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2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第三部分专题3介词讲义

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专题3 介词框架结构图介词的句法功能1.介词不能单独使用,但“介词+宾语”构成的介词短语可在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。2.介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词+不定式、wh-从句等。介词的核心考点介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。1.介词搭配(1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。①robsb.ofsth./cleartheroadofsnow(表示“夺去,除去”意义的动词与of连用)②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)③makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(表示“制作,制造”意义的动词与of,from,into连用)④“介词+the+部位”与动词的关系(=动词+sb.’s+部位,可换用)strikehimonthehead(表示“击;拍;碰;摸”意义的动词与on连用)catchhimbythearm(表示“抓;拉;拿;扯”意义的动词与by连用)hittheboyintheface(表示“肚;胸;眼;脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用)⑤prevent(stop,keep)sb.fromdoingsth.(表示“阻止,禁止”意义的动词与from连用)⑥persuade(advise,warn)sb.intodoingsth.(表示“说服;建议;警告”意义的动词与 into连用)⑦buy(leave,get,win,gain,lose)sth.forsb.(表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用)⑧tell(show,teach,sing,write,read)sth.tosb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)⑨give(allow,promise,pass,hand)sth.tosb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)注意:⑦⑧⑨可换成buysb.sth.,tellsb.sth.,givesb.sth.双宾结构。⑩saytosb.(suggest,explain,apologize,murmur,whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggestsb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。replytotheletter回信,sing/dancetothemusic和着音乐唱/跳,amountto达到,加起来有……,devote...to把……贡献给,drinkto为……干杯,objectto反对,lookforwardto渴望,cometo苏醒,belongto属于;searchfor搜索……,askfor请求,use...for把……用作,leavefor前往……,take...for把……误以为,callfor要求,waitfor等待,carefor喜欢,makeupfor弥补;turnto求助/救于,helponeselfto随意,agreeto同意,compare...to把……比作,sendfor派人去请/拿……,sailfor驶向,起航,setoutfor动身去,goinfor爱好……(3)常见的“形容词+介词”搭配。beworthyof值得的,befarfrom离……远,begratefultosb.forsth.为某事感激某人,befreefrom没有……/免除……,beproudof为……自豪,besatisfiedwith/by对……满意,besureof/about确信,befondof喜欢,befitfor适合,bebusywithsth./indoingsth.忙着做某事,befullof充满,bereadyfor准备,besimilarto与……相似(4)“名词+介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。theabsenceofwater缺水thehopeofsuccess成功的希望haveachanceof/forenteringcollege上大学的机会takeprideinthem为他们感到骄傲thekeytothequestion问题的答案amedicineforcough治咳嗽的药theticketfortomorrow明天的票hisabsencetheway2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、季、月、周等,一般用介词in,如:inthe1990s, intheyear,inJanuary,in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring,inthefirstweekofMay。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:inawhile,innotime,inthedaytime,inashortwhile,intime,inthemorning(afternoon,evening)。注意:infivedays(weeks,months,years)中in意为“在……以后”。(2)表示具体的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上,常用on。onSunday(s),onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(区别atChristmas),onChristmasEve(在圣诞节前夕),onChildren’sDayonMarch8,onthemorning(afternoon,evening)ofOct.1earlyonthemorningofOct.1(区别inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1)onarainynight,onwarmwinterdays(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用at,如小时、分钟等。atbreakfast(supper,lunch),atsixatnoon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)attheageof15,atthetimeofwar(区别intimeofdanger/trouble)注意:①有些时间名词前不接介词,如nextday,lastSunday,thatmorning,theseyears。②one,each,any,every,some,all修饰时间名词时,一般不用介词,如someday,oneday,allafternoon。(4)till,until的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。Notuntil9a.m.didMrSmithcomebacktoschool.(5)in,later,after的用法。①in+一段时间:表示说话时为起点的一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态。②一段时间+later(later是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。③after+一段时间:表示“在……之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为时间点时,只能用after,即after+时间点,用于各种时态。Thedoctorwillbewithusinsixminutes. Shegraduatedin1981,andeightyearslatershebecamethemanagerofthefactory.Hereceivedherletterafterfourweeks.另外,in+一段时间+’s+time与within+一段时间的用法如下:inaweek’stime=inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(与将来时连用)Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表语)I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within=inlessthan...用于各种时态,意为“不超出,在……之内”)(6)地点介词at,on,in,to,off,across,through,over,above,under,below。①at在较小的场所;in在较大的场所;on在……的平面上。如attheairport,atthestation,at55ParkStreet,inChina,inthenorth,inAsia,onthedesk,onthewall等。②on,at,in,off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接,用on;无边缘的衔接,用to;A在B附近,用off。JapanliestotheeastofChina.(范围之外)TaiwanliesinthesoutheastofChina.(范围之内)HunanProvinceliesonthewestofHubeiProvince.(毗邻)TheislandliesoffthecoastofChina.(相隔一定距离)③across在物体表面“穿过”;through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。Theywalkedacrosstheplayground.Iwalkedthroughtheforest.④over,above译作“在……之上”;under,below译作“在……的下面”,其区别在于over,under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而above,below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。Alittleboatisnowunderthebridge.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thesunsinksbelowthehorizon(地平线).Thewindowiswellabovethetree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小时/天。如:Herentsahousebytheyear(day,hour).(注意tothepound按磅算,totheton按吨计)。②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/mail邮寄,bytelephone(radio)(但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV),byelectricity用电,bymachinery用机器,byhardwork,learnsth.byheart,throughthe satellite,throughpractice,throughhisownefforts,throughexperience,throughthetelescope交通工具类bybus/train/car/taxibybike/bicycle,onhorseback/footbyplane/jet/spaceship/airbyship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外:bymeansof用……方法;bywayof经由,取道于,用……方法;withthehelp(permission)ofsb./withsb.’shelp(permission)在某人的帮助(许可)下。③表方式、手段的其他用法Hebeatthedogwithastick.(with+工具/器械)Onesmellswithhisnose.(with+人体器官,区别byhand手工,用手)Hestoodupwithpride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如:inEnglish(ink,pencil)。(8)表示“除……之外”的常用词。①besides除……以外(还有)。作副词时意为“而且,更何况”。Therewillbefiveofusfordinner,besidesJohn.Itwastoolatetoseeafilm,andbesides,Iwastired.②except除去,除……之外(不再有)。WeallwentexceptJohn.注意:在否定句中,besides与except可以换用。Hehasnootherhatsexcept/besidesthisone.③exceptfor除了……(对句子主要意思进行细节校正或附加说明),后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与“exceptthat+句子”意思相同。Hewasverycleverexceptforcarelessness.④exceptthat...除了……以外。Hehasnotchangedexceptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.⑤but与exceptbut和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。Allbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikesmakingmodelships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。 Hehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do,后省to)(C)but与一些固定结构连用。havenochoicebuttodosth.只得做某事,cannotbutdosth.不得不做某事,cannothelpbutdosth.不得不做某事,butfor...若不是……(9)between与among①between通常指两者之间,也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。AnnisbetweenTomandBill.SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance,Germany,AustraliaandItaly.Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.(共同,合作)Shewasbusybetweencooking,washing,sewingandlookingafterthebaby.(表示接连不断地,一个接一个地忙这忙那)Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.②among表示三者以上之间。Thestoryissaidtohavehappenedinavillageamongthehills.Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.Wemustagreeamongourselves.(在……内部达成一致)Londonisamongthelargestcities.(=oneof,可与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词(短语)for,becauseof,dueto。Hedidn’tcometothemeetingbecauseofhisillness.Thereasonforhiscominglateisthathewasill.Hewaspraisedforhisbraveryandcourage.Theaccidentisduetoyourcarelessdriving.(11)不定式的复合结构中的for,of。这里所说的不定式的复合结构形式指的是for或of加上人或事,作动词不定式的逻辑主语的结构。Itiscleverofyoutoansweritlikethat.Itisquitehardformetoexplainwhy.注意:Itis+adj.+of/forsb.todosth.中,如果表语形容词是说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of;如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用for。(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。①after,since,till/until,before这些词既是介词,又可作连词。Theywenttobedaftertheyhadfinishedthejob.(连词)Thechildrenwenthomeatonceafterschool.(介词)②in,on,along,down,up,after,before,beyond等介词可兼作副词。 Herandownthehill.(介词)Canyouliftthatboxdownfromtheshelfforme?(副词)③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。Allthestudentsgottoschoolbeforeme.(介词)Wedowanttobuysomethingnowbeforepricesgoup.(连词)Haven’tIseenyoubefore?(副词)(13)介词的省略。某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。Nothingcanpreventme(from)doingthejob.Shespentnearlytwohours(in)translatingit.(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。①要求接to的名词有:key,answer,solution,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。Thekeytosuccessispreparation.②要求接in的名词有:interest,satisfaction,expert等。Heisanexpertinteachinglittlechildren.1.句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少2.因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱、搭配不当等错误(误)Ioftencometoschooltakebus,butsometimesIcomebymyfather’scar.(正)Ioftencometoschoolbybus,butsometimesIcomeinmyfather’scar.3.英汉差异造成的介词错用 考向1 常见介词的考查Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Isuggestthatthenexttimeyougotoyourmum’shomefordinner,getafewcookingtipsfromher.(2018·浙江)解析 此处指去母亲家吃饭,表示目的用介词for,故填for。2.Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedsideeffectssuchasoverweightandheartdisease.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析 此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法,所以用介词as。3.Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegreeinengineeringorarchitecture.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析 关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。adegreeinengineeringorarchitecture工程学或建筑学学位。4.ChopsticksarenotusedeverywhereinAsia.InIndia,forexample,mostpeopletraditionallyeatwiththeirhands.(2016·全国Ⅲ)解析 withone’shands用某人的手。介词with意为“用”。5.Themothercontinuedtocarefortheyoungpandaformorethantwoyears.(2016·四川)解析 “for+时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。6.ForthosewhoflytoGuilin,it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.(2015·全国Ⅰ)解析 根据句意可知,此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by+交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。7.Oneday,thecowwaseatinggrasswhenitbegantorainheavily.Whilemakinggreateffortstorunaway,shefelloverthehillanddied.ThentheJohnsonshadtomakealivingwithoutthecow.(2015·广东)解析 根据文意可知,奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候,不小心摔死了,因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填without。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Attheendofourtrip,ItoldmyfatherthatIplannedtoreturnforeverytwoyears.(2018·全国Ⅰ)解析 时间名词有every,each,last等词修饰时,其前不用介词。故删除for。 2.StillIwasunwillingtoplaythegamesthemsometimes.(2018·全国Ⅱ)解析 playthegameswithsb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”,故把for改为with。3.Oneday,littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparents.Itwasverycrowded.Tonysawatoyashopwindow.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析 玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的,故用介词in。4.Mysoccercoachretiredinlastweek.(2015·陕西)解析 lastweek上个星期,前面无需加介词。考向2 短语搭配中的介词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.IwassearchingforthesethreewesternlowlandgorillasI’dbeenobserving.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析 searchfor寻找,为固定搭配。2.It(thefirstundergroundpassengerrailway)ranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowdsontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析 traveltoandfromwork上下班。3.ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析 gobackto为固定短语,意为“回到,追溯到”。4.Mostofusaremorefocusedonourtasksinthemorningthanwearelaterintheday.(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析 befocusedon专心于,集中于,为固定短语。5.Whenanewdaybreaks,thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenoughtocoolthehouseduringthehotday;atthesametime,theywarmupagainforthenight.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析 atthesametime意为“同时”,是一个常用的介词短语。6.Hesoldorexchangedsomeofthemilkinthetownsnearbyforotherfoodandmadecheeseandbutterforthefamilywithwhatwasleft.(2015·广东)解析 句意为:他去附近的镇里卖牛奶,或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语exchange...for...,故填介词for。 Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Someofuswereconfidentandeagertakepartintheclassactivity.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析 (be)eagertodosth.渴望做某事,为固定搭配。2.ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenstopjustinthemiddletheroad.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析 inthemiddleof...在……的中间,是固定搭配。3.Theyhavealsoboughtforsomegardeningtools.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析 表示“买某物”直接用buysth.。buy还可用于buysb.sth.或buysth.forsb.,表示“为某人买某物”。4.WhenIlookatthispictureofmyself,Irealizeofhowfasttimeflies.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析 realize认识到,意识到,是及物动词,后面直接跟宾语。5.Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsbecomingrichinashortperiodoftime.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析 固定短语dreamofdoingsth.意为“梦想做某事”。6.Whiletheychatted,myfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositthetopofthefridge.(2016·浙江)解析 onthetopof...为固定搭配,意为“在……的上面/顶端”。故将in改成on。7.Dadcleanedthehouse,andthenwentonshopping.(2016·四川)解析 goshopping去购物;goonshopping继续购物。8.Pleasehelpwithmeandgivemesomeadvice.(2015·四川)解析 动词help为及物动词,其后接宾语时无需加介词,故删除with。9.Unfortunately,thedevelopmentofindustrialization,theenvironmenthasbeenpolluted.(2015·全国Ⅰ)解析 withthedevelopmentof...为固定短语,意为“随着……的发展”。Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.Ithasnoreligioussignificance;thefoundersofthemovementadopteditinhonorofSwitzerland.2.“Ifyouseeus,”Veleztellsthem,“don’thide!Wehavecometorescueyou,”VelezgiveshispresentationsinEnglish.3.Hespentalldayhelpingothers,handingoutcharitytothepoor,andlookingafterabandonedanimals.Veryseldomdidheeverdothatforanything.4.ManyofmyfriendsmetonWednesdayintheearlymorningtogotoaspecificparkinglotsaleheldatastore.5.Theglobaljourneyisledbyanexpeditionleader,SteveMoore,inmemoryofhisfather,afirefighterwhodiedoflungcancerattheageof63.6.Thepaperhadfallendownbetweenthedeskandthewall.7.ThankstotheInternet,therearemanywaystomakefriendsnowwithoutevenleavingyourhome.8.Anagreementseemstobeimpossiblebecausethemajorityofthecommitteemembersareagainstit.9.Nowadayssomehospitalsrefertopatientsbyname,notcasenumber.10.Sometimesproperanswersarenotfartoseektofoodsafetyproblems.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.It’seasytosaysorry,butwhowillmakeuptheloss?2.ThebookI’mreadingoftalksaboutafternoonteainBritain.3.MrJohnsonisahard-workingteacher.Everyday,hespendstoomuchtimehiswork.4.Gradually,IbecameinterestedinbiologyandchosetolearnbiologywhenIenteredintothecollege.5.Therehadbeenaterribleaccidentonthehighwayand,aresult,therewasalonglineoftrafficforatleastsixmiles.6.Butontoday,atthisspecialtime,Ijustwanttotellyouloudly:Iloveyou,Mom!7.Tobeginwith,allofuscanstartreducingtotheuseofoilbydrivingonlywhenwehavearealneed.8.WhenItoreapartmyfifthbirthdaytoytrain,myfathersaid,“That’sit.No moretoysyou.”9.Sometimes,humanbeingsaretoocrueltheirbestfriends—animals.10.Iagreetohissuggestionconditionthathedropsallcharges.Ⅲ.语法填空(介词专练)Iwasinarestaurant.Inoticedanelderlycouple1.withaballoontiedtotheirtable.WhenIaskedthemwhattheoccasionwas,theytoldmeitwastheir50thweddinganniversary.Iwasgladandsad2.forthematthesametime.Iwasgladbecausetheystillcherishedeachother.Iwassadbecausetheywere3.ontheirown,withoutanychildrenorfriends.AfterIwentbacktomytableIthoughtIshouldpaytheirbill.Itriedtodoit,andtherestaurantmanagerandthewaitressesaskedmecuriouslywhotheywere4.tome.Finally,ItoldthemIworkedinachurchandfeltitwasmydutytodoso.Theelderlycoupleweresurprisedandspeechlesswhentoldatotalstrangerhadpaid5.forthem.Allofuswerenearly6.intears:thecouple,themanager,thewaitressesandme.TwomonthslaterIgotacall7.fromanewspapertellingmemysimpleactofkindnesswasreported.Iwasn’texpectinganything8.inreturn,butIbecamefamous9.forthatactofkindness.Whatwouldandcouldhappen10.tousifwealwayspracticesuchactsofkindnessonfamily,friends,neighborsandstrangers?