2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第三部分专题3介词讲义 12页

专题3　介词框架结构图介词的句法功能1.介词不能单独使用，但“介词＋宾语”构成的介词短语可在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。2.介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词＋不定式、wh-从句等。介词的核心考点介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。1.介词搭配(1)“动词＋介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。①robsb.ofsth./cleartheroadofsnow(表示“夺去，除去”意义的动词与of连用)②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)③makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(表示“制作，制造”意义的动词与of，from，into连用)④“介词＋the＋部位”与动词的关系(＝动词＋sb.’s＋部位，可换用)strikehimonthehead(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与on连用)catchhimbythearm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与by连用)hittheboyintheface(表示“肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用)⑤prevent(stop，keep)sb.fromdoingsth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与from连用)⑥persuade(advise，warn)sb.intodoingsth.(表示“说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与 into连用)⑦buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose)sth.forsb.(表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用)⑧tell(show，teach，sing，write，read)sth.tosb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)⑨give(allow，promise，pass，hand)sth.tosb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buysb.sth.，tellsb.sth.，givesb.sth.双宾结构。⑩saytosb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggestsb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。replytotheletter回信，sing/dancetothemusic和着音乐唱/跳，amountto达到，加起来有……，devote...to把……贡献给，drinkto为……干杯，objectto反对，lookforwardto渴望，cometo苏醒，belongto属于；searchfor搜索……，askfor请求，use...for把……用作，leavefor前往……，take...for把……误以为，callfor要求，waitfor等待，carefor喜欢，makeupfor弥补；turnto求助/救于，helponeselfto随意，agreeto同意，compare...to把……比作，sendfor派人去请/拿……，sailfor驶向，起航，setoutfor动身去，goinfor爱好……(3)常见的“形容词＋介词”搭配。beworthyof值得的，befarfrom离……远，begratefultosb.forsth.为某事感激某人，befreefrom没有……/免除……，beproudof为……自豪，besatisfiedwith/by对……满意，besureof/about确信，befondof喜欢，befitfor适合，bebusywithsth./indoingsth.忙着做某事，befullof充满，bereadyfor准备，besimilarto与……相似(4)“名词＋介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。theabsenceofwater缺水thehopeofsuccess成功的希望haveachanceof/forenteringcollege上大学的机会takeprideinthem为他们感到骄傲thekeytothequestion问题的答案amedicineforcough治咳嗽的药theticketfortomorrow明天的票hisabsencetheway2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词in，如：inthe1990s， intheyear，inJanuary，in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring，inthefirstweekofMay。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：inawhile，innotime，inthedaytime，inashortwhile，intime，inthemorning(afternoon，evening)。注意：infivedays(weeks，months，years)中in意为“在……以后”。(2)表示具体的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上，常用on。onSunday(s)，onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(区别atChristmas)，onChristmasEve(在圣诞节前夕)，onChildren’sDayonMarch8，onthemorning(afternoon，evening)ofOct.1earlyonthemorningofOct.1(区别inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1)onarainynight，onwarmwinterdays(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用at，如小时、分钟等。atbreakfast(supper，lunch)，atsixatnoon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)attheageof15，atthetimeofwar(区别intimeofdanger/trouble)注意：①有些时间名词前不接介词，如nextday，lastSunday，thatmorning，theseyears。②one，each，any，every，some，all修饰时间名词时，一般不用介词，如someday，oneday，allafternoon。(4)till，until的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。Notuntil9a.m.didMrSmithcomebacktoschool.(5)in，later，after的用法。①in＋一段时间：表示说话时为起点的一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。②一段时间＋later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。③after＋一段时间：表示“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为时间点时，只能用after，即after＋时间点，用于各种时态。Thedoctorwillbewithusinsixminutes. Shegraduatedin1981，andeightyearslatershebecamethemanagerofthefactory.Hereceivedherletterafterfourweeks.另外，in＋一段时间＋’s＋time与within＋一段时间的用法如下：inaweek’stime＝inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(与将来时连用)Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表语)I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within＝inlessthan...用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在……之内”)(6)地点介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。①at在较小的场所；in在较大的场所；on在……的平面上。如attheairport，atthestation，at55ParkStreet，inChina，inthenorth，inAsia，onthedesk，onthewall等。②on，at，in，off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接，用on；无边缘的衔接，用to；A在B附近，用off。JapanliestotheeastofChina.(范围之外)TaiwanliesinthesoutheastofChina.(范围之内)HunanProvinceliesonthewestofHubeiProvince.(毗邻)TheislandliesoffthecoastofChina.(相隔一定距离)③across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。Theywalkedacrosstheplayground.Iwalkedthroughtheforest.④over，above译作“在……之上”；under，below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over，under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above，below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。Alittleboatisnowunderthebridge.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thesunsinksbelowthehorizon(地平线).Thewindowiswellabovethetree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小时/天。如：Herentsahousebytheyear(day，hour).(注意tothepound按磅算，totheton按吨计)。②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/mail邮寄，bytelephone(radio)(但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV)，byelectricity用电，bymachinery用机器，byhardwork，learnsth.byheart，throughthe satellite，throughpractice，throughhisownefforts，throughexperience，throughthetelescope交通工具类bybus/train/car/taxibybike/bicycle，onhorseback/footbyplane/jet/spaceship/airbyship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外：bymeansof用……方法；bywayof经由，取道于，用……方法；withthehelp(permission)ofsb./withsb.’shelp(permission)在某人的帮助(许可)下。③表方式、手段的其他用法Hebeatthedogwithastick.(with＋工具/器械)Onesmellswithhisnose.(with＋人体器官，区别byhand手工，用手)Hestoodupwithpride.(with＋情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如：inEnglish(ink，pencil)。(8)表示“除……之外”的常用词。①besides除……以外(还有)。作副词时意为“而且，更何况”。Therewillbefiveofusfordinner，besidesJohn.Itwastoolatetoseeafilm，andbesides，Iwastired.②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。WeallwentexceptJohn.注意：在否定句中，besides与except可以换用。Hehasnootherhatsexcept/besidesthisone.③exceptfor除了……(对句子主要意思进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与“exceptthat＋句子”意思相同。Hewasverycleverexceptforcarelessness.④exceptthat...除了……以外。Hehasnotchangedexceptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.⑤but与exceptbut和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。Allbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikesmakingmodelships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。 Hehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do，后省to)(C)but与一些固定结构连用。havenochoicebuttodosth.只得做某事，cannotbutdosth.不得不做某事，cannothelpbutdosth.不得不做某事，butfor...若不是……(9)between与among①between通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。AnnisbetweenTomandBill.SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance，Germany，AustraliaandItaly.Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.(共同，合作)Shewasbusybetweencooking，washing，sewingandlookingafterthebaby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.②among表示三者以上之间。Thestoryissaidtohavehappenedinavillageamongthehills.Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.Wemustagreeamongourselves.(在……内部达成一致)Londonisamongthelargestcities.(＝oneof，可与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词(短语)for，becauseof，dueto。Hedidn’tcometothemeetingbecauseofhisillness.Thereasonforhiscominglateisthathewasill.Hewaspraisedforhisbraveryandcourage.Theaccidentisduetoyourcarelessdriving.(11)不定式的复合结构中的for，of。这里所说的不定式的复合结构形式指的是for或of加上人或事，作动词不定式的逻辑主语的结构。Itiscleverofyoutoansweritlikethat.Itisquitehardformetoexplainwhy.注意：Itis＋adj.＋of/forsb.todosth.中，如果表语形容词是说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of；如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用for。(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。①after，since，till/until，before这些词既是介词，又可作连词。Theywenttobedaftertheyhadfinishedthejob.(连词)Thechildrenwenthomeatonceafterschool.(介词)②in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介词可兼作副词。 Herandownthehill.(介词)Canyouliftthatboxdownfromtheshelfforme？(副词)③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。Allthestudentsgottoschoolbeforeme.(介词)Wedowanttobuysomethingnowbeforepricesgoup.(连词)Haven’tIseenyoubefore？(副词)(13)介词的省略。某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。Nothingcanpreventme(from)doingthejob.Shespentnearlytwohours(in)translatingit.(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。①要求接to的名词有：key，answer，solution，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。Thekeytosuccessispreparation.②要求接in的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。Heisanexpertinteachinglittlechildren.1.句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少2.因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱、搭配不当等错误(误)Ioftencometoschooltakebus，butsometimesIcomebymyfather’scar.(正)Ioftencometoschoolbybus，butsometimesIcomeinmyfather’scar.3.英汉差异造成的介词错用 考向1　常见介词的考查Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Isuggestthatthenexttimeyougotoyourmum’shomefordinner，getafewcookingtipsfromher.(2018·浙江)解析　此处指去母亲家吃饭，表示目的用介词for，故填for。2.Thistrend，whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease，hashadsomeunintendedsideeffectssuchasoverweightandheartdisease.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词as。3.Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegreeinengineeringorarchitecture.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析　关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。adegreeinengineeringorarchitecture工程学或建筑学学位。4.ChopsticksarenotusedeverywhereinAsia.InIndia，forexample，mostpeopletraditionallyeatwiththeirhands.(2016·全国Ⅲ)解析　withone’shands用某人的手。介词with意为“用”。5.Themothercontinuedtocarefortheyoungpandaformorethantwoyears.(2016·四川)解析　“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。6.ForthosewhoflytoGuilin，it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.(2015·全国Ⅰ)解析　根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by＋交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。7.Oneday，thecowwaseatinggrasswhenitbegantorainheavily.Whilemakinggreateffortstorunaway，shefelloverthehillanddied.ThentheJohnsonshadtomakealivingwithoutthecow.(2015·广东)解析　根据文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填without。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Attheendofourtrip，ItoldmyfatherthatIplannedtoreturnforeverytwoyears.(2018·全国Ⅰ)解析　时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。 2.StillIwasunwillingtoplaythegamesthemsometimes.(2018·全国Ⅱ)解析　playthegameswithsb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”，故把for改为with。3.Oneday，littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparents.Itwasverycrowded.Tonysawatoyashopwindow.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析　玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词in。4.Mysoccercoachretiredinlastweek.(2015·陕西)解析　lastweek上个星期，前面无需加介词。考向2　短语搭配中的介词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.IwassearchingforthesethreewesternlowlandgorillasI’dbeenobserving.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析　searchfor寻找，为固定搭配。2.It(thefirstundergroundpassengerrailway)ranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowdsontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　traveltoandfromwork上下班。3.ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　gobackto为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。4.Mostofusaremorefocusedonourtasksinthemorningthanwearelaterintheday.(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析　befocusedon专心于，集中于，为固定短语。5.Whenanewdaybreaks，thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenoughtocoolthehouseduringthehotday；atthesametime，theywarmupagainforthenight.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析　atthesametime意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。6.Hesoldorexchangedsomeofthemilkinthetownsnearbyforotherfoodandmadecheeseandbutterforthefamilywithwhatwasleft.(2015·广东)解析　句意为：他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语exchange...for...，故填介词for。 Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Someofuswereconfidentandeagertakepartintheclassactivity.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析　(be)eagertodosth.渴望做某事，为固定搭配。2.ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenstopjustinthemiddletheroad.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　inthemiddleof...在……的中间，是固定搭配。3.Theyhavealsoboughtforsomegardeningtools.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　表示“买某物”直接用buysth.。buy还可用于buysb.sth.或buysth.forsb.，表示“为某人买某物”。4.WhenIlookatthispictureofmyself，Irealizeofhowfasttimeflies.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析　realize认识到，意识到，是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。5.Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsbecomingrichinashortperiodoftime.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　固定短语dreamofdoingsth.意为“梦想做某事”。6.Whiletheychatted，myfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositthetopofthefridge.(2016·浙江)解析　onthetopof...为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。故将in改成on。7.Dadcleanedthehouse，andthenwentonshopping.(2016·四川)解析　goshopping去购物；goonshopping继续购物。8.Pleasehelpwithmeandgivemesomeadvice.(2015·四川)解析　动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故删除with。9.Unfortunately，thedevelopmentofindustrialization，theenvironmenthasbeenpolluted.(2015·全国Ⅰ)解析　withthedevelopmentof...为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.Ithasnoreligioussignificance；thefoundersofthemovementadopteditinhonorofSwitzerland.2.“Ifyouseeus，”Veleztellsthem，“don’thide！Wehavecometorescueyou，”VelezgiveshispresentationsinEnglish.3.Hespentalldayhelpingothers，handingoutcharitytothepoor，andlookingafterabandonedanimals.Veryseldomdidheeverdothatforanything.4.ManyofmyfriendsmetonWednesdayintheearlymorningtogotoaspecificparkinglotsaleheldatastore.5.Theglobaljourneyisledbyanexpeditionleader，SteveMoore，inmemoryofhisfather，afirefighterwhodiedoflungcancerattheageof63.6.Thepaperhadfallendownbetweenthedeskandthewall.7.ThankstotheInternet，therearemanywaystomakefriendsnowwithoutevenleavingyourhome.8.Anagreementseemstobeimpossiblebecausethemajorityofthecommitteemembersareagainstit.9.Nowadayssomehospitalsrefertopatientsbyname，notcasenumber.10.Sometimesproperanswersarenotfartoseektofoodsafetyproblems.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.It’seasytosaysorry，butwhowillmakeuptheloss?2.ThebookI’mreadingoftalksaboutafternoonteainBritain.3.MrJohnsonisahard-workingteacher.Everyday，hespendstoomuchtimehiswork.4.Gradually，IbecameinterestedinbiologyandchosetolearnbiologywhenIenteredintothecollege.5.Therehadbeenaterribleaccidentonthehighwayand，aresult，therewasalonglineoftrafficforatleastsixmiles.6.Butontoday，atthisspecialtime，Ijustwanttotellyouloudly：Iloveyou，Mom!7.Tobeginwith，allofuscanstartreducingtotheuseofoilbydrivingonlywhenwehavearealneed.8.WhenItoreapartmyfifthbirthdaytoytrain，myfathersaid，“That’sit.No moretoysyou.”9.Sometimes，humanbeingsaretoocrueltheirbestfriends—animals.10.Iagreetohissuggestionconditionthathedropsallcharges.Ⅲ.语法填空(介词专练)Iwasinarestaurant.Inoticedanelderlycouple1.withaballoontiedtotheirtable.WhenIaskedthemwhattheoccasionwas，theytoldmeitwastheir50thweddinganniversary.Iwasgladandsad2.forthematthesametime.Iwasgladbecausetheystillcherishedeachother.Iwassadbecausetheywere3.ontheirown，withoutanychildrenorfriends.AfterIwentbacktomytableIthoughtIshouldpaytheirbill.Itriedtodoit，andtherestaurantmanagerandthewaitressesaskedmecuriouslywhotheywere4.tome.Finally，ItoldthemIworkedinachurchandfeltitwasmydutytodoso.Theelderlycoupleweresurprisedandspeechlesswhentoldatotalstrangerhadpaid5.forthem.Allofuswerenearly6.intears：thecouple，themanager，thewaitressesandme.TwomonthslaterIgotacall7.fromanewspapertellingmemysimpleactofkindnesswasreported.Iwasn’texpectinganything8.inreturn，butIbecamefamous9.forthatactofkindness.Whatwouldandcouldhappen10.tousifwealwayspracticesuchactsofkindnessonfamily，friends，neighborsandstrangers?