,有实际词义,不能省略。who--------------人(主格,也可用于宾格)whom------------人(只用于宾格)what--------------物(主格或宾格)which------------哪一个(名词的定语)whose------------谁的(名词的定语)howmany(much)多少(代替名词或做名词的定语)主谓宾语从句●Idon’tknowwhobought(buy)买theEnglishbook.连接代词做主语(代替人)谓宾主谓宾语从句●Idon’tknowwhatyoubought.连接代词做宾语(代替物)主谓主谓宾语从句●Idon’tknowwhosesisterboughttheEnglishbook.连接代词做主语的定语(代替谁的)主谓宾主谓宾语从句●Idon’tknowwhichbookyoubought.连接代词做buy的宾语主谓的定语(代替哪一本)形式主语系表语主语从句●Itisclearwhowillbeourboss.系连接代词做主语(代替人)主语系表语从句●Thequestioniswhomwewillsendthere.连接代词做主谓状宾语(代替谁)主语谓语宾语从句●Doyouknowhowmanybooksheboughtyesterday?连接代词做主谓状修饰宾语86
英文的所谓从句,不过是一个大句子里套了一个或者几个小句子,我们前面所学的三种基本句型是不变的,这正是英语容易学的地方。●I forget what I was taught; I only remember what I have learned.-----------------Patrick White, British novelist我忘了别人教我的东西,我只记得我自己学的东西。----------英国小说家 怀特. P.●I don"t know who my grandfather was. I am much more concerned(关心)to know what his grandson will be.-----Abraham Lincoln, American president我不知道我爷爷是什么样的人,我更关心的是,他的孙子会成为什么样的人--------------美国总统 林肯. A.▲由连接副词where,when,why,how引导的名词性从句上面列出的连接副词代替从句中副词或介词短语,有实际意义,在从句中做状语,不能省略。where------------地点when-------------时间why--------------原因how--------------方式宾语从句●HetoldmethathestudiedEnglishhardintheuniversitytogoabroadfiveyearsago.howwherewhywhen他告诉我,五年前他在大学时,为了出国而努力学习英语。注意上面that引导的宾语从句中划线部分,如该部分不明确时,我们就用不同的连接副词来代替并放在句首。注意下面句子的变化和连接副词的位置。●-HetoldmehowhestudiedEnglishintheuniversitytogoabroadfiveyearsago.●-HetoldmewherehestudiedEnglishhardtogoabroadfiveyearsago.●-HetoldmewhyhestudiedEnglishhardintheuniversityfiveyearsago.●-HetoldmewhenhestudiedEnglishhardintheuniversitytogoabroad.我们同样可以把带有连接副词的句子放在主语或表语的位置上,称为主语从句或表语从句。主语系表语从句●Thequestionishowwecangetsomuchmoney.状主谓宾主语从句86
●Itisnotclearwherehegotthenews.形式主语系表状主谓宾▲由连词that、if、whether引导的名词性从句▲由连接代词who、whom、what、which、whose、howmuch、howmany引导的名词性从句上面列出的连接代词代替从句中的名词或修饰名词的词,有实际词义,不能省略。who--------------人(主格,也可用于宾格)whom------------人(只用于宾格)what--------------物(主格或宾格)which------------哪一个(名词的定语)whose------------谁的(名词的定语)howmany(much)多少(代替名词或做名词的定语)▲由连接副词where,when,why,how引导的名词性从句上面列出的连接副词代替从句中副词或介词短语,有实际意义,在从句中做状语,不能省略。where------------地点when-------------时间why--------------原因how--------------方式课堂练习一、汉译英主语谓语宾语从句1.我忘记我在什么地方见过他。用连词where置于从句句首IforgetwhereImethim.主语从句系表语从句2.你想要的东西就是我想要的东西。用连词what用连词whatWhatyouwantiswhatIwant.主语从句谓语宾语3.明天我们是否飞上海取决于天气。(dependon)用连词if(英语主语从句用形式主语it,从句应放句尾)1.ItdependsontheweatherifwecanflytoShanghai2.tomorrow.3.重要提示4.学习名词性从句特别注意的是词性及词序,从词序上讲,是主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句,从词性上看,它起到的是名词的作用。5.在进行中英文互译的时候,要特别注意中英文的不同点。例如:主语从句系表语从句你爱的那个人就是我爱的那个人。WhoyouloveiswhoIlove.86
注意那个人在英文中应用连词who并置于从句句首,而中文却在从句的句尾。从上句不难看出,该句是一个大的主系表句型,主语是主语从句,而表语是表语从句,主语从句是个主谓宾,表语从句同样又是一个主谓宾。所以英文的所谓从句,不过是一个大句子里套了一个或者几个小句子,我们前面所学的三种基本句型是不变的,这正是英语容易学的地方。本课要求:能够看懂名词性从句并认识连词。课堂练习IknowtheteacherIknowthatheisrichIknowthatthereisawalletonthedesk.IknowthathestudiesEnglishIknowthatyouareafool.宾语从句●HetoldmethathestudiedEnglishhardintheuniversitytogoabroadfiveyearsago.howwherewhywhen他告诉我,五年前他在大学时,为了出国而努力学习英语。▲由连词that、if、whether引导的名词性从句▲由连接代词who、whom、what、which、whose、howmuch、howmany引导的名词性从句上面列出的连接代词代替从句中的名词或修饰名词的词,有实际词义,不能省略。who--------------人(主格,也可用于宾格)whom------------人(只用于宾格)what--------------物(主格或宾格)which------------哪一个(名词的定语)whose------------谁的(名词的定语)howmany(much)多少(代替名词或做名词的定语)▲由连接副词where,when,why,how引导的名词性从句上面列出的连接副词代替从句中副词或介词短语,有实际意义,在从句中做状语,不能省略。where------------地点when-------------时间why--------------原因how--------------方式五、如何抓住文章和句子的重心1.围着中心转-----中心(第一句)结论(最后一句)2.注意段落结构---段落中心(段落第一句)及段落结论(段落最后一句)3.注意连词----but“….”----todaythisdaysoyetthereforehowever4.注意主从句---●宾语从句看从句●状语从句看主句●定语从句—看主句(先行词以从句看懂一个就行)86
5.并列疑问句或在一段中并列地名、人名、国名、一般最后一个为重心。并列多个形容词修饰名词时,最后一个为重心。(即最接近名词的)6.在答案中A、B、C、D有三个至四个重复单词,此单词为重心(即关键词)阅读与欣赏●Islept睡anddreamed梦thatlifewasbeauty;Iwoke醒(wake)andfound发现(find)thatlifewasduty.睡梦里,我感受人生很美;梦醒了,我始知人生是责任。●Experienceprovesthatmosttimeiswasted,notinhours,butinminutes.—Paul Meyer, French linguist经验证明,大部分时间都是被一分钟一分钟地而不是一小时一小时地浪费掉的。——法国语言学家 梅耶· P.●Educationiswhatsurvives.—B.F.SKINNER,inNewScientist教育是指最后幸存的东西。——《科学新秀》史肯尼尔·B.F.●Character is what you are in the dark.—D. L. Moody, USA churchman暗处最能反映一个人的真正品格。——美国教士 穆迪· D. L..●Tellmewhatcompanyyoukeep,andI’lltellyouwhatyouare.—MIGUELDECERVANTES告诉我你有什么样的伙伴,我就能说出你是什么样的人。---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------尊敬的孙老师:您好!86
早就想写一封感谢您的信,这个念头是在我去年刚刚听了您几次课后,就萌生的。一再拖延至今,实在惭愧,古人云:“投之以木桃,报之于琼瑶”,我无一回报,仅仅想把自己的心情,用拙劣的文笔,来表达出来,希望不致浪费您太多的时间。不知怎样形容您讲课的水平:简明实用?融会贯通?精辟独到?博采众长?……这些都是,可远远概括不了您的优势:我觉得,认识您,就像黑夜里,漂泊在茫茫的大海上,突然发现了一盏明亮的航标灯。虽然这个比喻有些俗,可能令您见笑,但我就是觉得您给了我们希望和光明、信心。对于我们这个英语层次的人来说,您是看准了症,下对了药.我们是有着“柳暗花明”、“茅塞顿开”、“相遇恨晚”的心情。……我感到惊喜,顿生感激,当时就暗暗想:至少以后要写封感谢的信给您,时间当然是我考“过”了之后。如果没考过,我也许有心情也没资格了。“天有不测风云”,12月底,我突然接到我父亲病故的噩耗,我一下子就懵了,悲痛欲绝,追悔莫及:我后悔为什么没有及时回家乡,而其中一个主要原因恰恰是因为怕耽误了您的课!在他去世前的一个周末,我曾经想回去看看正在住院的父亲,一来他那时不太重,二来,因此要错过您讲的(第一期是补习语法),也正是我最容易糊涂的语法课,我就有些犹豫,想过几天再回去。这一犹豫,就造成了我终生的悔恨!在极度的痛悔中,我甚至对您产生了怨恨:您干吗这个时间出现呢,干吗讲课讲那么好啊!真的,我不妨告诉您,在报您的班之前不久,我还报过一个相当有名气的班,号称“三剑客”什么的,我听了以后,很失望,而且太受罪,周末从早八点到下午两点,一直讲,有位老师一上课,就说“咱们别休息了吧,中午吃饭最好别出去吃了,就在这里,随便吃点十分钟够了吧”。她倒是不偷懒,可我真受不了,下课后又冷又饿,大脑是一盆浆糊。听了两次,我就不再去了,只是后来因为有听课证,偶尔去看看有什么信息或变化(一直没变)。这并非我夸张,在那个班上,我认识的一位年龄较大的同学,一直坚持听课,而且还接着报了一个“冲刺班”,一课不拉,还认真做作业,考试时正巧我和她一个考场,那时她还带着一书包的作业。但是她没有考过。(今年,我向她推荐了您这个班)也许我是一偏概全,把偶然说成必然。但至少针对我是这样的。如果您讲课和他们一样,我会毫不犹豫脱课的,这样,我就一定回家了!我能不“恨”您吗?作为一名大医院的医生,父亲生病住院,不仅没有帮任何忙,直到病故,都没能见上一面,这成了我心中永远的伤痛。……相当一段时间,我不能自拔,也想放弃听课和考试,因为觉得一切都没有意义了……但理智告诉我,要振作,要坚强:如果真得是因为我个人的所谓“晋升”耽误了我父亲,这代价也太大了,但是,人死是不能复生了,如果就此放弃,代价岂不更大?我咬着牙,也得坚持呵。就这样,尽管有好长时间,大脑都集中不起来,我还是一直把您的两期班坚持“学”下来了。考试得了72分,尽管不高,但我很满足了。如果不是您授课有方,您营造了轻松的气氛,您一直给我们信心,我这样的情况是不可能有这样的结果的。我恨您是不讲道理的,您是无辜的,对您,只有感激。您没有故做玄虚的理论,看似平淡的语言,却凝聚了您的心血、丰富的经验和智慧。讲的都是最实用的东西,真的是“授人于渔”。接着,我给上高二的女儿,报了您的高考培训班,还提前带她到我的班上听听课,感受一下您的水平。她第一次来,一副满不在乎和不一为然:“人长得很一般嘛,”……我训她:“你是学知识呢,还是在看演出?”后来,读了您的班,评价不一样了,认为您讲的确实好,比他们老师好,多年搞不清楚的语法,被您讲明白了。尤其在开学后第一次考试英语考了班里第二,她承认是您教的结果。现在,我们还常常把您作为“人不可貌相”的实例之一呢(您别生气)。86
去年我已经通过副高资格,只等英语过了才能聘任。没等我把成绩告知人事处,聘书已经下来,虽然这次英语可能没起决定性的作用,但丝毫不会削弱我对您崇拜和感激之情。再说,这样心理也踏实,说不定以后晋正高还能用呢。何况,该有多少人收益呢,就象我无意中看到的赞美您的话:您的确是我们这类人的福音和贵人。再后来,休假、工作、孩子开学、高三的紧张、家务及工作的繁忙……使得我一拖再拖,我知道我不写也不欠您什么,何况我多少也曾表示过我对您的感激和心意:曾因为看到您不辞辛苦的一再讲话,声音嘶哑,为您送过一点润喉药及胖大海之类(写这并非表功,因为您的学生太多了,只是为了能使您对我有一点记忆,也许现在您想起来我是谁了吧—想不起来也没关系)。但是我忘不了我一开始的愿望,何况,人生是短暂的,想做的事就应该去做,我想告诉您我的感受,并想要表达我的心愿:对您万分感谢、愿您事业蒸蒸日上、注意保重身体、永远幸福健康!--------职称培训班(卫生)学员:第13课形容词与付词的比较级和最高级2008北京中考统一卷2008.6.26阅读理解(每题2分,共22分)AWhatdoesthesign(标识)say?1.WhattimedoestheuniversityparkopeninMarch?A.At6:00am.B.At6:30am.C.At8:00am.D.At8:30am.2.Whichsigntellsyounottosmoke?A.Sign2.B.Sign4.C.Sign6.D.Sign8.3.WherecanyouseeSign9?A.Ontheplayground.B.Attheschoollibrary.C.Neartheswimmingpool.D.Inthecomputerroom.BDoyouwanttoliveahappier,lessstressful(有压力的)life?Trylaughingfornoreasonatall.That’showthousandsofpeoplestarttheirdayatLaughterClubsaroundtheworld—andmanydoctorsnowthinkthathavingagoodlaughmightbeoneofthebestwaystostayhealthy.ThefirstLaughterClubwasstartedinMumbai,India,in1995byDr.MadanKataria.“Youngchildrenlaughabout300timesaday.Adultslaughbetween7and15timesaday,”saysDr.Kataria.“Everyone’snaturallygoodatlaughing—it’stheuniversallanguage.Wewantpeopletofeelhappywiththeirlives.”Therearenowmorethan500LaughterClubsinIndiaandover1,300worldwide.Manydoctorsarealsointerestedintheeffects(效果)oflaughteronourhealth.Accordingtoa5-yearstudyattheUCLASchoolofMedicineinCalifornia,withlaughingthereislessstressinthebody.Laughterimprovesourhealthagainstillnessbyabout40%.So,whathappensataLaughterClub?IwentalongtomynearestclubinSouthLondontofindout.Iwasquitenervousatthebeginningoftheclass,tobehonest—Iwasn’tinterestedinlaughingwithagroupofstrangers,andIwasworriedaboutlookingstupid.Ourlaughterteachertoldustoclapourhandsandsay“hohoho,hahaha,”whilelookingateachother.However,ourbodiescan’ttellthedifferencebetween86
fakelaughterandreallaughter,sotheystillproducethesamehealthyeffects.Surprisingly,itworks!Aftertenminuteseverybodyintheroomwaslaughingforreal—andsomepeoplejustcouldn’tstop!AttheendoftheclassIwassurprisedbyhowrelaxedandcomfortableIfelt.Soifyou’reunderstress,thenstartlaughing.Youmightbeverypleasedwiththeresults!4.InwhichcountrywasthefirstLaughterClubstarted?A.Britain.B.America.C.Australia.D.India.5.Howdidthewriterfeelatthebeginningoftheclass?A.Surprised.B.Pleased.C.Nervous.D.Stressful.6.Whendidthepeopleintheclubbegintolaughforreal?A.Afterafewminutes.B.Afterafewhours.C.Afterafewseconds.D.Afterafewdays.注:该文中心在第二段Thenewtypeofpineapple。Morethan10yearsago,itwasdifficulttobuyatastypineapple(菠萝).ThefruitsthatmadeittotheUKweregreenontheoutsideand,moreoftenthannot,hardwithanunpleasanttastewithin.Thenin1966,theDelMonteGoldpineappleproducedinHawaiifirsthitourshelves.Thenewtypeofpineapplelookedmoreyellowy-goldthangreen.Itwasslightlysofterontheoutsideandhadalotofjuiceinside.Butthemostimportantthingaboutthisnewtypeofpineapplewasthatitwastwiceassweetasthehit-and-misspineappleswehadknown.Innotime,theDelMonteGoldtookthemarketbystorm,rapidlybecomingtheworld’sbest-sellingpineapplevariety,anddeliveringnaturallevelsofsweetnessinthemouth,upuntilthenonlyfoundintinnedpineapple.Innutrition(营养)itwasallgoodnewstoo.ThisnicetastingpineapplecontainedfourtimesmorevitaminC(维生素C)thantheoldgreenvariety.Nutritionistssaidthatitwasnotonlyfullofvitamins,butalsogoodagainstsomediseases.Peoplewereunderstandablyeagertobeabletobuythiswonderfulfruit.Thenewtypeofpineapplewassellingfast,andtheDelMonteGoldpineapplerapidlybecameafixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater.Seeingthegrowingmarketforitswinningpineapple,DelMontetriedtokeepmarkettoitself.ButotherfruitcompaniesarguedsuccessfullythatDelMonteturnedtolawforhelp,butfailed.ThosecompaniesarguedsuccessfullythatDelMonte’sattemptstokeepthegoldenpineappleforitselfwerejustawaytoknockthemoutthemarket.60.Welearnfromthetextthatthenewtypeatpineappleis__________.A.greenoutsideandsweetinsideB.good-lookingoutsideandsoftinsideC.yellowy-goldoutsideandhardinsideD.alittlesoftoutsideandsweetinside注解:该题为细节题,选择关键词非常重要,题干中的关键词为thenewtypeatpineapple.选项中softoutsideandsweetinside正好对应课文中的softerontheoutside,twiceassweet。86
61.Whywasthenewtypeofpineapplesellingwell?A.Itwasrichinnutritionandtastednice.B.Itwaslesssweetandgoodforhealth.C.ItwasdevelopedbyDelMonte.D.Itwasusedasmedicine.四.阅读题型四大原则:此项特别重要1.围着中心转——(先读有中心词的选项.一般就是答案)2.先读容易的选项(读的懂的)先读短的选项从D向A读3.出现多个数字,特别是阿拉伯数字时,须特别小心!4.注意:(1)绝对原则。即有all,every,only等绝对的词一般不是正确答案!Alloftheabove除外Aandb(2)选项排除原则。即留取相同项,排除不同项。(3)关键词附近有中文注解特别注意62.Theunderlinedword“fixture”inParagraph3probablyreferstosomething_________.A.thatpeopleenjoyeatingB.thatisalwayspresentC.thatisdifficulttogetD.thatpeopleuseasagift5.解释词义①先读A、B、C、D以确定思考范围②找到该词的出处③通过原句或上下文推论该词的意思63.WelearnfromthelastparagraphthatDelMonte_________.A.slowedothercompaniestodeveloppineapplesB.succeededinkeepingthepineappleforitselfC.triedhardtocontrolthepineapplemarketD.plannedtohelptheothercompaniesC注:该文中心即文章第一句------释放鱼releaseafishItisoftennecessarytoreleaseafish,thatissetitfreeaftercatching,becauseitistoosmall,oryoujustdon’twanttotakeithometoeat.Insomecases,releasingfishisagoodmeasurethatwillhelpkeepfishvarietyandbuildtheirpopulationsize.TheDepartmentofGameandInlandFisheries(DGIF)encouragesfishermenwhopracticecatch-and-releasefishingtouseafewsimpleskillswhendoingso.Theadviceprovidedbelowwillhelpmakesurethatthefishyoureleasewillsurvive(存活)tobiteagainanotherday.—Whencatchingafish,playitquicklyandkeepthefishinthewaterasmuchaspossible.Don’t’useanetinlandingthefishandreleaseitquicklytopreventitfromdying.86
—Holdthefishgently.Donotputyourfingersinitseyes.Don’twipethescales(鱼鳞)offthefishbecauseitmightcauseittodevelopadiseaseandreduceitschanceofsurvival.—Removeyourhook(鱼钩)quickly.Ifthehookistoodeeporhookedinthestomach,cutthelineandleavethehookin.Thehookleftinsidewillcausenoseriousproblemtothefish.—Takegoodcareofthefishbymovingitgentlyinwater.Releasethefishwhenitbeginstostruggleandisabletoswim.—Donotholdfishinabucketorsomeothercontainersandlaterdecidetoreleaseit.Ifyouaregoingtoreleaseafish,dosorightaway.Withalittlecareandbyfollowingthesuggestionsgivenabove,youcangivethereleasedfishabetterchanceofsurvival.64.Peoplesometimessetafishfreeaftercatchingitbecausethey_________A.don’twantittodieB.hopeitwillgrowquicklyC.don’twanttohaveitasfoodD.wanttopracticetheirfishingskills注解:该题为细节题,选择关键词非常重要,题干中的关键词为setafishfreeaftercatchingitbecause.选项中food正好对应课文中的toeat65.Whichofthefollowingwillprobablymakeafishill?A.Takingthehookoffit.B.Removingitsscales.C.TouchingitsevesD.Holdingitinyourhand.注解:该题为细节题,选择关键词非常重要,题干中的关键词为ill对应课文中adisease.选项中scales对应课文中scales(鱼鳞)。四.阅读题型四大原则:此项特别重要1.围着中心转——(先读有中心词的选项.一般就是答案)2.先读容易的选项(读的懂的)先读短的选项从D向A读3.出现多个数字,特别是阿拉伯数字时,须特别小心!4.注意:(1)绝对原则。即有all,every,only等绝对的词一般不是正确答案!Alloftheabove除外Aandb(2)选项排除原则。即留取相同项,排除不同项。(3)关键词附近有中文注解特别注意66.Aproperwaytoreleaseafishisto_________.A.moveitinwatertillitcanswimB.takethehookoutofitsstomachC.keepitinabucketforsometimeD.letitstrugglealittleinyourhand注解:该题为细节题,题干中的关键词为waytoreleaseafish。选项中moveitinwatertillitcan86
swim正好对应课文中的movingitgentlyinwater。67.Whatisthepurposeofthetest?A.Toshowhowtoenjoyfishing.B.Topersuadepeopletofishlessoften.C.Toencouragepeopletosetfishfree.D.Togiveadviceonhowtoreleasefish.注解:在中心句中出现过releasefish因此在ABCD出现中心词的选项,一般都是答案。TallfatIamtall.Iamtallerthanyou(aretall).Fatter这个女孩比那个女孩胖。Thegirlisfatterthanthatone.这个女孩比那个女孩漂亮。Thegirlismorebeautifulthanthatone.这个男孩比那个男孩聪明。Theboyismorecleverthanthatone.不规则容形词与付词goodbetterwellbettermanymoremuchmorebadworseThebookisbetterthanthatoneworse我学英语比他。IstudyEnglishharderthanhe形容词与付词的最高级Iamthetallestinourclass.我是我们班最高的。Iammorebeautifulthanshe.我比她漂亮。moreIamthemostbeautifulinourclass.我是我们班最漂亮的。ThebookisbetterthanthatoneThebookisthebest.不规则容形词与付词goodbetterbestwellbetterbestmanymoremost86
muchmoremostbadworseworstIstudyEnglishhardestinourschool.Heisthebeststudentinourclass.他是我们班最好的学生。本课要求:形容词与付词的比较级和最高级不规则容形词与付词goodbetterbestwellbetterbestmanymoremostmuchmoremostbadworseworstthanermoreestmostThegirlisfatterthanthatone.这个女孩比那个女孩漂亮。Thegirlismorebeautifulthanthatone.HehasmoremoneythanI.HehasthemostmoneyHeisthebeststudentinourclass.他是我们班最好的学生。课堂练习1:Ourteacher’sbookisbetterthantheirteacher’sandTeachersun’sbookisthebest.2:Theearthisbiggerthanthemoon.Thesunisbiggerthantheearth.Whichisthebiggest?3:Doyouknowwhichisbiggest,themoon,theearthandthesun?4:Thegirlofyourclasseatsmorethanthatoneofmyclass.Ieatmostinmyclass.Doyouknowwhoeatsinyourschool?5:Doyouknowhisfatherisyoungerthanhismother?6:Ithinkmymotherislazierthanmyfather.lazy课堂答案1:我们老师的那本书比他们老师的书好,孙老师的书是最好的。2:地球比月亮大,太阳比地球大,哪一个最大?3:你知道哪一个是最大的?地球、月亮、还是太阳?4:你们班的那个女孩比我们班的那个女孩吃的多,我是我们班吃的最多的,你知道全校谁吃的最多的吗?5:你知道他爸比他妈还年轻吗?6:我认为我妈比我爸还懒lazy。▲由连词that、if、whether引导的名词性从句86
Idon’tknowthathestudiesEnglishhard.Idon’tknowifhestudiesEnglishhard.Idon’tknowwhetherhestudiesEnglishhardornot.Idon’tknowifhewillbeourteacher.Idon’tknowwhostudiesEnglishIdon’tknowwhatyoustudy.Idon’tknowwhosesisterstudiesEnglishIdon’tknowwhosesisteryoulove.Idon’tknowhowmuchmoneyhehas.Idon’tknowhowmanydaughtershehas.完整:that是否:Ifwhether…ornot东西:what谁:who谁的:whose那一个:which多少:HowmanyHowmuch为什么:why怎么:how在哪:where什么时间:whenIamgladthat……Iamsorrythat……Iamsurethat……课堂练习7:DoyouknowwhyIammorecleverthantheteacherofyourclass?8:Whichwalletisbigger,yourfather’soryourmother’s?9:Ithinkthatourmonitorismorefoolishthanbefore.Thefilmismoreinterestingthanthatone.课堂答案7:你知道为什么我比我们班老师还聪明吗?8:你爸爸和你妈妈的钱包哪一个更大?9:我认为我们班长比以前更傻。10:这个电影比那个电影更有意思interesting.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LESSON14定语从句I▲其实英语只有三种基本句型▲主+系动词+表Theidea(想法,念头,意见,主意)isgood.86
Thisisagoodidea.主系动词表1名词代词be1名词2形容词2从句3介词+*名词(介词短语)(因在主语的位4从句(在表语位置叫表语从句)置叫主语从句)注意用it做形式主语,直主语后置●Myideais(that)wewillgototheGreatWallonSunday.我的意思是星期天我们去长城。主语(主语从句)系表语地球围着太阳运行是一条真理。主语(主语从句)系表语●ThattheEarthmovesaroundthesunisatruth.形式主语系表语主语(主语从句)●ItisatruththattheEarthmovesaroundtheSun.Iknowtheteacher.主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)每个人都知道地球围着太阳运行。主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)●Everyoneknows(that)theearthmovesaroundthesun.连词主语谓语状语从上面的例句可以看出,宾语从句只是将宾语扩大成一个句子,并用连词that引导。---------------------------------------------------------------------------▲由连词that、if、whether引导的名词性从句▲由连接代词who、whom、what、which、whose、howmuch、howmany引导的名词性从句上面列出的连接代词代替从句中的名词或修饰名词的词,有实际词义,不能省略。who--------------人(主格,也可用于宾格)whom------------人(只用于宾格)what--------------物(主格或宾格)which------------哪一个(名词的定语)whose------------谁的(名词的定语)▲howmany(much)多少(代替名词或做名词的定语)▲由连接副词where,when,why,how引导的名词性从句●HetoldmethathestudiedEnglishhardintheuniversitytogoabroadfiveyearsago.howwherewhy86
when他告诉我,五年前他在大学时,为了出国而努力学习英语。导言有人曾形象地指出,英文的表达方式像葡萄,是一串一串的,中文像竹子,是一节一节的,也就是说英文中一个大句子往往套着一个或几个小句子,而中文却一句句地表达。所以在英汉互译时注意这一语言差异,对掌握英语很有帮助。定语从句是将定语扩大成一个完整句子,由关系代词或副词引导,放在所要修饰的名词之后,通常称被修饰的名词为先行词。他是从美国来的英语老师。HeisanEnglishteacherfromAmerica.形容词介词短语●他是那个下学期要教我们的英文老师。主系定语从句表语定语从句HeisanEnglishteacherwhowillteachusnextterm.先行词关系代词在从句中做主语▲由关系代词引导的定语从句who代替人,在从句中做主语或宾语。which代替物,在从句中做主语或宾语。whom代替人,在从句中做宾语。that可以与whowhichwhom换用。●他是去年教我们英语的老师。主系定语从句表语定语从句Heisateacherwho(that)taughtusEnglishlastyear.先行词关系代词在从句中做主语●这就是我们老师写的那本书。主系定语从句表语定语从句Thisisthebookwhich(that)waswrittenbyourteacher.先行词关系代词在从句中做主语●这就是我在晚会上遇见的女孩。主系定语从句表语86
定语从句Thatisthegirlwhom(that/who)Imetattheparty.先行词关系代词在从句中做met的宾语●你刚才与之说话的男孩哪去了?定语从句主语表语定语从句Whereistheboywhom(that/who)youspoketo?先行词关系代词在从句中做spoketo的宾语注:关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。Ilikethebookmyfatherwrote.AwhatBwhichCwhoDwhom主语系表语(表语从句)HeiswhoIlike.ThebookisIlike.主语系表语从句AwhatBwhichCwhoDwhom▲关系代词whose的用法whose这就是那个男孩,他的父亲是个飞行员。定语从句●Thisistheboywhosefatherisapilot.先行词关系代词在从句中做father的定语=theboy’swhose●你认识那个女孩吗?她的父亲是我们的老师。定语从句Doyouknowthegirlwhosefatherisourteacher?先行词关系代词在从句中做father的定语=thegirl’s▲介词后的关系代词有时关系代词在从句中不是做动词的宾语而是做介词的宾语。在这种情况下,通常有几种表方式。●我认识你们谈论的那个人。定语从句Iknowthemanwhom(who/that)youaretalkingabout.先行词关系代词在从句中做介词about的宾语Look----lookforlookafter注:关系代词做介词about的宾语,about被保留在句尾时,关系代词可以用whomwho或that,可以省略。我们也可以将about放在关系代词whom之前。定语从句●Iknowthemanaboutwhomyouaretalking.先行词关系代词在从句中做介词about的宾语86
注:当about放在whom之前时,whom不能被省略,也不能用who或that代替whom.请看例句:Sheisthegirlwho(whom/that)Ihavelookebfor?Sheisthegirlforwhomyouarelooking?这就是你正在找的女孩吗?Isthisthegirlwho(whom/that)youarelookingfor?Isthisthegirlforwhomyouarelooking?Doyouknowtheboywhoisrunningafterthedogthatisrunningafterthecatthatisrunningaftertheratthatiseatingthecakewhichwasmadebymymotherwhommyfathermarriedyesterday?▲必须使用关系代词that的几种情况1、先行词被形容词最高级修饰。●ThisistheworstbookthatIhaveread.●HeisthetallestmanthatIknow.2、先行词是all,everything,nothing,something等不定代词●Hetoldmeallthatheknew.3、当先行词被only,any,no,very,little或序数词修饰时。●Thatistheonlywaythatleadsintothemountain.●Whoisthefirststudentthatcamehere?注:上面3种情况不能使用who,whom,which等关系代词。当that在从句中做宾语时,可以省略。课堂练习一、汉译英1.你认识那个昨天在会上讲话的人吗?主谓定语从句宾Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingyesterday?2.我不喜欢我父亲写的那本书。主谓定语从句宾Idon’tlikethebookwhichwaswrittenbymyfather.3.谁是在教室里经常说话的那个女孩?主系定语从句表语4.Whoisthegirlthatoftenspeaksinclass?5.我要看你上周看的那部电影6.主谓定语从句宾7.Iwillseethefilmwhichyousawlastweek.8.你认识警察抓走的那个人吗?二、主谓定语从句宾86
一、Doyouknowthemanwhomthepolicearrested?二、他就是那个人,他的狗咬了我。三、Heisamanwhosedogbitme.四、我想要那本字典,它的皮是红的。五、Iwantthatdictionarywhosecoverisred.六、哪个是你不明白的单词?七、What’sthewordthatyoudon’tunderstand?八、英译汉1.*Hewhohasmanyfriendshasnofriends.(谁有好多朋友,就没有朋友了。)朋友多等于没有朋友。2*Hewhowouldhang吊himselfissuretofindarope.(要想上吊的人,肯定会找到绳子)3.要想上吊,肯定会找到绳子。4.*Writedowntheadviceofhimwholovesyou,thoughyoulikeitnotatpresent.(记下爱你人的忠告,尽管你现在不喜欢。)爱你的人的忠告,即使你当时不喜欢,也要把它记下来。*Hewholoseswealthlosesmuch;hewholosesafriendlosesmore;buthewholosescourage(勇气)losesall.(失掉财富的人,失掉很多;失掉朋友的人,失掉更多;但是失掉勇气的人,就全失掉了。)损失财富者损失很大;损失朋友者损失更多;损失勇气者损失一切。5.ThepeoplewholivedinRome2,000yearsagowerealreadycomplainingaboutthenoiseintheircity.两千年前生活在罗马的人,已经在抱怨他们城市里的噪音。阅读与欣赏注意关系代词的用法●The family(which) you came from isn"t as important as the family(which) you are going to have.—D. Herbert Lawrence, Britishwriter你将拥有的家庭比你出身的那个家庭重要。——英国作家 劳伦斯· D. H.●The man who has made up his mind to win will never say "impossible".—Bonapart Napoleon, French emperor凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。——法国皇帝拿破仑·B.86
●The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances (which)they want, and if they cannot find them, they make them.—George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist在这个世界上,取得成功的人是那些寻找他们想要机会的人,如果找不到机会,他们就去创造机会。——英国剧作家 肖伯纳·G.●Happiness is not something you experience; it"s something you remember.—O. Levant, American pianist幸福不是你经历的事,而是你记得的事。——美国钢琴家 利万特· O.●The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.—Vitor Hugo, French novelist生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。——法国小说家 雨果· V.●The years teach much which the days never know.—Ralph Waldo Emerson, American thinker学问积年而成,而每日不自知。——美国思想家 爱默生·R. W.●Learningteachesmoreinoneyearthanexperienceintwenty.—ROGERASCHAM学习一年所得到的东西要比经历二十年所得到的还要多。●Neverpayattentiontowhatcriticssay.Remember,astatuehasneverbeensetupinhonorofacritic.—JEANSIBELIU永远不要在乎评论家说什么。记住:世上没有任何一尊雕像是为评86
论家树立的。●Acritic(评论家)isamanwhoknowsthewaybutcan’tdrivethecar.—KENNETHTYNAN评论家就是那种认识路但不会开车的人。●Everyoneisamoon,andhasadarksidewhichhenevershowstoanybody.—MARKTWAIN每个人都是一个月亮,有其从不示人的阴暗面。LESSON15由于本课比较复杂,在职称考试中使用较少,故简单一带而过,基础较好的同学可听08年基础课音频,比较详细。定语从句是将定语扩大成一个完整句子,由关系代词或副词引导,放在所要修饰的名词之后,通常称被修饰的名词为先行词。▲介词后的关系代词有时关系代词在从句中不是做动词的宾语而是做介词的宾语。在这种情况下,通常有几种表方式。●我认识你们谈论的那个人。定语从句Iknowthemanwhom(who/that)youaretalkingabout.先行词关系代词在从句中做介词about的宾语Look----lookforlookafter注:关系代词做介词about的宾语,about被保留在句尾时,关系代词可以用whomwho或that,可以省略。我们也可以将about放在关系代词whom之前。定语从句●Iknowthemanaboutwhomyouaretalking.先行词关系代词在从句中做介词about的宾语注:当about放在whom之前时,whom不能被省略,也不能用who或that代替whom.请看例句:定语从句II导言在学习定语从句时,请注意关系代词和关系副词的区别,关系代词在从句中起到的是名词的作用,而关系副词起的是副词或介词短语的作用,即状语的作用。▲关系副词86
WHEN-----代替时间WHERE-----代替地点WHY-----代替原因WHENIwillneverforgetthedaywhenmyfatherdied.先行词关系副词在从句中做状语先行词关系代词在从句中做介词on的宾语●Iwillneverforgettheday(which)myfartherdiedon.WHERELookatthehousewhereIwasborn.看,那就是我出生的房子。●Lookatthehouse(which)Iwasbornin.WHY●Iknowthereasonwhysheisunhappytoday.关系副词why代替从句中forthereason。此句可以用关系代词做。as引导定语从句,先行词可以是一个名词,也可以是一个短语或一个句子。as本身含有“像”的意思,而从句的位置不一定要在先行词之后定语从句●Theearthmovesaroundthesun,asyouknow.先行词是整个句子关系代词做know的宾语代替前面整个句子(Asyouknow,theearthmovesaroundthesun.)正像你所知道那样地球围绕太阳运行。▲非限定性定语从句当定语从句与所定的名词在意思上并不十分紧密时,通常使用非限定性定语从句,也就是在先行词与定语从句之间加“,”号。这种句子在汉语中我们习惯用两句话表达,而英语习惯用非限定性定语从句表达:●MarywillspendherholidayinLondon,whereherboyfriendworks.玛丽要在伦敦度假,她的男朋友在那里工作。Iamgoingtoseemywife,whoislivinginLondonChina,whosepopulationisthelargestintheworld,liesinEastAsia.中国位于东亚,它是世界上人口最多的国家。注:如译成ChinaliesinEastAsiaanditspopulationisthelargestintheworld。就不如上面例句好。正如前面一课导言中所说:英文的表达方式像葡萄,而汉语像竹子。在阅读中应多注意两种语言的差异。86
重要提示中文的表达方式像竹子,英文则像葡萄,也就是说,英国人非常喜欢使用从句,尤其是定语从句,在学习英语时,应对中国人与英国人不同的习惯加以足够的重视,这样就能说出或写出地道的英语。阅读与欣赏●Thepersonwhoknows“how”willalwayshaveajob.Thepersonwhoknows“why”willalwaysbehisboss.—DIANERAVITHCH,Speech(1985)知道“怎么办”的人总能有份工作做,而知道“为什么”这么办的人总是前者的上司。●Honesty is the germ from which all growth of nobleness proceeds.—George Sandys, American traveler and poet诚实是高贵得以发展的芽。——美国旅行家、诗人 桑迪斯· G.●Beauty in things exists in the mind which contemplates them.—D. Hume, British philosopher事物的美存在于仔细观察者的心目中。——英国哲学家 休谟· D.●A man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm.—C. M. Schwab, American businessman无论何事,只要对它有无限的热情你就能取得成功。——美国实业家 施瓦布·C.M.●Life is a flower of which love is the honey.—Victor Hugo, French writer人生是花朵,爱情是花蜜。——法国作家 雨果· V.●Courage is the ladder on which all the other virtues (美德)mount. 86
—Clare Boothe Luce, USA dramatist勇气是一架梯子,其他美德全靠它爬上去。——美国剧作家 卢斯· C. B.●When a true genius(天才 )appears in the world you may know himby hissign,that the dunces(蠢才) are all in confederacy(联合)against him.—Jonathan Swift, British satire writer当一个真正的天才问世时,你可以根据一种现象来认识他,即所有的蠢才联合一致来反对他。——英国讽刺作家 斯威夫特·J.●A contented(知足) mind is the greatest blessing a man can enjoy in this world.—Joseph Addison, American writer知足是人生在世最大的幸事。——美国作家 艾迪生·J.●TheLordpreferscommon-lookingpeople.Thatisthereasonhemakessomanyofthem.—ABRAHAMLINCOLN上帝更喜欢长相平平的人,这也是他创造了那么多相貌一般的人的缘故。●Politicsisperhapstheonlyprofessionforwhichnopreparationisthoughtnecessary.—ROBERTLOUISSTEVENSON,政治是唯一一种无须准备即可就业的职业。●Themanwhomakesnomistakesdoesnotusuallymakeanything.—WILLIAMCONNORMAGEE,Sermon(1868)不出错的人通常也一事无成。●Anintellectualissomeonewhosemindwatchesitself.—ALBERTCAMUS86
智者是其心灵一直盯着自己的人。●Thereisagreatmanwhomakeseverymanfeelsmall.Buttherealgreatmanisthemanwhomakeseverymanfeelgreat.—G.K.CHESTERTON,CharlesDickens一般的伟人总使每个凡人都自觉渺小;而真正的伟人却让每个凡人都觉得自己伟大。●Thegreatmanishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.—MENCIUS伟人就是那种没有失去童心的人。●Experienceisthename(which )everyonegivestotheirmistakes.—OSCARWILDELESSON16由于本课比较复杂,在职称考试中使用较少,故简单一带而过,基础较好的同学可听08年基础课音频,比较详细。状语从句1导言状语从句是将以前学过的主谓宾状句型中的状语扩大成一个完整的句子,并用连词引导。准确掌握每一个连词的含义是掌握状语从句的关键。同时要注意主从句时态呼应。ThestudentsstudyEnglishhardforthetestonSundayintheschool.▲时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词有when,while,as,thembefore,after,till,until,since,assoonas等。请注意when,while,as的区别。when--1.当...的时候通常指某一特定的时间,主句与从句的动作同时发生。●WhenIopenedthewindow,Isawhimcomeup.IsawhimcomeupwhenIopenedthewindow.while--1.在...期间往往指一段时间。86
●WhilewewereinAmerica,wesawhimtwice.我们在美国期间,见过他两次。●while--2.表示一种不满情绪意思是这边在干某种重要的事,而另一边在享受等。●Wearecleaningtheclassroomwhiletheyareplayingfootball.●我们这儿在打扫教室而他们在踢足球。●Thesoldierfacesthepowderwhilethebeautypowderstheface.前方吃紧,后方紧吃。(战士面对炸药,美人在往脸上擦粉。)as--1.一边...一边,随着Shewasdoingherhomeworkasshewaslisteningtothemusic.●Asshegrewolder,shebecamemorebeautiful.as--2.当...时指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生,从句通常用进行时。(不能用when因为两个动作不是同时发生)●AsIwasgoingout,itbegantorain.我刚要出去,天就下雨了。not...until--直到...才●Hedidn’tleavetheofficeuntilhefinishedthework.直到他干完工作,才离开办公室。=Helefttheofficewhenhefinishedthework.Before--在...之前●Thepassengersshouldarriveattheairportanhourbeforetheflightdeparts.After--在...之后●Thecustomerlefttheticketcounterafterhehadaquarrelwiththeticketagent.Since--自从...通常主句用现在完成时●IhaveneverbeenthereagainsinceIgraduatedfromtheuniversity.assoonas--一…就…●Jackwenttoschoolassoonashegotwell.杰克病一好就去上学了。▲条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的连词有if,unless(=ifnot),as(so)longasif--如果86
●Ifyoudon’thurryup,youwillmisstheplane.unless--如果不,除非=ifnot●Hewillnotjoinusunlesshechangeshismind.=Hewillnotjoinusifhedoesnotchangehismind.●Don’ttroubletroubleunlesstroubletroublesyou.as(so)longas--只要●Wewillsucceedaslongaswekeepontrying.------------美国演员 巴里穆尔.J.▲地点状语从句地点状语从句只有两个连词:where和wherever.where—在...的地方●Putthemedicine药whereyoucaneasilygetit.●Where there is a flatterer (拍马屁的人)there is also a fool.------Joseph Addison, British writer哪里有拍马屁的人,那里就有傻瓜。wherever--无论哪里●Hefollowsherwherevershegoes.▲原因状语Because,as,since,now(that),inthat和for,这5个连词都用于表示原因,但在语气上一个比一个弱。because--因为,通常从句放在主句之后。●Mr.Smithwasveryupsetbecausehecouldn’tfindhisluggage.as--因为,通常放在句首。●Asitisquitewindytoday,hedecidestotakethebusinsteadofridingabicycle.since--既然,因语气较弱,常译成既然。●Sinceeverybodyhascome,wecansetoff.●Sincethepurserdidn’ttelluswhattodo,wecanrelax.nowthat--既然●Nowthatyouarehere,youcanjoinus.for--因为,for表示的原因是大家都知道的,语气很弱,不用于句首,常译成众所周知。●Don’tbother打扰himwithyoursillyquestionsanymoreforyouknowheisveryexhausted.86
▲结果状语引导结果状语的连词有:so...that,sothat,such...that.so...that--太...以至于so后面应用形容词或副词,有时省略so,只用that。Boeing747issolargethatpeopleliketocallit‘jet喷气机jumbo’.庞然大物such...that--太...以至于用法与so...that相同,但such后面应用名词。●Theforeignvisitorwassuchafastspeakerthatnobodycouldunderstandhim.sothat--因而,以便,为了有时so可以省去。●CanyoumoveyourluggagealittlebitawaysothatIcanputmineintheoverheadbintoo?目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的连词有:sothat,inorderthat,incase,lest和forfearthat.inorderthat--为了。TheCaptainbriefedhiscrewinorderthateveryoneknewwhattododuringthelongflight.TheAirlineplannedtoofferdiscountfaresinorderthattheywouldhavesomebusinessinthelowseason.▲让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词有:although,as,evenif,though,eventhough,however,nomatter,whatever,while和whether.although,though虽然,although和though可以互换,但although常放在句首。though可以用于倒装。Althoughitwasraining,theplanemanagedtotakeoff.Althoughitwasnothisfault,hetookalltheblame.Thoughhedidhisbest,hedidn’tsucceed.evenif——即使。Evenifyoudon’tlikeyourboss,youshoulddoyourwork.eventhough——即使EventhoughImightbewrong,Iwillgomyway.However——不论。however引导让步状语从句时,句子通常倒装。Hecouldn’tgetthereontimehoweverfasthedrove.Thefathercouldn’tmakehisdaughtersmilehoweverhardhetried.nomatter(what,when,where,how)——无论(什么,何时,何地,怎样)。Theoldmanwouldn’tbelieveanythingnomatterwhatyousaid.Pleasetellmetheresultnomatterwhenyougetit.Hewouldn’tforgivemenomatterhowhardIbeggedhim.Iwillfindyounomatterwhereyouhide.while--尽管。WhileIhavesympathyforyou,Ican’thelpyou.Whether——不管,常与ornot连用。Whetherheisgoodornot,thecompanydecidedtosendhimabroad.86
LESSON17从句复习课堂练习ThoughFrenchmenandAmericanshavemanycommon共同的practices习惯(whentheyeat)wheneating,therearealsosomedifferencesintablemanners礼貌.TheFrenchkeepthefork餐叉inthelefthandwhile(theyare)eatingmeat;butmanyAmericansdon’t.InFrance,bothhandsshouldbekeptonthetablewhile(theyare)eating.IntheU.S.,thelefthandmaybeonthelap膝.Frenchmenbreakoffapieceofbread面包withtheirfingers手指andeatit.Americans,incontrast,pickupthewholepiece.Finally,Frenchmeneatfruitwithaknifeandafork.Americans,ontheotherhand,usuallyusetheirfingers.虽然法国人和美国人在吃的方面有很多共同之处,但在餐桌礼仪方面也存在着一些不同。法国人吃肉时是左手拿叉;但很多美国人不是这样。在法国,吃饭时双手都要放在桌上。在美国,左手可以放在膝上。法国人用手将面包掰成小块吃,美国人则整个吃。最后一点不同的是,法国人用刀和叉吃水果,而美国人通常用手吃。重要提示掌握状语从句并不难,困难的是记住连词,尤其是常用连词。很多学生宁愿抱着高考常用词、四、六级常用词、托福常用词背,而忽略了英语的介词和连词,介词和连词是英语中的结构词,是以一当百的词,务必请同学们牢记这些词。如何抓住文章和句子的重心4.注意主从句---●宾语从句看从句●状语从句看主句●定语从句—看主句(先行词从句看懂一个就行)名词性从句▲主+系动词+表Theidea(想法,念头,意见,主意)isgood.Thisisagoodidea.主系动词表1名词代词be1名词2形容词2从句3介词+*名词(介词短语)(因在主语的位4从句(在表语位置叫表语从句)置叫主语从句)注意用it做形式主语,直主语后置●MyideaisthatwewillgototheGreatWallonSunday.我的意思是星期天我们去长城。主语(主语从句)系表语地球围着太阳运行是一条真理。主语(主语从句)系表语●ThattheEarthmovesaroundthesunisatruth.形式主语系表语主语(主语从句)●ItisatruththattheEarthmovesaroundtheSun.主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)86
Iknowtheteacher.主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)每个人都知道地球围着太阳运行。主语谓语宾语(宾语从句)●Everyoneknows(that)theearthmovesaroundthesun.连词主语谓语状语从上面的例句可以看出,宾语从句只是将宾语扩大成一个句子,并用连词that引导。---------------------------------------------------------------------------▲由连词that、if、whether引导的名词性从句▲由连接代词who、whom、what、which、whose、howmuch、howmany引导的名词性从句上面列出的连接代词代替从句中的名词或修饰名词的词,有实际词义,不能省略。who--------------人(主格,也可用于宾格)whom------------人(只用于宾格)what--------------物(主格或宾格)which------------哪一个(名词的定语)whose------------谁的(名词的定语)▲howmany(much)多少(代替名词或做名词的定语)▲由连接副词where,when,why,how引导的名词性从句●HetoldmethathestudiedEnglishhardintheuniversitytogoabroadfiveyearsago.howwherewhywhen他告诉我,五年前他在大学时,为了出国而努力学习英语。定语从句定语从句是将定语扩大成一个完整句子,由关系代词或副词引导,放在所要修饰的名词之后,通常称被修饰的名词为先行词。他是从美国来的英语老师。HeisanEnglishteacherfromAmerica.形容词介词短语●他是那个下学期要教我们的英文老师。主系定语从句表语定语从句HeisanEnglishteacherwhowillteachusnextterm.先行词关系代词在从句中做主语▲由关系代词引导的定语从句who代替人,在从句中做主语或宾语。which代替物,在从句中做主语或宾语。86
whom代替人,在从句中做宾语。that可以与whowhichwhom换用。▲关系代词whose的用法whose这就是那个男孩,他的父亲是个飞行员。▲关系副词WHEN-----代替时间WHERE-----代替地点WHY-----代替原因WHEN●Iwillneverforgettheday.Ontheday,myfatherdied.Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenmyfatherdied.先行词关系副词在从句中做状语从以上的例句中可以看出,关系副词在从句中代替的是一个介词短语,相当于ontheday,做状语。该句也可以用关系代词来做。请注意关系代词与关系副词的区别。●Iwillneverforgetthedayonwhichmyfartherdied.先行词关系代词在从句中做介词on的宾语●Iwillneverforgettheday(which)myfartherdiedon.WHERE●Lookatthehouse.Inthehouse,Iwasborn.LookatthehousewhereIwasborn.看,那就是我出生的房子。注:where在从句中充当状语,代替inthehouse,该句也可以用关系代词来做。●LookatthehouseinwhichIwasborn.●Lookatthehouse(which)Iwasbornin.WHYIknowthereason.Sheisunhappyforthereasontoday.●Iknowthereasonwhysheisunhappytoday.关系副词why代替从句中forthereason。此句可以用关系代词做。●Iknowthereasonforwhichsheisunhappytoday.●Iknowthereason(which)sheisunhappytodayfor.as引导定语从句,先行词可以是一个名词,也可以是一个短语或一个句子。as本身含有“像”的意思,而从句的位置不一定要在先行词之后定语从句●Theearthmovesaroundthesun,asyouknow.先行词是整个句子关系代词做know的宾语代替前面整个句子(Asyouknow,theearthmovesaroundthesun.)86
正像你所知道那样地球围绕太阳运行。▲非限定性定语从句当定语从句与所定的名词在意思上并不十分紧密时,通常使用非限定性定语从句,也就是在先行词与定语从句之间加“,”号。这种句子在汉语中我们习惯用两句话表达,而英语习惯用非限定性定语从句表达:●MarywillspendherholidayinLondon,whereherboyfriendworks.玛丽要在伦敦度假,她的男朋友在那里工作。Iamgoingtoseemywife,whoislivinginLondonChina,whosepopulationisthelargestintheworld,liesinEastAsia.中国位于东亚,它是世界上人口最多的国家。状语从句ThestudentsstudyEnglishhardforthetestonSundayintheschool.▲时间状语从句when--1.当...的时候通常指某一特定的时间,主句与从句的动作同时发生。while--1.在...期间往往指一段时间。while--2.表示一种不满情绪意思是这边在干某种重要的事,而另一边在享受等。as--1.一边...一边,随着as--2.当...时指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生,从句通常用进行时。(不能用when因为两个动作不是同时发生)not...until--直到...才Before--在...之前After--在...之后Since--自从...通常主句用现在完成时assoonas--一…就…▲条件状语从句if--如果unless--如果不,除非=ifnotas(so)longas--只要▲地点状语从句where—在...的地方86
wherever--无论哪里▲原因状语Because,as,since,now(that),inthat和for,这5个连词都用于表示原因,但在语气上一个比一个弱。because--因为,通常从句放在主句之后。as--因为,通常放在句首。since--既然,因语气较弱,常译成既然。nowthat--既然。for--因为,for表示的原因是大家都知道的,语气很弱,不用于句首,常译成众所周知。▲结果状语引导结果状语的连词有:so...that,sothat,such...that.so...that--太...以至于so后面应用形容词或副词,有时省略so,只用that。such...that--太...以至于用法与so...that相同,但such后面应用名词。sothat--因而,以便,为了有时so可以省去。目的状语从句inorderthat--为了。▲让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词有:although,as,evenif,though,eventhough,however,nomatter,whatever,while和whether.although,though虽然,although和though可以互换,但although常放在句首。though可以用于倒装。evenif——即使。eventhough——即使However——不论。however引导让步状语从句时,句子通常倒装。nomatter(what,when,where,how)——无论(什么,何时,何地,怎样)。while--尽管。Whether——不管,常与ornot连用。▲比较状语引导比较状语的连词有:as...as,notso(as)...as,...than,和themore...,themore....as...as—像...一样●Ifyoudon’twanttomisstheflight,youneedtobeattheairportasearlyaspossible.SheisasfatasI.Asbigasashardasnotso(as)...as--不像...86
Thejobisnotso(as)difficultasIthought.形容词副词的比较级...than--比...怎么样用于事物间的比较,more后面用形容词或副词。1SheisfatterthanI.SheistallerthanI.SheismorebeautifulthanI.3●goodbetterbestwellSheisbetterthanI.HespeaksEnglishbetterthanI.●Muchmoremostmany●badworseworst●littlelessleastGoodbetterbest;Neverletthemrest;Tillgoodisbetter;Betterbest.●Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.—Martin Luther King, American leaderof non-violent civil rightmovement世界上再也没有比实实在在的无知和认认真真的愚蠢更危险的了。——美国非暴力民权运动领袖 马丁.路德.金形容词副词的最高级Sunisthebestteacher.IntheclassroomInChinerSunistheworstteacher.Sunisthetallest.Sheisthemostbeautiful.Themore...,themore...--越...越...●Themore,thebetter.●Themorehelistenedtothatsong,thelessheenjoyedit.86
阅读与欣赏准确掌握每一个连词的含义是掌握状语从句的关键。●If winter comes, can spring be far behind?—D.B.Shelley, British poet冬天来了,春天还会远吗?——英国诗人 雪莱·P.B.●Victory won"t come to me unless I go to it.—M. Moore, American poetess胜利是不会向我走来的,我必须自己走向胜利。——美国女诗人 穆尔·M.●Those who have some meansthink that the most important thing in the world is love. The poor know that it is money.—Gerald Brenan, British writer手头上有点钱的人认为爱是世界上最重要的东西,而穷人则明白世界上最重要的是金钱。——英国作家 布伦南·G.It never will rain roses. When we want to have more roses we must plant trees.—G. Eliot, British novelist天上不会掉下玫瑰来,如果想要更多的玫瑰,必须自己种植。——英国小说家 艾略特·G.●If you would hit the mark(靶), you must aim a little above it. Every arrowthatfeelstheattractionofearth.—Lanfro,AmericanPoet要想射中靶,必须瞄准比靶略为高些,因为脱弦之箭都受到地心引力的影响。——美国诗人 朗费罗●A man can fail many times, but he isn"t a failure until he begins to blamesomebody else.—J. Burroughs, American naturalist86
一个人可以失败多次,但是只要他没有开始怪旁人,他还不是一个失败者。——美国博物学家 巴勒斯·J.●Health is better than wealth.—John Ray, American naturalist健康胜过财富。——美国博物学家 雷伊·J.●The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant.—Rene Descartes, French philosopher and mathematician学,然后知不足。——法国哲学家、数学家 笛卡尔· R.●Youngmenareapttothinkthemselveswiseenough,asdrunkenmenareapttothinkthemselvessoberenough.—LORDCHESTERFIELD,LetterstoHisSon青年人大多自以为才智过人,就如同醉汉总觉得自己清醒无比。●AnEnglishman,evenifheisalone,formsanorderlyqueueofone.—GEORGEMIKES,HowtobeanAlien一个英国男人,即使只有他一个人,他也站成一队。(指很自律)●Whenangry,counttenbeforeyouspeak;ifveryangry,ahundred.——THOMASJEFFERSON,“ADecalogueofCaronsforobservationinpracticallife”生气时,在开口说话前,先从1数到10;特别生气时,就数到100。●Ifyoustealfromoneauthor,it’splagiarism(剽窃);ifyoustealfrommany,it’sresearch.——WILSONMIZNER如果你从一个作家那儿抄袭,那叫做剽窃;如果你从许多作家那儿抄袭,那就叫研究。●Theycanbecausetheythinktheycan.—VIRGIL他们能够做到是因为他们相信自己能做到。86
●Whereweloveishome,homethatourfeetmayleave,butnotourhearts.—OLIVERWENDELLHOLMES,SR.,HomesickinHeaven家是我们所爱的地方,也是我们的双脚可以离开,而心却不能离开的地方。●Wisemenprofitmorefromfoolsthanfoolsfromwisemen;forthewisemenshun(避免)themistakesoffools,butfoolsdonotimitate(模仿)thesuccessesofthewise.—CATOTHEELDER聪明人从傻瓜那儿获益要比傻瓜从聪明人那儿获益多,因为聪明人能够避免再犯傻瓜的错误,而傻瓜并不能模仿聪明人的成功。●As a modern parent, I know that it"s not how much you give children those counts(物质东西), it"s the love and attention you shower on them.Caringattitude can not only save you a small fortune(钱), but also even make youfeel good about being tight---fisted and offering more care thanpresents.—O"Hare Noel, American writer作为一个现代的父母,我很清楚重要的不是你给了孩子们多少物质的东西,而是你倾注在他们身上的关心和爱。关心的态度不仅能帮你省下一笔可观的钱,而且甚至能使你感到一份欣慰,因为你花钱不多并且给予了胜过礼物的关怀。——美国作家 诺埃尔· O.●The sooner you treat your son as a man, the sooner he will be one.——William John Locke, British novelist越早把你的儿子当成男人,他就越早成为男人。——英国小说家 洛克·W. J.●Weneverknowtheloveoftheparentsuntilwebecomeparentsourselves.—Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman and orator不养儿不知父母恩——美国牧师、演说家 比沏·H. W.86
●Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and shelter for usin an advanced age; and if we do not plant it when young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.—Chesterfield, British diplomat and writer知识使我们老年时能舒适地隐退,并有所寄托;但是如果年轻时不接受知识并且使它扎不下根,年老时我们就不能受益。——英国外交家、作家 切斯特菲尔德●Fools and wise men are equally harmless. It is the half-fools and the half-wise that are dangerous.—Johann wolfgang von Goethe, German poeThe half-fools and the half-wise are dangerous.愚者和智者同样是无害的。只有半愚者和半智者才是危险的。——德国诗人 歌德· J. W.●Whenadogbitesamanthatisnotnews,butwhenamanbitesadogthatisnews.—Charles A. Dana, American journalist狗咬人不是新闻,人咬狗才是新闻。——美国记者 达纳· C. A.●Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday.—MARTINLUTHERKING,JR.,speech(attheMarchonWashington,1963)我有一个梦想,我的四个孩子有一天将会生活在这样一个国度里:在那儿,人们不是根据他们的肤色,而是根据他们性格的内涵来看待他们。现在我就有(这)一个梦想。LESSON18动词不定式导言动词不定式是一种动词的非谓语形式,除不能做谓语外,它保留原动词的其他功能;根据每个动86
词用法不同,可以有自己的宾语、宾语补语、状语,也可带各种从句。加to的根本用意是区别于谓语动词保证三种基本句型不乱。▲不定式的构成to+动词原形+(宾语或+(宾语补语)+(状语或宾语从句)状语从句)注:括号里的成分,根据每个动词的用法而取舍。动词不定式做主语(例句中带*号的为谚语)ToteachEnglishismyjob.主语系表语MyjobisToteachEnglish主语系表语●*Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。不定式做主语时,如果该不定式较长,通常用it做形式主语。不定式后置。TolearnChineseisdifficult主语系表语不定式的逻辑主语ItisdifficultforTomtolearnChinese.主语对汤姆来说学习中文很难。不定式的逻辑主语It’skindofyoutosayso.主语系表语谢谢你的美言。(你过奖了。)difficultTomkindTom不定式的逻辑主语It’ssillyofhimtodothat.他做那件事真是太傻了。注:确定逻辑主语前是加of还是加for的办法是:如果表语可以修饰逻辑主语,即能说明逻辑主语性质和特点,就加of引出逻辑主语否则用for。▲动词不定式做表语●Hisambitionistobecomeapilot.86
●MyjobnowistoteachEnglish.▲动词不定式做宾语动词后接不定式做宾语完全是英语中的习惯用法,必须死记硬背,并且养成习惯。下面是一些常跟不定式做宾语的动词wish,like,hate,decide,●IwanttostudyEnglish.●Wewanttowinthematch.主语谓语宾语我们想在比赛中取胜。在有些动词后面跟不定式做宾语时,可以在不定式前加how,when,whether,why,where等词。●Doyouknowwheretogetthebook?可以用于这种结构的动词有ask,discover,explain,forget,imagine,tell,wonder,observe等动词不定式做宾语后面跟补语时的用法。Ifindithot.主语谓语宾语宾语补语●Ifoundhimdead.宾语宾语补语Ifindtostudydifficult.主语谓语宾语宾语补语Ifinditdifficulttostudy.主语谓语宾语宾语补语宾语主语谓语宾语宾语补语宾语HeconsidersitveryimportantforhisstudentstostudyEnglishgrammar.他认为让他的学生学英语语法很重要。注:不定式做宾语,后面带补语时须后置,用it做形式宾语。可以用于这种结构的动词有think,consider,feel,find,动词不定式做宾语补语IteachyoutostudyEnglish主语谓语宾语宾语补语TellsbtodosthAsksbtodostWantsbtodosthOrdersbtodosth在感官动词和一些表示让某人做某事的动词后应省略不定式的to。可以用于这种结构的动词有feel,hear,notice,see,have,help,let,make等。SeesbdosthHearsbdosthHavesbdoMakesbdoLetsbdo86
Helpsb(to)doHavesb---------A.todob.doingc.didd.do在一些抽象名词之后常用不定式做定语。不定式和它所定的名词之间即无主谓关系,也无动宾关系,很像一个形容词或介词短语做定语。IknowthebestwaytostudyEnglish2.不定式和它所定的名词之间在逻辑上是动宾关系,即所定的名词是不定式的宾语,如果不定式的动词是通过介词带宾语时,介词应保留在不定式之后。●Ihaveafilmtosee.(tosee的宾语就是film)●Ihavenoroomtolivein.我没有房子住。注:room是in的宾语,所以in应保留。havesthtodohavesbdoMymotherhasmestudyEnglish▲动词不定式做状语不定式做状语时,通常只表示目的,有时在to前面加soasto,inorderto用于强调。IstudyEnglishtomakemoneyIteachEnglishtomakemoneyImakemoneytomarryyou.Imakemoneyinordertomarryyou阅读与欣赏The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselvesthroughout their lives.—R. Hutchins, American educator教育的目的在于能让青年人毕生进行自我教育。——美国教育家 哈钦斯· R.●Jevons saw the kettleboil and cried out with the delighted voice (高兴)of a child; Marshal too had seen the kettle boil and sat down silently to build an engine.—John Maynard Keynes, British economist86
杰文斯看见壶开了,高兴得像孩子似地叫了起来;马歇尔也看见壶开了,却悄悄地坐下来造了一部蒸气机。——英国经济学家 凯恩斯·J.M.●Itisnoteasytofindhappinessinourselves,anditisnotpossibletofinditelsewhere.—A. Repplier, American female essayist要在自身找到幸福是不容易的,要在别的地方找到幸福则是不可能的。——美国女散文家 里普利厄· A.●The only way on earth to multiply happiness is to divide(分摊) it.—Paul Herman Scherer, Swiss Physicist世界上唯一成倍增加幸福的办法是将其分摊。——瑞士物理学家 席勒尔.·P. H.●Nothing is easier than to deceive(欺骗) one"s self.—Demothenes, ancient Greek statesman再没有什么比欺骗自己更容易的了。——古希腊政治家 德摩西尼●After the verb to love, to help is the most beautiful verb in the world.—Aldous Leonard Huxley, British novelist除了“爱”之外,“帮助”是世界上最美的动词。——英国小说家 赫胥黎·A. L.●There is no whetstone like praise, to sharpen a good wit and encourageawill to learn.—Roger Ascham, British scholar and writer在刺激智力发展和鼓励学习的愿望方面,没有比嘉奖更有效的办法。——英国学者、作家 阿斯卡姆· R.●Marriagemaybecomparedtoacage:thebirdsoutsidedespairtogetinandthosewithindespairtogetout.—Michel de Montaigne, French thinker and essayist86
婚姻好比鸟笼,外面的鸟想进进不去;里面的鸟儿想出出不来。——法国思想家、散文家 蒙田· M. D.●The primary purpose of education is not to teach you to earn yourbread, but to make every mouthfulsweeter.—J. Angell, American psychologist教育最主要的目的,不是教你挣得面包,而是使每一口面包都香甜。——美国心理学家 安吉尔· J.●Itisagreatabilitytobeabletoconcealone’sability.—LAROCHE-FOUCAULD大智若愚。●Todoallthatoneisableto,istobeaman;todoallthatonewouldliketodo,istobeagod.—NAPOLEONI做一个人能做的事,这是人;做一个人想做也愿做的事,那是神。●Thefirstmethodforestimatingtheintelligenceofaruleristolookatthemenhehasaroundhim.—NICCLOMACHIAVELLI评估一个统治者的才智如何,首先要看看他周围的人怎样。●Therealleaderhasnoneedtolead-heiscontenttopointtheway.—HENRYWILLER真正的领袖无须去领导谁,他只须指明道路就够了。●We’dallliketovoteforthebestman,buthe’sneveracandidate.—KINHUBBARD我们很愿意去选举最合适的人,可是最合适的人就从未当过候选人。●Allwishtoknow,butnonewanttopaythefee.—JUVENAL(对于未知)都希望多知多懂;可就是没人想付费。86
●Notthepowertoremember,butitsveryopposite,thepowertoforget,isanecessaryconditionforourexistence.—SHOLEMASCH,TheNazarene不是记忆的力量,而是它的对立面——忘记的力量——才是我们生存的重要条件。●Thingsthatwerehardtobeararesweettoremember.—SENECA我们最难忍受的事情,却变成了后来美好的回忆。86