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高中英语语法精讲第八章独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(AbsoluteConstruction)。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Suchanablemantohelpyou,youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的。(suchanableman和tohelpyou之间存在着主谓关系)=Sincesuchanablemanwillhelpyou,youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。(seatinghimselfatthedesk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格”)=Whenheseatedhimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.Thekeytothebikelost,hehadtowalktoschool.由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。(lost的逻辑主语是thekey,lost也可以用完成式havingbeenlost)=Becausethekeytothebikehadbeenlost,hehadtowalktoschool.A.不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1.动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。(=Ashismotheristocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.)——willyougototheconcerttonight你今晚去听音乐会吗?——Sorry.Somanyexercise-bookstocheck,Ireallycan"taffordanytime.对不起,有这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时间。(=BecauseIshallchecksomanyexercise-bookstonight,Ireallycan"taffordanytime.)Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarterofthebook.我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。(=Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflaborandeachistotranslateaquarterofthebook.)1
Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.种上许多的树,花和草后,我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=Ifmanytrees,flowers,andgrassareplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.)B.-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Beingill,hewenthome.由于生病,他回家了。(=Ashewasveryill,hewenthome.)Seatinghimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.在课桌旁坐好后,他开始看杂志。(=Whenhehadseatedhimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.)1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。(相当于一个时间状语从句Wheneveryonewasready)Thechairmanbeganthemeeting,everyonebeingseated.每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。(相当于一个时间状语从句aftereveryonewasseated)2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。(相当于一个原因状语从句Becausetheboyledtheway)Manyeyeswatchinghim,hefeltabitnervous.许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。(相当于一个原因状语从句Asmanyeyeswerewatchinghim)必背:含有being的独立主格结构。ItbeingNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。=AsitisNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.Therebeingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。=Astherewasnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.3.表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Timepermitting,wewillhaveapicnicnextweek.时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句Iftimepermits)Myhealthallowing,Iwillworkfarintothenight.我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(相当于一个条件状语从句Ifmyhealthallows)4.表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”2
Thestudentsarewalkingintheschoolhappily,eachwearingacardinfrontofhischest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡。(相当于一个并列分句andeachwearsacardinfrontofhischest)Theboylayonthegrass,hiseyeslookingatthesky.男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。(相当于一个并列分句andhiseyeswerelookingatthesky)C.-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。ThebookwritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。=AsthebookwaswritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。=Astheirlivingconditionsweregreatlyimproved,theworkersworkedstillharder.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。=Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,andhiseyeswerefixedontheblackboard.Thetaskcompleted,hehadtwomonths"leave.任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假。(=Whenthetaskhadbeencompleted,hehadtwomonths"leave.)比较:动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。Themanagerlooksworried,manythingstosettle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式tosettle)Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)Thefoodcooked,theboywenttobed.饭做好了,小孩去睡了。(两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的)二、动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。3
A.逻辑主语+名词Tenstudentsenteredforthecompetition,theyoungestaboyof12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。(theyoungest和aboyof12之间省去了being)注意:独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.因为是星期日,所有办公室都关门。B.逻辑主语+形容词Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。(hiseyes和sleepy之间省去了being)=Heturnedtome,andhiseyesweresleepy.Hestoodthere,hismouthwideopen.他站在那里,嘴张得大大的。(hismouth和wideopen之间省去了being)=Hestoodthere,andhismouthwaswideopen.C.逻辑主语+副词Schoolover,weallwenthome.放学了,我们都回家了。(school和over之间省去了being)=Schoolwasover,andweallwenthome.Hesatathisdesk,hisshoesoff.他坐在课桌旁,没穿鞋子。(hisshoes和off之间省去了being)=Hesatathisdeskandhisshoeswereoff.D.逻辑主语+介词短语Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,hisbacktowardsus.他站在黑板面前,背对着我们。=Hewasstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,andhisbackwastowardsus.Thenewteachercamein,asmileonherface.新老师面带微笑走了进来。=Thenewteachercameinandshehadasmileonherface.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,aruleinhishand.老师走进教室,手里拿着一把直尺。=Theteachercameinandarulerwasinhishand.提示:在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,如果名词用单数,可以不用冠词,同时4
介词短语里的限定词也可省略。Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,violininhand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。(=Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,aviolininhishand.)三、with/without引导的独立主格结构介词with/without+宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A.with+名词代词+形容词Hedoesntliketosleepwiththew’indowsopen.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。=Hedoesntliketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen.’Hestoodintherain,withhisclotheswet.他站在雨中,衣服湿透了。=Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewet.注意:在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。Withhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltunhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn誸wanttostudy.父亲如此出名,儿子不想读书。B.with+名词代词+副词Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulwithallthelightson.所有的灯都打开时,我们的学校看上去更美。=Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulifwhenallthelightsareon.Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead.父亲在前,小孩在后走着。=Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead.C.with+名词代词+介词短语Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.或Hestoodatthedoor,computerinhand.他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。=Hestoodatthedoor,andacomputerwasinhishand.Vincentsatatthedesk,withapeninhismouth.或Vincentsatatthedesk,peninmouth.5
文森特坐在课桌前,嘴里衔着一支笔。=Vincentsatatthedesk,andhehadapeninhismouth.D.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.作业做好了,彼得出去玩了。=Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay.Withthesignalgiven,thetrainstarted.信号发出了,火车开始起动了。=Afterthesignalwasgiven,thetrainstarted.Iwouldntdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.’工作还没完成,我不敢回家。=Iwouldntdaregohomebecausethejobwasnotfinished.’E.with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式Themanfeltveryhappywithsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围,那男子感到很高兴。=Themanfeltveryhappywhenhefoundsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。=Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas.Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.他趁没人注意的时候,从窗口溜走了。=Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.F.with+名词代词+动词不定式Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo.有这么多的家庭作业要做,小男孩看上去很不开心。=Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo.Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。Thekidfeelsexcitedastherearesomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.提示:在with/without的复合结构中,多数情况下with能省略,但without不能省略。Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom.她没再四、独立主格结构的句法功能6
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外,还能作定语。在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开。A.作状语独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1.表示时间Nightcomingon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.夜幕降临,我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。(=Whennightcameon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.)Alltheguestsseated,theybegantheirdinner.所有的客人就坐后,他们才开始吃饭。(=Whenalltheguestswereseated,theybegantheirdinner.)Witheverythingsheneededbought,Gracetookataxihome.所需要的都买好后,格雷斯打的回家了。(Aftereverythingsheneededwasbought,Gracetookataxihome.)2.表示原因Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.有许多难题要解决,新当选的总统日子不好过。(=Ashehasalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.)Therebeingnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了,他只好步行回家。(=Astherewasnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.)3.表示条件Weatherpermitting,wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.如果天气允许的话,我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。(=Ifweatherpermits,wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.)Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest.所有工作做好后,你可以休息。(=Aslongasalltheworkisdone,youcanhavearest.)Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theplanseemstobemorepractical.如果从各方面考虑,你的计划似乎更实际些。(=Ifeverythingistakenintoconsideration,theplanseemstobemorepractical.)提示:表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首,并且不能保留连词。7
【误】Whenclassbeingover,thestudentslefttheirclassroom.【正】Class(being)over,thestudentslefttheirclassroom.下课了,学生都离开了教室。【误】Themoonappearingandtheycontinuedtheirway.【正】Themoonappearing,theycontinuedtheirway.月亮出来了,他们继续赶路。4.表示伴随情况或补充说明Thestrangemanwaswalkingdownthestreet,withastickinhishand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。(=Thestrangemanwaswalkingdownthestreet,andhecarriedastickinhishand.)Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback.杀人犯被带了进来,手被捆在背后。(=Themurdererwasbroughtin,andhishandsweretiedbehindhisback.)Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.有两百人在事故中丧生,其中许多是儿童。(Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccidentandmanyofthemwerechildren.)B.作定语独立主格结构作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句。Heisthepersonwithalotofquestionstobesettled.(with的复合结构作定语,修饰thestudent)他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。=Heisthepersonwhohasalotofquestionstobesettled.Youcanusealargeplasticbottlewithitstopcutoff.(with的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。=Youcanusealargeplasticbottlewhosetopwascutoff.Hewaswalkingalongtheroadwithoutanystreetlightsonitsbothsides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰theroad)=Hewaswalkingalongtheroadthatdidnthaveanystreetlightsonitsbothsides.’提示:在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是,不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。Ifyoustandonthetopofthemountain,theparklooksmorebeautiful.如果你站在山顶上,公园看上去更美。(不要改为独立主格结构)Ifyoucheckyourtestpapercarefully,somemistakescanbeavoided.如果你仔细检查试卷的话,有些错误是可以避免的。(不要改为独立主格结构)说什么话就离开了会议室。(without不能省略)8
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