2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第四部分专题1定语从句讲义 10页

专题1定语从句从句与句式在语法填空中的考查并列句或复合句中的连(接)词为语法填空必考内容，句式结构的判断至关重要。1.并列连词：连接两个或几个词、短语或句子的并列连词有and，or，but，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...等。2.引导名词性从句的连接代词或连接副词(有意义，并在从句中作句子成分)，以及that(不作任何句子成句，没有任何意义)，和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特别注意连接代词what的意义和用法。3.引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。注意：关系词是代表先行词并在定语从句中作句子成分的。4.引导状语从句的从属连词。5.特殊句式常考的语法项目包含主谓一致、倒装句、强调句、省略句、感叹句、祈使句等。考查形式有谓语动词的数、状语从句的省略中的非谓语动词、助动词、替代词或标志性的词等。应对策略若含有两个主谓结构的句子之间没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那么空格处一定填连接词，否则，句子结构就不完整。根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是某种主从复合句。然后根据从句的特点，结合连词的意义和作用，确定填具体的某个连词。如：一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么句子成分，来确定关系词。若在从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。从句与句式在短文改错中的考查1.对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的错用。2.对于名词性从句的考查主要涉及连接词使用不当，缺少连接词以及what与that、which混用等。3.对于并列连词或从属连词的考查主要涉及连词使用不当，缺少连词以及多余连词(although不能与but连用，because不能与so连用)等情况。4.对于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主谓不一致、含有助动词的谓语结构错误和替代词的错用等。 应对策略1.对于连词的考查，注意首先判断两个或两个以上的单词、短语或单句之间是否有连词，再根据不同的句式结构，判断连词是否运用正确。解题时，可以注意以下几个方面：(1)把握前后两句话之间的衔接关系，判定是并列句、名词性从句、定语从句还是状语从句，根据连词在句中作何成分，判断正误；(2)注意but(转折)、and(并列)、or(或者/选择)、so(因此/结果)等逻辑关系词之间的混用；(3)注意although/though/while不与but连用；since/as/because不与so连用。2.遇到特殊句式，要注意主谓一致、强调句、倒装句、省略句、祈使句、感叹句、反意疑问句等的构成特点。专题1　定语从句框架结构图定语从句的句法功能及相关定义1.功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。2.位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。Thosewhoarefortheplanraiseyourhands，please.Asisknowntousall，theearthisspinningaroundthesun.3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some-，any-，every-，no-与-body，-thing 的合成词或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。4.关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。关系副词：when，where，why等。定语从句的核心考点1.确定关系词的步骤：(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。(1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.(2)关系词在从句中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。TherearemanyplaceswecanvisitinChina.(visit后面不能再加manyplaces/them)2.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词用that而不用which：(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。(2)先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，theonly，thevery，few等修饰时。(3)先行词为all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代词时。(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?3.用which而不用that的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从句中。(2)当关系词前有介词时。(3)当先行词本身是that时。(4)关系词后有插入语时。4.关系词who与that指人时，根据不同情况分别用不同的关系词。(1)当主句是therebe句型时，关系词用who。(2)先行词是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等词时，关系词用who。(3)当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow? (4)whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。5.whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。DoyouknowMrSmithwhosestoryisverymoving?Thereisaroom，whosewindowfacestheriver.6.关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。(1)先行词被such和thesame修饰，或句型asmany(much)中，从句都用as引导。Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseful.注意：①such...that...引导结果状语从句。如：Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch.②thesame...as...和thesame...that...都可引导定语从句，前者表示“与……同样的(但不是同一个)”；后者表示“同一个，就是那个”如：ThisisthesamepenasIlostlastweek.这同我上周丢失的那支钢笔一样。(但不是同一支)ThisisthesamepenthatIlostlastweek.这就是我上周丢的那支钢笔。(2)先行词为句子，定语从句用as或which引导。区别：①意义上：as含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as从句可置于句首，也可在句中或句尾；which引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。Hedidn’tpasstheexam，aswehadexpected.Thereislotsofairinloosesnow，whichcankeepthecoldout.Asisknown，theearthisround.7.关系副词when，where，whywhen指时间＝in/at/on/duringwhichwhere指地点＝in/at/fromwhichwhy指原因＝forwhich注意：that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代when，where，why和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词常为theway，thetime，theday，theplace等，在口语中that常被省略。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalks.Theday(that/when/onwhich)shearrivedwasThursday.8.必须注意的问题：(1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。①定语从句中关系词作从句成分；②强调句中it无意义，that/who不是引导词； ③去掉itis/was和that/who后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定语从句)Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(强调句)(3)定语从句与同位语从句的区别。①定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。②同位语从句的引导词被叫作连接词，that不充当任何成分，不可省。Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定语从句)Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位语从句)(4)关系词在定语从句中省略的情况。①关系词作宾语，前无介词时；②关系词作表语。(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。(6)几个特殊的定语从句句型：①Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarksinthematch.(句中one为先行词)Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(句中students为先行词)②Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?③Hestoodatthewindow，fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.④Itmayrain，inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.(一)定语从句意识缺失1.关系代词被普通代词取代(误)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，some of themaremyfavorite.(正)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，some of whicharemyfavorite.2.关系代词遗漏(误)Thelastoneleavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.(正)Thelastonewho leavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句1.有从无主式(误)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJaneisveryfriendlytousclassmates. (正)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates，has a variety of hobbies.第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。2.从句成分残缺式(误)Thosewho againstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.(正)Thosewho are againstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.第一句定语从句的成分不完整，缺谓语。介词against不能单独作谓语。3.画蛇添足式(误)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，thatasadboystandsbetweenhisangryparents.(误)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，amanwhoistalkinghappily.(误)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，andsomeofwhicharemyfavorite.第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词的。所以应去掉that。第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。考向1　关系代词引导的限制性定语从句Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Manywesternerswho/thatcometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2018·浙江)解析　句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。2.Self-drivingisanareawhereChinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.(2018·江苏)解析　句意为：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为anarea，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。3.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/which showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtherisk ofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.(2018·全国Ⅰ)解析　此处astudy是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Aroundmeinthispicturearethethingswereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime：carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析　things是先行词，后面是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故引导词用that或which。2.Thedishes或whatIcookedwereMom’sfavorite.(2016·四川)解析　分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定语从句，what不能引导定语从句，应用that/which引导。引导词在定语从句中作cooked的宾语，可以省略，因此也可以把what删除。考向2　“介词＋whom/which”或关系副词引导的限制性定语从句Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Whenharvestcamearound，hewasalreadysellingherbs，vegetablesandcottoninthemarketwherepeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.(2015·广东)解析　根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词themarket，且关系词在定语从句中作状语，故填关系副词where。2.Behindhimwereotherpeopletowhomhewastryingtotalk，butaftersomeminutestheywalkedawayandsatnearme，lookingannoyed.(2011·广东)解析　此处是一个定语从句，缺少关系代词，因为先行词为otherpeople，指的是人，而且与介词to连用，所以填whom。Ⅱ.单句改错(仅有1处错误)Theyalsohadasmallpond或theyraisedfish.(2018·全国Ⅰ)解析　句意为：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处asmallpond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用inwhich或where。考向3　关系代词或关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Sheandherfamilybicycletowork，whichhelpsthemkeepfit.(2018·北京)解析　句意为：她和她的家人都骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。根据句意可知，从句修饰的是前面的整个句子，且此定语从句前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，所以用which。2.Kate，whosesisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewereatcollege，hasgonetoworkinAustralia.(2018·天津) 解析　句意为：凯特，在大学时我和她的姐姐共住一室，已经去澳大利亚工作了。句中先行词为Kate，在非限制性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。3.Likeanything，itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth，whichisnotgoodforthehealth.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　分析句子结构可知，空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，且指代整个主句的内容，故填关系代词which。4.ButSarah，whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析　引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且指人，故用who。5.Pahlssonandherhusbandnowthinktheringprobablygotsweptintoapileofkitchenrubbishandwasspreadoverthegarden，whereitremaineduntilthecarrot’sleafytopaccidentallysprouted(生长)throughit.(2017·浙江)解析　分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词thegarden，且从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。6.ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s，whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　先行词是表示时间的themid-1980s，且从句中缺少状语，故填关系副词when。7.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，wholivedfromroughly551to479B.C.，influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.(2016·全国Ⅲ)解析　所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，且在从句中作主语，故填who。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Intheirsparetime，theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden，isontherooftopoftheirhouse.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词theirgarden，关系词在从句中作主语，应用which而不能用that引导。2.Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，mightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(2013·新课标全国Ⅱ)解析　此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词dinner，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用which而不能用that。3.There，Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends，oneofhasbeento Chinaseveraltimes.(2011·重庆)解析　因关系词指人，并且作of的宾语，只能用whom，不能用who。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.AccordingtoDr.LanceWorkman，thesepeoplemaydevelopatemporarymoralcodeintheirmindswhich/thatjustifiestheiractions：therearerichpeoplewhohavethingsIdon’thavesoit’srightthatItakeit.2.Thisistheveryfactorythattheyvisitedlastsummerholiday.3.Whenfacinghardships，onlythosewhoareconfidentwillachievesuccess.4.Thatevening，whichIwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.5.IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.6.Aftertheflooding，peopleweresufferinginthatarea，whourgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive.7.Weliveinanagewhenmoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.8.Thenextday，mybrotherandIwenttothebeachwherewewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.9.Hewrotemanychildren’sbooks，nearlyhalfofwhichwerepublishedinthe1990s.10.We’llreachthesalestargetsinamonthwhich/thatwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthingsyoutalkedaboutjustnow.2.Thisistheonlyquestionhasbeenanswered.3.Thisisthemuseum或wherewevisitedlastSunday.4.Wehavemadethesamemistakeyoumadelasttime.5.IshallneverforgettheyearsIspentinthecountrywiththefarmers，has agreateffectonmylife.6.Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend，inhetookpride.7.Ialsoenjoyedtheevenings或whenwespenttogether.8.Thevisitorssawrowsofhouses，theroofsofwerered.9.Pleasetellmetheway或或whichyoudidthejob.10.Littlehasbeendoneishelpfultoourwork.Ⅲ.语法填空(定语从句专练)Yangshuo，ChinaItwasraininglightlywhenIarrivedinYangshuojustbeforedawn.ButIdidn’tcare.Afewhoursbefore，I’dbeenathomeinHongKong,1.whereIbreatheditschokingsmog.Here，theairwascleanandfresh，evenwiththerain.I’dskippednearbyGuilin,2.whichisadreamplacefortourists3.who/thatseekthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver4.that/whicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.Instead，I’dheadedstraightforYangshuo.Forthose5.whoflytoGuilin，it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.Yangshuoisreallybeautiful.Astudyoftravelers6.that/whichwasconductedbythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinations7.that/whicharefamousintheworld.Andthetownisfastbecomingapopularweekenddestinationforpeopleandtheirfamilies8.that/whoareinAsia.Abercrombie&Kent,9.whichisatravelcompanyinHongKong，saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople10.who/thatliveinShanghaiandHongKong.