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  • 2022-06-17 15:56:17 发布

高中英语语法考点及练习

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虚拟语气,情态动词的用法,句子独立成分,定语从句,名词性从句,主谓一致主谓一致常考难题:Fiveminutesisenoughtodothisexercise.Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeopleinfuture.Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm.Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。但如果主语用akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Thegirl"steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.Aknifeandforkisonthetable.当主语后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasexcited.Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented.A(great)numberof修饰可数复数名词,谓语动词用复数;agreatdealof,alargeamountof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称,球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。1/2one(a)half1/4one(a)quarter形容词的顺序:系动词be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料Thosethreebeautifullargesquareoldbrownwoodtable某些以a-开首的形容词例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等只能作表语,不能作定语。某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词:friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,timely等。1)close接近地    closely仔细地,密切地2)free免费地      freely自由地,无拘束地3)hard努力地    hardly几乎不4)late晚,迟     lately近来5)most极,非常   mostly主要地6)wide广阔地,充分地widely广泛地7)high高      highly高度地,非常地8)deep深,迟   deeply抽象意义的“深”9)loud大声地    loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)10)near邻近     nearly几乎bad/ill,badlyworseworstlittlelessleast表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示:Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如:even,alot,abit,alittle,still,much,far,yet,byfar等修饰:Heworksevenharderthanbefore.注意:byfar通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than。superior,junior,senior等。HeissuperiortoMrWanginmathematics.在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those),one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。例如:Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthatonthedesk.Aboxmadeofironisstrongerthanonemadeofwood.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,length,width,etc)ofB.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。[高三倍]Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,wide,etc.)asB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,wider)thanB.例如:Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。表示两倍可以用twice或double。表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。如果复数名词前有many、few,不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时,该用so而不用such。如:I"vehadsomanyfallsthatI"mblackandblueallover.MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether.但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthatthetheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.6)almost与nearly在very,pretty,not后用nearly,不用almost。例如:I"mnotnearly ready.在any,no,none,never前用almost,不用nearly。例如:Ialmostneverseeher.need表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto或should代替。例如:Youneedn"tcomesoearly.NeedIfinishtheworktoday?--Yes,youmust.注意:needn"thavedone“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如:Youneedn"thavewaitedforme.“shouldhavedone”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。Youshouldhavestartedearlier.“oughttohavedone”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。Yououghttohavehelpedhim(butyoudidn"t)书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have,be,hear,see,like等词一般不用进行时。有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如:Theclothwasheswell.这布很经洗。Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。Thepenwriteswell.这支笔很好写。在动词arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如:Wesuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.Weinsistedthatthey(should)gowithus.Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.Hedemandedthatwe(should)startrightaway.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”。例如:Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing.Myideaisthatwe(should)doexercisesfirst.在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。例如:Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.注意:不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如:Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如:Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.There/Itisnouse/good/notanyuse/good/uselessdoingsth.动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,giveup, imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,can"thelp,can"tstand(无法忍受)等。Itriednottogothere.(我设法不去那里。)Itrieddoingitagain.(我试着又干了一次。)]meantodo有意...meandoing意味着...Imeantocomeearlytoday.(我打算今天早些来。)Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)allow,advise,forbid,permitWedon"tallowsmokinghere.Wedon"tallowstudentstosmoke.动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如:Thewindowneeds(requires,wants)cleaning(tobecleaned).在短语devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,thankyoufor,excusemefor等后的动词也必须用动名词形式:Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.(原因)Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldn"tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)Askedtostay,Icouldn"tverywellrefuse.这里asked可能意味着havingbeenasked,也可能意味着when/sinceIwasasked,但用了havingbeenasked就不会有歧义。下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同,所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如:Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地离开了房间。United,westand;divided,wefall.团结则存,分裂则亡。HeusedtoliveinLondon,use(d)n"the/didn"the?Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,use(d)n"tthere/didn"tthere?Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?Heoughttobepunished,oughtn"the?但在正式文体中,用oughtwenot形式。例如:Weoughttogo,oughtwenot?或Weoughttogo,shouldwenot?含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn"t。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren"t(isn"t)十主语,例如:Youmustbetired,aren"tyou?若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn"t。例如:Youmustgohomerightnow,needn"tyou?当mustn"t表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如:Youmustn"twalkongrass,mustyou?前句谓语动词是musthave+过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn"t+主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven"t(hasn"t)+主语,例如:Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn"the?Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven"t you?陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:Heisunfitforhisoffice,isn"the?如果陈述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如:Heishardly14yearsold,ishe?如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,noone等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。Everyoneknowshisjob,doesn"the?Everyoneknowstheirjob,don"tthey?Noonewashurt,werethey?I"mlate,aren"tI?Onecan"tbetoocareful,canone(you)?Haveacupoftea,willyou?Let"sgothere,shallwe?Letusgothere,willyou?同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。连接词用that(不用which)及连接副词how,when,where,why等。例如:Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如:Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。例如:Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn"tbeendecidedyet.Ithasn"tbeendecidedwhether(if)weshallattendthemeeting.C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如:Italldepends(on)whethertheywillsupportus.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。Hedoesn"tknowwhethertostayornot.E)后面紧接ornot时。Wedidn"tknowwhetherornotshewasready.F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether。Whetheryoulikeitornot,youmustdoitwell.G)用if会引起歧义时。例如:Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikeit.该句有两个意思:“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句:1)先行词是不定代词:all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.3)先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some, 等修饰。Ihavereadallthebook(that)yougaveme.4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.5)先行词既有人又有物时。Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否则用where。Thisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.Thisisthehousethat(which)hevisitedlastyear.用nosooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如:HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise.代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Hereitis.Herehecomes.当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChinesepeople.AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.LiWeican"tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.部分倒装用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。Hadyoureviewedyourlessons,youmighthavepassedtheexamination.3.用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。例如:Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。Childashewas,hehadtomakealiving.用于nosooner…than…,hardly…when和notuntil的句型中。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce等词开头的句子。NevershallIdothisagain.Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.6.用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。OnlythisafternoondidIfinishthenovel.OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglish.OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。OnlyWangLingknowsthis.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功!stomach-stomachs,aGerman-threeGermans, anAmerican-twoAmericans,mancook-mencooks;papers报纸,文件 manners礼貌 drinks饮料inaword简言之inotherwords换句话说havewordswith与某人吵嘴haveafewwords(aword)withsb.与某人说几句话Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。Thepolicearesearchingforhim.一、学习由whose引导的定语从句whose是定语从句中一个常用的关系代词,它是关系代词who的所有格,在从句中作定语,也就是说当先行词与从句中某个名词有所属关系,表达“……的”意思时,用关系代词whose引导定语从句,它既可以指代人,也可以指代物,既可引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。例:①MrKing,whoselegswerebadlyhurt,wastakentothehospital.金先生腿受重伤,被送进了医院。②Theylivesinaroomwhosewindowopenstothesouth.他们住在一间窗户朝南开的房间里。whose短语在定语从句中有时可作介词宾语,即构成“介词+whose+名词”引导定语从句并在从句中作状语。例:①ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedhadheardabouttheaccident.金先生工作所在的部门领导已经听人说过这一意外事故。②Heisthestudentofwhosebrotherwearealwaysproud.他就是那个我们总是为他哥哥感到骄傲的学生。whose引导定语从句时,通常可与ofwhich/ofwhom引导的定语从句进行转换。例:①Imadeatable,thesurfaceofwhich(ofwhichthesurface)isquitesmooth.我制了张桌子,桌面很光滑。Imadeatable,whosesurfaceisquitesmooth.②Iliveinaroomwhosewindow(thewindowofwhich或ofwhichthewindow)opens tothesouth.我住在一间窗户朝南开的屋子里。③Theprofessorofwhomadaughter(adaughterofwhom)hasgoneabroadisveryfamousinChina.那位他的女儿已经出国了的教授在国内很有名。二 、语法句型1、不定式作目的状语不定式具有副词的特征,在句中可以作目的状语,修饰谓语动词,表示动作或状态的目的。例:HecametoseemelastSunday.他上星期天来看过我。为了强调目的状语,可以用inorderto+动词原形,甚至可以将inorderto短语提到句首。例:①Ihadtolietothecompanyandpretendtobeamaninordertogetajob.为了得到工作,我不得不对公司撒谎,并装扮成男人。②Inordertocatchthetrain,I’llgetupveryearlytomorrowmorning.为了赶火车,我明天将很早起床。此外还可以用soasto短语来作目的状语,但soasto不能置于句首。例:Sheliedtousbecauseshehadtosoasto(inorderto)getajob.她对我们撒谎,那是因为为了得到工作,她不得不这么做。2、一般现在时在条件状语从句中的用法条件状语从句中,当谓语动词是将来某个时间发生的动作或状态时,通常要用一般现在时态来表示。例:①Unlessyoutellme,Ishallnotbeabletohelpyou.除非你告诉我,否则我无法帮助你。②Ifanyoneatworkdiscoversmysecret,Ishalllosemyjob.公司里任何人知道了我的秘密,我都将失业。 3、形容词在句中作宾补有些及物动词,除了跟宾语外,还须加上一个词或短语来说明宾语的状态,以补充其意义上的不足,这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语,它与宾语之间有主谓关系,通常形容词在句中可作宾语补足语。例:①SoIcutmyhairshort.于是我把头发剪短了。②Theywashedtheirclothesveryclean.他们将衣服洗得干干净净。除形容词外,副词、介词短语、动词不定式,分词等均可作宾补。例:①Willyoupleasebringhimin?请把他带进来好吗?②Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.我们选他当班长。4、Itseemsthat/asif...本句型实际上是“主+系+表”结构,其中it是无人称代词,本身并无词意,也并非形式主语,seems为系动词,that/asif...引导表语从句,本句型使that/asif引导的从句所表达的意思变得不大肯定或者使语气变得较为委婉。例:①Itseemsthatitismoredifficultforwomentogettothetopofthecompany.妇女似乎更难提升到公司的最高职位。②Itseemstomethathehasknowneverything.(Heseemstohaveknowneverything)看来他似乎什么事都知道了。③Itseemsasifitisgoingtorain.(Itseemstorain)看来天要下雨了。Itseems(that...)常可以用Iguessthat...来替换。例:①Iguessmen’shandsandfingersaretoobig!Itseemsthatmen’shandsandfingersaretoobig.男人的手和手指似乎太大了。②Itseemsthatshetoldalieinordertogetajobinourcompany.Iguessshetoldalieinordertogetajobinourcompany.看来她为了想在我们公司找一份工作,向我们撒了谎。 5、havesb./sth.doingsth.此句型中,have为使役动词,分词短语在句中作宾语补足语,与宾语之间是主动关系,意为“使某人(某物)做某事”,强调动作的持续性。例:①Wehaveneverhadwomenworkinginthispartofourcompanybefore.我们以前从来没有让女人在我们公司的这个部门工作。②Theyhadtheirlightsburningallnightlong.他们通宵把灯点着。如果只强调让某人、某物做某事而不强调动作的持续性时,我们可用省“to”的不定式在句中作宾语补足语。例:Iwon’thaveyoudosuchthings.我不让你去做这些事。当使役动词have后接过去分词短语,作宾语补足语时,宾语则与补足语之间是被动关系,即havesth.done句型,此句型有两种含义。其一:表示“使得某事得以做成”或“(请人)把某事做完”。例:①I’llhavemybicyclerepaired.我将把自行车推去修好。②Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.我昨天去理了发。其二:表示“遭遇某种情况”或“经历一个事情或行动”。例:①KingCharliesIhadhisheadcutoff.国王查理一世被砍了头。②Shehadherwalletstolenyesterday. 昨天她的钱包被偷了。6、Doesitmatter...此句型中,it为无人称代词,作主语,matter是动词,意思是“关系重要”,主要用于否定句,疑问句和条件状语从句中。例:①Doesitmatterifanengineerisamanorawoman?工程师是男是女,这有什么关系呢?②Whatdoesitmatter?这有什么关系?③Itdoesn’tmatter,doesit?这没多大关系,是吗?④Itdoesn’tmattertomewhatyoudoorhowyoudoit.你做什么,怎么做对我都无关紧要。三、 学习中应注意的问题1、复合名词变复数的规则:(1)将复合名词里面所包含的主体名词变为复数。例:son(s)inlaw女婿looker(s)on旁观者passer(s)by过路人filmgoer(s)常看电影的人toothbrush(es)牙刷35yearoldworker(s)35岁的工人grandchild(ren)孙儿armyman(armymen)军人,但grownup(s)例外。(2)复合名词里面找不到主体名词时,只在词末加复数词尾。例:gobetween(s)中间人drawback(s)缺陷(3)由man和woman构成的合成词,里面所含的成份全部要变为复数。mandoctor(mendoctors) 男医生womanworker(womenworkers)女工人(4)由boy和girl构成的合成词,只在后面名词上加复数词尾boystudent(boystudents)男生girlstudent(girlstudents)女生2、定语从句中只用that不用which的情况定语从句中which与that在一般情况下可以互换使用,但在下列情况之下,通常只用that(有时可省略)。(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,anything,little,few,much等不定代词时例:I’msurethereisnothingthatawomancan’tdo.我相信没有女人做不了的事。(2)先行词被all,every,each,few,no,some等词修饰时例:Therearesomejobsthatmencan’tdoverywell.有些工作男人无法做好。(3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时例:That’sthebestbookthatI’veeverread.那是我所读的书中最好的一本。(4)先行词受到theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等词修饰时例:CornwasnottheonlyfoodthatwastakentoEurope.玉米并不是唯一的一种被带往欧洲的食物。(5)先行词中既有人又有物时例:Weweretalkingaboutthethingsandpeoplewerememberedinschool.我们当时正在讨论我们记得的在学校里发生的人和事。(6)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时例:Whoisthemanthatwasinvitedtotheball?受邀请参加那次舞会的人是谁?3、在学习不定式作目的状语时,我们应注意,不定式短语通常可用sothat引导的目的状语从句互换。例:Thedoctoraskedhimtoremovehistrouserssothathecouldexaminehis legs.Thedoctoraskedhimtoremovehistrousersinorderto(soasto)examinehislegs.医生请他把长裤脱了,以便检查他的双腿。4、在itseemsthat/asif...句型中,seems常可以由looks,appears替换,looks后常接asif...从句;appear之后常接that...从句。例:①Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.天看上去似乎要下雨了。②Itseemed(looked)asifthefishermanwouldhavenothingtotakehomethatmorning.那天上午,渔夫似乎没有什么东西能带回家。