2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第四部分专题2名词性从句讲义 9页

专题2　名词性从句框架结构图　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)中的连接词名词性从句中的连接词有从属连词that/whether/if等，连接代词what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever等，连接副词where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever等。1.that的用法：(1)主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。ThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.Theproblemisthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.Thereportthattherewillbeaseverestorminthenorthernareaisfalse.(2)一般情况下，宾语从句中的引导词that可省略，但在以下几种情况中that一般不省略：①当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入语时；②有多个that引导的从句时，第一个that可以省略，而其他的that常不可省略；③介词except，but，besides，in等后跟that引导的宾语从句时；④当when，who，what，where，why，how等引导的从句与that引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。Hejudgedthat，becausehewasachild，hedidnotunderstandwine.Thereasonliesinthatsheworksharderthantheothersdo.Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.(3)that和what的区别。 that引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不担当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词＋关系代词”，即常说的“先行词＋that/which/who”。It’sashamethathehasmadesuchamistake.IwilldowhatIcan(do)tohelphim.(4)同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别。同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中作宾语或主语，与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连接词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释说明名词的含义或内容，如以下名词：news，fact，suggestion，truth，plan，belief，doubt，possibility，idea等，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(同位语从句)ThehopethattheyexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(定语从句)2.whether和if的用法：(1)whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。Italldependsonwhethertheywillcomeback.(2)后面直接跟ornot时用whether。Ididn’tknowwhetherornothehadarrivedinWuhan.(3)主语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。Whetherthemeetingwillbeputoffhasnotbeendecidedyet.Thequestioniswhethertheyhavesomuchmoney.(4)whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if则不能。Weoughttodiscusscarefullythequestionwhetherwecandoitornot.(5)whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用，但if不能。Thequestionofwhethertheyaremaleorfemaleisnotimportant.Ihavenotdecidedwhethertogoornot.(6)宾语从句位于句首时或者宾语从句提前时用whether不用if。Thankyou，butwhetherI’llbefreeI’mnotsureatthemoment.(7)whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。Whetherhecomesornot，wewillbeginourpartyontime.3.“疑问词＋-ever”和“nomatter＋疑问词”的区别：(1)“疑问词＋-ever”可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。Whoeverbreakstherulemustbepunished. Youcanchoosewhateveryoulikeintheshop.(2)“疑问词＋-ever”还可引导让步状语从句。Whoeverbreakstherule，hemustbepunished.Whateveryoudo，youmustdoitwell.(3)“nomatter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。Nomatterwhatyoudo，youmustputyourheartintoit.Nomatterwhocomeslate，hemustbepunished.4.when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：when和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则为同位语从句。Thisistheplacewheretheaccidenthappened.(定语从句)Theyputforwardthequestionwheretheycouldgetthemoney.(同位语从句)主语从句的核心考点1.主语从句在复合句中充当主语，大多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。2.that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省；what引导的主语从句表示“……的东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用it作形式主语。Thatshewillsucceediscertain.→Itiscertainthatshewillsucceed.Whatheneedsismoreexperience.常见的it替代that引导的主语从句的句式主要有以下几种：(1)It＋系动词＋形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)＋that从句Itiscertainthatmostofthefarmershavebroughtinmoremoneybyallmeans.(2)It＋be＋名词(短语)(apity，ashame，goodnews，afact，anhonour，awonder，nowonder等)＋that从句It’snowonderthatyou’veachievedsomuchsuccess.(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，well-known，announced等)＋that从句Itissaidthattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingouttheexperiment.(4)It＋特殊动词(seem，appear，happen，matter)＋that从句IthappenedtomethatIhadbeenawaywhenhecalled.注意：(1)在“Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural...＋that从句” 结构中，从句谓语常用“(should＋)动词原形”。(2)在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...＋that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should＋)动词原形”。宾语从句的核心考点1.动词的宾语从句(1)大多数动词(hope，tell，say等)可以带宾语从句。Weallexpectthattheywillwin，formembersoftheirteamarestronger.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Idon’tsupposehecares，doeshe?(2)动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有宾语补足语时，则常用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofboiledwatereveryday.(3)有些动词(短语)带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(短语)有hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，seeto等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfull.2.一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.注意：(1)where引导的从句有时也可用作介词的宾语。Wecouldseethetemplequiteclearlyfromwherewelived.(2)that引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少有的，只有在except，in，but等介词后偶尔可能用到。Yourcompositionisquitegoodexceptthattheorganizationisabitloose.(3)sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容词后也可带宾语从句。I’msurethattheywillmakeitinspiteoftheterribleweather.表语从句的核心考点1.主句的主语是idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名词时，表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，即“(should＋)动词原形”的形式。Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)changeourcourse.2.主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不用why或because。Thereasonforsuchaseriousaccidentisthatthedriverwastoocarelessanddranktoomuch.3.because，asif，asthough，as，like等连接词也可引导表语从句。 Hehaslungdisease.Thatisbecausehehasbeensmokingtoomuch.同位语从句的核心考点同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词的内容的从句。1.能接同位语从句的名词有：belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。2.同位语从句一般用that引导，但也可以用连接代词(what，which，who)、连接副词(when，where，why，how)或whether引导。Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.3.有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的某个名词后，而是被别的词隔开。ThestorygoesthatWilliamTelldidkillthekingwiththatsword.1.语序问题(误)Thesepicturesshowyouwhat does our village look like.(正)Thesepicturesshowyouwhat our village looks like.宾语从句的语序应用陈述语序，而不是特殊疑问句的语序。(误)Do you thinkwhichoftheseisthemostusefulinvention?(正)Whichofthesedo you thinkisthemostusefulinvention?在疑问句中，宾语从句的连接词应担当特殊疑问词的角色位于句首。2.what和that的运用(误)Americawasthatwasfirstcalled“India”byColumbus.(正)Americawaswhatwasfirstcalled“India”byColumbus.在名词性从句中，连接词that既不作任何句子成分，也没有意义；而连接代词what则相反，它既充当从句的主干成分也有其自身的意义。另外，我们可以把what解释为：the＋名词＋that/which。3.whether和if的运用(误)Ifwe’llholdthepartyhasnotbeendecidedyet.(正)Whetherwe’llholdthepartyhasnotbeendecidedyet.whether适用于任何情况；if(作“是否”讲)仅限于动词宾语从句中，但discuss，decide等动词后的宾语从句除外。4.连接词的使用易受汉语干扰(误)ThereasonwhyIwaslateisbecauseIwastrappedinthetrafficjam.(正)ThereasonwhyIwaslateisthatIwastrappedinthetrafficjam.第一句通过提取简化可得出：Thereasonisbecause...在英语中显然造成了重复现象。 考向1　宾语从句中的连接词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Thegoldmedalwillbeawardedtowhoever winsthefirstplaceinthebicyclerace.(2018·天津)解析　句意为：无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，金牌将授予他。分析句子可知，空格处作to的宾语，同时在后面的从句中作主语，再根据句意可知，从句主语指人，且意为“无论谁”，故用whoever。2.I’mnotsurewho/whichismorefrightened，meorthefemalegorilla(大猩猩)thatsuddenlyappearsoutofnowhere.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析　句意为：我不确定谁(哪一个)更害怕，我还是突然出现的雌性大猩猩。此处为宾语从句，空格处表示“谁”或“哪一个”，故用who/which。3.Asnaturalarchitects，thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析　分析句子结构可知，这是一个宾语从句。根据形容词thick及结构可知，这里的意思是印第安人算出土坯墙的确切厚度。空格后为形容词，因此空格上应用副词，故填how。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetoIlive.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　由句子结构可知，介词to之后为宾语从句，而宾语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。2.Afterlookingatthetoyforsometime，heturnedaroundandfound或wherehisparentsweremissing.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析　句意为：……他转过身发现父母不见了。由句意可知，宾语从句句意完整且不缺少成分，所以应该用that引导从句或省略。考向2　表语从句中的连接词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Withouthissupport，wewouldn’tbewherewearenow.(2018·北京)解析　句意为：假如没有他的支持，我们就不会取得现在的成就。“        wearenow”是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，此处表面意思是指我们所处的位置，故该从句应用where引导。2.Thisiswhatmyfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest. (2018·北京)解析　句意为：这就是我父亲教我的——总是要直面困难，并且抱最大的希望。“        myfatherhastaughtme”是表语从句，该空在从句中作teach的直接宾语，且表示“父亲教我的道理”，故该从句应用what引导。3.40gramsofmeatperdayiswhatpeopleshouldconsumeinordertostayfit.(2018·北京海淀区二模)解析　句意为：为了保持健康，人们每天应该消耗40克肉。“        peopleshouldconsume”是表语从句，该从句中consume缺少宾语，且表示“所需消耗的东西”，故要用what引导该从句。4.Earthquakesworrypeoplealot.Thereasonisthatweoftendonotknowwhentheyarecoming.Peoplecannotprepareforit.(2017·河南中原名校联考)解析　设空处引导表语从句，从句的结构和意义完整，所以用that引导。Ⅱ.单句改错(仅有1处错误)Ibelievehardworkisittakestoaccomplishmygoal.(2018·河北石家庄二中一模)解析　本句中what引导表语从句，并在句中作动词take的宾语。that引导表语从句不作句子成分。考向3　主语从句和同位语从句中的连接词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Everyyear，whoevermakesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.(2017·北京)解析　句意为：每年，在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人会赢得奖品。whoever无论谁，表泛指，在句中作主语，相当于anyonewho。2.Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.Whateveryoucandohelps.(2016·北京)解析　句意为：你的支持对我们的工作很重要，无论你们做什么都会有帮助。从句谓语动词do后面缺少宾语，且此处引导主语从句，故用whatever。3.Itisoftenthecasethatanythingispossibleforthosewhohangontohope.(2016·江苏)解析　句意为：通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的名词性从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分，故要用that引导。4.Whatyoucanlearnfromtheantphilosophyis:Nevergiveup，lookahead，stay positiveanddoallyoucan.(2017·江西上饶模拟)解析　分析句子结构可知，设空处引导主语从句，且从句中learn后缺少宾语，故填What。Ⅱ.单句改错(仅有1处错误)It’sagreatpitywewon’tbeabletofinishthetaskontime.(2017·唐山模拟)解析　It作形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Howweunderstandthingshasalottodowithwhatwefeel.2.Ashipinharborissafe，butthat’snotwhatshipsarebuiltfor.3.—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah，butIhavenoideawhyhedidit；that’soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.4.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreatewhattheyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.5.Itdoesn’tmatterwhetheryouturnrightorleftatthecrossing—bothroadsleadtothepark.6.Asmanyasfivecoursesareprovided，andyouarefreetochoosewhicheversuitsyoubest.7.Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfeltthathecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.8.Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoonthatthemeetingwouldbepostponed.9.Afarmeronceorganizedacompetitionbetweenhisdogandhisrabbit.Hedugaholeinoneofhisbiggestfields，andhidacarrotandaboneinit.Hewantedtoseewhichanimalwouldfindthemfirst.10.Itcanbereallyupsettryingtoaskforsomethinginastoreortotellthetaxidriverwhereyouaregoing.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.BarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.2.Itwasneverclearthemanhadn’treportedtheaccidentsooner. 3.Itisstillunderdiscussiontheoldbusstationshouldbereplacedwithamodernhotelornot.4.Hesaidalovelygirlshewas.5.Thevillagershavealreadyknownwe’lldoistorebuildthebridge.6.Whatheshoulddoishestaysathomeandwaitsforhismotherfromwork.7.Thereasonwhyhewaslatewashisbikewentwrong.8.I’dliketostartmyownbusiness—that’sI’ddoifIhadmoney.9.Hecamelate.Thatwashegotuplate.10.Thequestionthatwhysomanypeoplewouldchoosetoliveinthecountrysidebuttoworkinthecityisstillunderdiscussion.Ⅲ.语法填空(名词性从句专练)1.WhatworriesmyclassmateMaryalotthesedaysis2.thatsheputsontoomuchweightandsheisfrequentlyill.Shehassomedoubts3.whethersheeatstoomuchfastfoodhighinfatorsugar.Also，withtheCollegeEntranceExaminationapproaching，shebecomesmorestressfulandshecan’tsleepwellthesedays.Maybethisis4.whyshebecomesfatterthesedays，shethinks.5.Howshebecomesslimmerandhealthierhasbeenhermaintask.Soshewantstoconsultsomeexpertsandgainsomeinstructions.Butwhereshecouldgetbettersuggestionsand6.whowillgiveherbetteradvicealsopuzzleher.Itisherparents’suggestion7.thatsheshouldconsultProfessorWanginZhongshanHospital.ProfessorWangsuggests8.thatshekeepabalanceddietfirst.Sheshouldeatvegetablesandfruithighinfiber，vitaminandprotein.What’smore，ifshewantstoloseweight，shehadbettertakeregularexercisemorethanhalfanhouraday.MaryaskedProfessorWang9.whensheshouldtakeexercise.ProfessorWangadvisedhertotakeexerciseat5o’clockintheafternoon.Thatis10.becauseshewillhavemoretimetodosports.ItiswiththehelpofProfessorWangthatMaryhasbecomemuchhealthiernow.