万学海文考研英语语法及长难句基础课程【演示版】 11页

【语法及长难句】1）Man’syouthisawonderfulthing,itissofullofanguishandmiracle,andhenevercomestoknowitasitis,untilithasgoneawayfromhimforever.2）Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousabouttheCauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn"ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.1.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch【范例】P-135Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.【范例】Cheatinginexaminationscomeslessthroughthepressurefromthesetestsandmorefromstudent’sdishonesty.Thedeteriorationofenvironmentcomeslessthroughthefragilityofnatureitselfandmorefromofaggressivehumandestruction.【范例】However,suchstatisticscannotconveytheeffectsofobesity,betheymoderateorserious,7thequalityoflifeandtheimpactofprematuredeathsassociatedwithobesity.7.A.inB.withC.forD.on【返回总目录】Q2、是什么把句子变长了？(一)并列句(二)复合句(三)比较结构简单句S+VS+V+O S+LV+SCS+V+O1+O2S+V+O+OC(一)并列句：A：基本形式Sentence1,sentence2,…,sentencen,andsentencen+1.【范例】2001-71Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.B:其他形式表示并列：neither/norWhatIsaidistrue,normustweforgetaboutit.表示对比：whileIlikeswimmingwhilemygirlfriendthinksitsuicide.表示转折：but/yetNETEMisboring,yetitisasocialladderwehavetoclimb.表示因果：for/soHepaidthesweat,sohegotthesweet.表示选择：or/either...or/neither...norYoushouldbebrave,orshewouldmarrythat“Mr.Brave”.C：难点解析【范例】P-135…Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.…59.Theword“it”(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies（B）[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace【范例】P-135Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。【范例】 P-135Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。（二）复合句：A：基本形式主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句定语从句状语从句【范例】Whathesaidiswhatheisdoing.【范例】News,massage,conclusion,assertion,assumption,suggestion,implication,…Igotthenewsthatourteamhadwon.IgotthenewsthatIhadbeenlongingfor.【范例】ThefirstplacethatIwillshowyouaroundisBigWildGoosePogoda,onthetopfloorofwhichyoucanappreciatethebeautifulsceneryofthecity.Tothenorthofthetowerlocatesasquarefullofhistoricaltopicswhereyoucanindulgeinthousandsofpoems.【范例】P-136ØForexample,withsmallclasses,teacherscanidentifyandremedyincipientproblemsamongstudentsatriskforlowachievement.ØEffortsrequiredtolifttheseweightsseemsconsiderable.ØTheneedtoloveandtobelovedseemsuniversal.Maybethisisonetraitthatseparateshumanbeingsfromotheranimals.ØStudentsbraveenoughtoattemptthecoursedeservetosucceed.【范例】P-137ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。 【范例】P-137Whentheworkiswelldone，aclimateofaccident-freeoperationisestablishedwheretimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.B：难点解析【范例】P-136Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace–allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing–areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Whatdoes“which”referto?A.waysB.contributionC.productivityD.economy【并列句、复合句综合训练】【范例】1992-75Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.（三）比较结构：【返回总目录】Q3、是什么把句子变难了？(一)抽象表达(二)被动语态(三)逻辑问题(四)语序问题(五)特殊成分(一)抽象表达【范例】P136But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.1999text3【范例】 2009-Text4Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.(一)被动语态【范例】Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwithscientists’processes,andtheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.(二)逻辑问题A．关于否定1.部分否定Idon’tknowanythingabouther.（一无所知）Idon’tknoweverythingabouther.（并不全知道）Noneoftheanswersareright.（都不正确）Alltheanswersarenotright.(并非都正确)Idon’tknowanyofthem.（全不认识）Idon’tknowallofthem.（并非都认识）Not+all,both,every,always,以及entirely,altogether,completely,quite和allthetimeNotallmencanbemasters.Idon"twantboththebooks.我不是两本书都要。Both(the)windowsarenotopen.两扇窗子并不都开着。Noteverybookiseducative.Everybookisnoteducative.不是每本书都有教育意义的。Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.这花并不是随处可见的。Heisnotalwayssosad.他并不是一直都这样悲伤。Thebusinessmanisnottobeentirelytrusted.不可以完全信任商人。Hefeltnotaltogethersatisfied.他并不完全满意。Idon"tagreecompletely.我并不完全同意。Afoolishmandoesn"tmakeamistakeallthetime.笨人未必老是犯错误。Hedidnotspeakclearlyandcorrectly.他讲得清楚但不正确。Thisfilmisnotinterestingandinstructive.Thisfilmisnotinterestingorinstructive.Thisfilmisnotinterestingbutinstructive.Thehouseisnotbigandcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbig,butcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbigorcomfortable.Not…any…,no,none,neither,noone,never,not(never)…atall等用于完全否定 Nomencanbemasters.Iwantneitherofthebooks.Neitherofwindowsareopen.Thisflowerisseennowhere.Heisneversosadatall.Thebusinessmanisnevertobetrustedatall.Idon"tagreecompletelyatall.Hedidnotspeakclearlyorcorrectly.1.否定转移：否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语Everyonecannotenjoythepopmusic否定表语和宾语Theclothdoesn`tfellsoftIdon`tlikebothofthebooks.否定状语HehasnotcometothedecisionquicklyIdidnotdoitformyself.Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhavetheaccesstomoreinformationthanchildrenofthepast.今天的孩子不会因为比过去的孩子更多的接触了信息就会自然地变得更加成熟2.双重否定Cannot…too/cannever…too/canhardly…too/cannot+over~~Youcannotbetoocautiouswhendriving.Thisideacannotbeoveremphasized。Not+否定意义的词Makingamessisnotuncommonforayoungmanfromhome.Althoughheisyoungforawriter,heisnotunknown否定词+形容词或副词的比较级=最高级NowherecanIexpecttofindabettergirlthanmywife.Nothingismorepreciousthanthehealth.Thereisnothingmorenaturalthanachild`sbeliefinhisparents.A．关于比较1.as…as…2.notso…as…3.notsomuch…as… 1.notsomuchas…2.asmuch…as…Heisasoldasme.Peoplearenotsogenuineastheyusedtobe.Heisnotsomuchadoctorasateacher.Idon`tsomuchasknowhisname.XisasmuchBasA.Confidenceisasmuchasourceofdangerasofdanger.AisasmuchXasB.他大舅他二舅都是他舅，高桌子低板凳都是木头。Apauperhasasmucharighttolearnasaking.Tomarrytwowomenisasmuchabadthingastobesingle.Thedrunkardisasmuchadangertosocietyasalunaticatlarge.Hetaerismisasmuchasocialinstitutionasanyother.It`sasmuchaquestionasanythingelse.3.Knowbetterthan…Bewiserthan….Iamwiserthantobelievewhathesaid.Childreniswiserthantobelievestoriesfromadults.4.易混比较总结Nomorethan=onlyNotmorethan=lessthan,atmostNolessthan=asmuchas,justasNotlessthan=morethan,atleastNomore…than=neither…nor…Notmore…than=less…thanNot…anymorethan…=nomore…than…Notless…=more…thanNoless…than=both…and【范例】Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(一)语序问题A．完全倒装：Overthebridgemarchedthesoldiers.Oneverytopofhilllivesahermit.Thencametheordertodesertthecity. Nowisthehourwhentheysaygoodbye.【范例】P138-B1Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.B．部分倒装否定副词作状语置于句首时，助动词，情态动词放在主语之前，谓语部分位置不变Hardlyhadhegotoutofthecourtwhenreportersraisedalotofquestonstohim.Only+状语置于句首，部分倒装Onlyafterhehadspokenouttheworddidherealizehahadmadeabigmistake.C.虚拟倒装Weretheytoceaseadvertising,priceswouldbesignificantlyreduced.D．强调倒装Soabsurdwashismannerthateveryonestaredathim.【范例】P139-E2Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguageformthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.【范例】P138-A4ImplicitwithinTyler’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,sharedandpatternedbehaviors.E．平衡倒装【范例】P138-A1-4Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvulgarizeactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologies,whichenablethestorage,anddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreeterspeedtomorelocationsthanhe’severbeenpossiblebefore.Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.ImplicitwithinTyler’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,sharedandpatternedbehaviors.【范例】P138-C1IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems. 【范例】P136-性质主语2Forafamilyoffour,forexample,itismoreconvenientaswellascheapertositcomfortablyathome,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,thantogooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere.(一)特殊成分主格结构A．常见基本结构Herearethefirstvolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.Shecameintotheroom,earredwithcold.Heputonhissocks,wrongsideout.Hecameoutofthelibrary,largebookunderarm.B．带with的独立主格结构Withthehardworktobedone,wehavetoprepareforit.Withtheguideleadingus,wegottothevillage.Hestoodthere,withhishandraised.Withthedooropen,helefttheclassroom.Withtheglovesoff,sheleftcold.C．独立主格的省略Generallyspeaking,Strictlyspeaking,Talkingof,Speakingof,Judgingfrom,Takingallthingsintoconsideration,Considering…Otherthingsbeingequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.Takingallthingsintoconsideration,wecandrawaconclusionthatthistheoryshouldbeputintopractice.【返回总目录】Q4、考研中长难句的难度？1.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.译文：这种性别比例能在最大程度上增加个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制的数量，所以这种性别比例得到认可。难句类型：倒装、省略 1.Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词译文：哈代的缺陷缘于两个方面，一方面，他显然无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。2.AssheputitinTheCommonReader.“ItissafetosaythatnotasinglelawhasbeenframedoronestonesetuponanotherbecauseofanythingChaucersaidorwrote;andyet,aswereadhim,weareabsorbingmoralityateverypore.”译文：正如她在《普通读者》中所说，“我们完全可以说，乔叟所说或者所写的东西并没有给人们形成任何的定规，也没有强加给人们什么样的规则；然而，随着不断深入到他的作品中去，我们一点一点逐渐接受了其中全部的道德教诲。疑难单词1.frame[freim]n.框,结构,骨架v.构成,设计,陷害2.absorb[əb"sɔ:b]v.吸收,吸引...的注意,使全神贯注3.morality[mɔ"ræliti]n.道德,美德4.pore[pɔ:,pɔə]n.毛孔,小孔v.熟读,熟视,细想3.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’preference,revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.MonogamyBigamyBigamistPolygamyMisogamyMisogamistEndogamyExagamy 难句类型：插入语　　译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。　　解释：本句中插入语的使用revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,后半个分句中的主语thatslaves"preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅读的困难。1.Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage,which,thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionwithclosekin.难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（unionwithclosekin）的禁止。　　2.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconditionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。复杂修饰、倒装3.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“commoncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。类型：复杂修饰、双重否定【返回总目录】