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英语语法(精简版)--考研必备系列

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英语语法(知识版)1.冠词........................................................................................................................................-1-2.名词......................................................................................................................................-3-3.代词........................................................................................................................................-5-4.数词........................................................................................................................................-8-5.形容词和副词......................................................................................................................-10-6.介词....................................................................................................................................-12-7情态动词...............................................................................................................................-14-8.非谓语动词..........................................................................................................................-16-9.动词和动词短语..................................................................................................................-18-10.动词的时态........................................................................................................................-19-11.动词的语态.......................................................................................................................-20-12.句子种类............................................................................................................................-21-13.名词性从句......................................................................................................................-27-14.定语从句..............................................................................................................................-29-15.状语从句..............................................................................................................................-31-16.倒装句和省略句...............................................................................................................-34-17.强调句................................................................................................................................-36-18.虚拟语气..........................................................................................................................-36-19.主谓一致............................................................................................................................-37-20.直接引语和间接................................................................................................................-39-1.冠词1.冠词的位置考点示例1such/what/many/rather/quite+a(n)+形容词+单数quiteasmallhouse可数名词2how/however/so/too/as/that/this十形容词soniceagirl+a(u)+单数可数名词3both/all/half/twice/double+the+名词twicethesizeoftheroom4halfa(n)或ahalf+单数可数名词Halfanhour/ahalfhour-1- 2.不定冠词考点示例1表示泛指,与any同义Asquarehasfoursides.2表示数量“一”,与one同义,但其数的概念不Hewillbebackinaweek.如one强烈3表示“相同的”,与thesame同义Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.4表示“每一个”,与every,each,per同义Ivisitmyfatheronceamonth.5表示“某一”,与acertain同义AMrSmithiswaitingtoseeyou.6表示“像……似的”,与onelike同义HeisaLeiFenginourclass.7用在某些物质名词前表示“一种、‘一阵、一份、Wehadaheavyrainlastnight.一场”等8用在某些抽象名词前,使其具体化Youareagreathelptoyourmother.3.定冠词考点示例1特指上文提到过的、谈话双方都清楚的、受Therelmetaforeignerandtheforeignerhelped定语修饰的人或物mealot.Doyouknowthemanstandingbythewindow?2用于单数名词前,指一类事物Thelionisawildanimal.3用于乐器名称前theviolin/thepiano4用于世界上独一无二的事物前thesun/theearth/theworld5与某些形容词连用表示一类人therich/theyoung/theaged6在字数词和最高级前thefirstonetocometoschoolthebeststudentinourclass7在江河湖海、山脉群岛、海峡海岸的地名中TheChangjiangRiver/theWestLake/theEnglishChannel8在表示姓氏的复数名词前、逢整十数词的复play(the)piano/theBrowns/inthe1920s/数前9在表示国家的形容词前,泛指该国的人民.theChinese/theEnglish10用在一些习惯用语中inthemorning/thedayaftertomorrow/thedaybeforeyesterday/thenextyear4.零冠词考点示例1专用名词和不可数名词前China,America,GradeOne,ClassTwo2名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,any等Godownthisstreet.3当复数名词和不可数名词表示泛指时Wearestudents./Ilikereadingstories.4成对名词连用时dayafterday/facetoface5在球类、棋类、学科、语言、三餐名词前playbasketball/playchess/likephysics.speakEnglish/atlunch6在季节、月份、某些含Day的节假日、星期等AutumnisthebestseasoninBeijing./inMay名词前/NewYear’sDay/OnSunday7在某些习惯用语中的名词前Atnoon/bybus/bytelephone/inbed,in-2- time/gotobed/gotocollege5.英语中含有冠词的词组辩析英语中有不少词组,从形式看好象只有冠词之差,而实际上却是意义完全不同的新词组。(1)infrontof在……(外)的前面;inthefrontof在……(内)的前面(2)inchargeof掌管;负责;inthechargeof在……负责之下(3)attable在用饭;吃饭时;atthetable在桌旁(4)byday白天;日间;bytheday按日计(5)takeplace发生;举行;taketheplace代替;接替(6)inwords用言语;inaword总之(7)attimes有时;不时;atatime一次(8)little少;不多的;alittle一些;一点点(9)few很少;几乎没有的;afew有些;几个(10)amostinteresting非常有趣的;themostinteresting最有趣的(形容词的最高级)(11)adoctorandnurse一位医生兼护士;adoctorandanurse一位医生和一位护士(12)Anumberof许多;好些;thenumberof…(的)数目2.名词I..名词的分类及常见用法个体名词teacher,student,piano功能可数名词集体名词family,committee,people名词在句中物质名词wood,water,steel可做主语、不可数名词抽象名词friendship,progress表语、宾语、专有名词John,Smith,Beijing宾语补足一般由名词右上表有生命的东西如:Women’sDay,anhour’s语、定语、方+’s;以s结尾或时间,空间,距离,walk,students’reading-room,同位语或状的名词单复数只价格,重量等名词today’spaper语名词所有格加’的所有格介词of+名词无生命的东西的如:amapofChina,thetopof名词所有格themountain可数名词的规则变化1.一般词后+sdays,boys,Americans复数2.s,x,sh,ch结尾+esbuses,dishes;(stomach除外)3.辅音字母+y结尾,变ybabies,factories为i+es4.以f或fe结尾,变f/feleaves,wives;(roofs,proofs,为v+esgulfs,beliefs,chiefs,staffs,safes除外)5.以o结尾,有生命+es,heroes,potatoes;pianos,radios(无生命+shippos,bamboos)除外6.数字的复数+s或“’s”inthe1930s/1930’s不规则变1.改变词中元音字母woman-women,goose-geese化man-men,foot-feet,tooth-teeth-3- 2.形式复数,意义单数news,maths,politics,economics等3.单复同形means,deer,sheep,fish,works(工厂),species,Chinese等4.其它child-children,bacterium-bacteria,crisis-crises,ox-oxen,phenomenon-phenomena等II.名词其他需要注意的几点1)复合名词变为复数的规则:有主体名词的复数形式(lookers-on,passers-by等)和无主体名词的复数形式(grown-ups,go-betweens等)。2)集体名词的数①有些集体名词只能用作复数。如:cattle,police,people等。注意:people意为“民族;种族”时有单、复数形式。②有些集体名词只能用作单数。如:machinery,furniture,jewellery,mankind等。③有些集体名词作为整体看待时,用作单数;指其中各个成员时,用作复数。如:class,family,couple,audience,government,public等。ThewholefamilyarewatchingTVnow.全家人现在都在看电视。Hisfamilyisabigone.他家是个大家族。3)只能用复数形式的名词:由两部分构成的名词:glasses,trousers,shorts,scissors,gloves,scales,compasses等。4)the+姓氏的复数,表全家人:theBlacks,theWangs5)具有双重特性的名词(1)意义不同的可数和不可数名词aroom房间一room空间achicken鸡一chicken鸡肉anexperience经历一experience经验anagreement协议一agreement同意(2)单、复数意思不同的名词arm手臂一arms武器brain脑一brains智力custom风俗一customs海关force力量一forces军队regard注意,关心一regards问候time时间一times时代manner态度一manners礼貌work工作一works作品,工厂spirit精神一spirits心情,情绪content内容一contents目录loss损失一losses损失物condition状况一conditions条件feeling感觉一feelings感情expression表达一expressions短语wood木头一woods树林II.名词的所有格1)表示两者或两者以上共同所有,在最后一个词的后面加’s;表示各自拥有时,每个名词后都要+s”。如LiandMa’sroom李和马共有的房间;Li’sandMa’srooms李和马各自的房间2)表某人家或店铺,诊所。如:Li’s李家,thedoctor’s诊所;thebarber’s理发店3)所有格除了用于有生命的物体外,也可以用于表示国家、城市等的名词。如:China"sprosperity中国的繁荣thecountry"splan国家计划4)of所有格也可用于有生命的物体,用于名词较长或名词的定语较长时。如:astoryofafamousdoctor一个名医的故事thesonofthemanyouiusttalkedto刚刚和你说话的那个男人的儿子5)双重所有格“of+名词的’s所有格或名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格。of后的宾语必须是人,而且是特指。如:anoldfriendofmyuncle"s我叔叔的一个老朋友-4- aplayofShakespeare"s莎士比亚的一部戏剧III.名词作定语1)一般用单数形式。如:countrymusic乡村音乐shoeshops鞋店trafficlights交通灯注意:sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales,goods作定语时,要用复数形式。如:sportsmeeting运动会customsofficiers海关官员armsproduction武器生产2)man和woman作定语时,与中心词一起变。如:mendoctors男医生womenteachers女老师3.代词代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。代词类别例词功能人称主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they只做主语代词宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them做及物动词或介词的宾语物主形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their只做定语代词名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs做主语、宾语、表语myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,做宾语、同位语、表语反身代词ourselves,yourselves,themselves指示代词this,that,these,those做主语、宾语、定语、表语相互代词eachother,oneanother做宾语疑问代词who,whom,what,which,whose,etc.引出疑问句关系代词that,who,whom,whose,etc.连接定语从句some,any,no,either,neither,all,none,each,视情况而定,一般的可做定语、主不定代词somebody,noone,everybody,etc.语、宾语等下面举例说明,其中疑问代词见“句子种类”,关系代词见“定语从句”。I.人称代词的用法1作主语,用主格。作宾语用宾格。SheteachesusEnglish.2在句中作表语,常用宾格。Whoisit?It’sme.II.物主代词的用法1.形容词性物主代词——只作定语:Thisisourclassroom.Hisfatherisanengineer.2.名词性物主代词所作成分例句1作主语Thisishercoat.Mineisoverthere.2宾语Somethinghasgonewrongwithmybike.MayIuseyours?3表语Thisbookisn’tmine;it’sTom’s.说明:①英语中必须有形容词性物主代词,而汉语中往往省略不译。如:Jacktookoffhiscoatandwenttobed.杰克脱掉外套就上床睡觉了。②“of+名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如:Somefriendsofminewillattendmybirthdayparty.我的一些朋友要出席我的生日晚宴。-5- III.反身代词所作成分例句1动宾TomtaughthimselfChinese.宾语介宾Shelovesmeformyself,notformymoney.2表语Sheisnotquiteherselftoday.(beoneself:身心自在)3同位语Imyselfcanrepairthebike.Thetableitselfhasonlythreelegs.IV指示代词的用法1.时空的差别e.g.Thereisthisseathere,nearme,orthereisthatoneinthefourthrow.Whichwillyouhave,thisorthat?2.This和that在行文叙述上的差别。Ishallsaythistoyou:heisapoorman.Hewasill.That’swhyhedidn’tcome.3.that和those用于表比较的结构。TheweatherofZhanjiangisbetterthanthatofmyhometown.TVsetsmadeinNanjingarebetterthanthosemadehere.4.打电话时this表示我,that表示你.V不定代词的用法可数one,each,many,both,another,either,neither,(a)few不可数much,(a)little可数不可数none,any,other,all,someanyone,anybody,anything;someone,somebody,something;everyone,everybody,复合不定代词everything;nobody,nothing1.none,noone,nothing1)none既可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指概念,常用来回答howmany/much引导的疑问句;noone只能指人,且只能是泛指概念,常用来回答who引导的疑问句;nothing“什么也没有”,否定一切,常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如:—Howmanypeoplearethereintheroomnow?—None.—Whoisintheroom?—Noone/nobody2)none后面可加of引导的介词短语,而something/anything/everything/nothing;someone/anyone/everyone/noone却不能。2.each和every1)each强调“个体”,起代词和形容词作用;every强调“全体”,只能作定语。Each作同位语时,不影响谓语动词的数,不可用noteach来表示部分否定,而notevery表示部分否定。如:Theticketseachcosttendollars.这些票每张十美元。(each作同位语,不能用costs)2)every还可表示“每……的;每……中的”,如下列说法中只能用every。everyyearortwo每一两年everynowandthen时常everyotherday每隔一天Chooseoneoutofeverytenboys.每十个男孩中选一个。onecartoevery20people每20人乘一辆车3.another,other,theother,others,theothers不定代词意义用法说明another任何一个,指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作代词或形容词。如:-6- 另一个Idon’tlikethiscoat.Showmeanother,please.只作定语,常与复数名词或不可数名词连用;但如果前面有the,this,thatother另外的some,any,each,every,no,one及my,your,his等时,则可与单数名词连用。如:anyotherplant,everyotherday。两者中的常与one连用,构成:one…theother…一个……另一个……;作定语theother另一个修饰复数名词时,表示“全部其余的”泛指别的是other的复数形式,泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,构others人或物成some…others…特指其余theothers是theother的复数形式,特指其余的人或物。的人或物4.Both,all,either,any,neither,none都任何都不两者botheitherneither两者(以上)allanynone如:1)IhadtobuyallthesebooksbecauseIdidn’tknowwhichonewasthebest.2)Itiseasytodotherepair.Allyouneedisahammerandsomenails.3)IinvitedJoeandLindatodinner,butneitherofthemcame.4)—Whichofthethreewaysshalltaketothevillage?—Anywayasyouplease.5)Wehadthreesetsofthegardentoolsandweseemedtohavenouseforany.5.one,ones,theone,theones,that,thoseone用来替代前面出现的单数名词,是泛指概念相当于a/an+单数名词;ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词,有时可用that代替(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)。Theones用来代替前面的特指的复数名词,有时可用those代替(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)。that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词,相当于the+单数/不可数名词。如:Mr.Zhanggavemeaveryvaluablepresent,one(=apresent)thatIhaveneverseen.Mr.Zhanggavememanyvaluablepresents,ones(=manypresents)thatIhaveneverseen.Thebookonthedeskisbetterthanthat/theoneunderthedesk.Thebooksonthedeskarebetterthanthose/theonesunderthedesk.6.it的用法用法说明例句1用作人称代词,指代前面提到的事Thisisnotmybook.ItisMary’s.物2用来代替指示代词this或that①—What’sthis?—Itisadictionary.②—Whosejacketisthat?—Itishers.3指人①—Whoisknockingatthedoor?—It’sme.②Thebabynomorecriedassoonasitsawitsmother.4指时间、距离、天气、环境等①—What’sthetimenow?—It’stenpasteight.②It’sgettingcolderandcoldernow.③It’sabouttenminutes’walkfrommyhometotheschool.④Itwasveryquietatthemoment.5指代前面整个句子的内容Ourteamwonthefootballmatch.Haveyouheardaboutit?6表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词,①Iwillappreciateitifyoucangivemeahand.-7- 后面跟上it然后再跟从句,其从句②Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.作it的同位语③Ilikeitinautumnwhentheweatherisclearadbright.7(未指明但谈话双方心里都明白①Howisit(=youlife,work)going?的)那件事、那种情况②—Doyoulikeithere?—Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.8it还可用作形式主语、形式宾语以①It’simpossibletogetthereintime.代替主语从句、宾语从句。②Ifinditstrangethatshedoesn’twanttogo.4.数词数词是用来表示事物和数量的顺序的词,分为基数词和序数词两种。功能做主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语A.记31个词:基数词1~19,20~29整十位数和hundred,thousand,million,billion读法基B.会读个、十、百位数三要数C.由右向左每三位数前的逗号分别读做thousand,million和billion,逗号之间的按百点词位以内的数读A.表示“几百”、“几千”时,hundred,thousand等词不加s注意B.hundred,thousand等词为复数时做名词,表示“数量很多”的意思A.一般的基数词后+th,多位数的基数词只变最后一位。如:ten→tenth序构成B.整几十的基数词,去掉词尾的y再加ieth,如:thirty→thirtieth数C.几个不规则词:first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth词功能做定语,前面加the;年、月、日中的日;表示“第几”时;分数中的分母I.基数词:表示数目的词为基数词范围特点实例one,two,www.ks5u.comthree,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,1~12无规律ten,eleven,twelve13~19以teen为结尾thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen20~90以ty结尾twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety十位与个位之间要加21~99twenty-five,sixty-five,ninety-nine连字符“-”百位与十位之间通常101~999threehundredandtwenty-five(美语中常将and省略)用and6275—sixthousandtwohundredandseventy-five;千以上1200—twelvehundredII序数词:表示顺序的数词为序数词范围特点实例其中七个例外:first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,1~19各基数词尾加thtwelfth,其余,如:four—forth,six—sixth,nineteen—nineteenth20,30~90把y变i后加ethtwentieth,fortieth,ninetieth21以后多位最后一个数用序数词,21st—twenty-first,110th—onehundredandtenth数其余用基数词-8- III.数词的用法:1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式汉语示例英语表示法2001年6月30日June30,200130June,200130thJune,2001时七点二十五分(7:25)seventwenty-five/twenty-fivepasteven间十二点五十四分(12:54)twelvefiftyfoursixtoone表九点十五分(9:15)ninefifteenaquarterpastnine达二点半(2:30)twothirtyhalfpasttwo二十一点五十分(20:50)twenty-onefifty9:50p.m.第二十一twenty-first数第一百二十三onehundredandtwenty-third字二分之一ahalf表二又五分之二twoandtwo-fifths达百分之二十20percent20percent编第七路公共汽车BusNumber7号第201房间Room201表人民路153号153RenminRoad达第三中学No3MiddleSchool4+8=12Fourpluseightistwelve11-7=4Elevenminussevenisfour.算6×5=30Sixtimesfiveisthirty.式20÷5=4twentydividedbyfiveisfour.表A>BAismorethanB.达A<BAislessthanB.A≈BAisapproximately(近似地,大约)equaltoB.A≠BAisnotequaltoB.2.约数表示法含义英语表达例句morethanHehaslivedhereformorethantwentyyears.大于某数oversheisoverfifty.ormoreThere"rethirtypeopleormoreinthemeeting-room.lessthanIhavelessthan(notmorethan)fiftydollars.underChildrenundersevenarenotallowedtoenter.小于某数belowHewouldnotsellitforbelowahundredfiftydollars.orlessThecoatmightcosthimsixtydollarsorless.大约(某数)nearlySheisnearlyfiftynow.almostItsalmostthreeo"clock.uptoUptotenmencansleepinthistent.orHespentfourorfivedayswritingthearticle.orsoThedistanceistwentymilesorso.aboutIvisitedthatvillageaboutthreeyearsago.someTheirteamhassomefourorfiveplayers.moreorlessThecontainercanholdmoreorlesstwentypoundsofwater.-9- around/roundLet"smakeitround/aroundeighto"clock.3.不定数量词“多”的表示法被修饰名词的数英语表达汉译dozensof几十、许多scoresof许多Many/agood(great)many,manya(饰单数可数名词)许多、大量修饰可数名词hundredsof数以百计thousandsof/thousandsuponthousandsof成千上万millionsof数百万billionsof亿万much,agreat(good)dealof,修饰不可数名词许多、大量alargeamountof,largeamountsofalotof/lotsof,plentyof,修饰可数名词或不alargequantityof,许多、大量可数名词largequantitiesof5.形容词和副词I.形容词、副词比较级和最高级的常用句型名称句型例句相等as+原级+asThetraintravelsasfastasthe3:55train.as+原级+a/an+单数名词+asHeisashonestamanasyou.asmany+名词复数+asIhaveasmanybooksasyou.asmuch+不可数名词+as倍数+as+原级+名词+asMyroomistwiceasbigasmybrother’s.不及notas/so+原级+asSheisnotas/sobeautifulashersister.1.比较级+thanHealthismoreimportantthanwealth.超越2.the+比较级+ofthetwo两者中Heisthetallerofthetwo.较……的一个用于否定no+比较级+than和……一样不HeisnoricherthanI.他和我一样不富有。用于否定再……不过(可译为“非常,十分”)Hisworkcouldn’tbeworse.他的工作再糟糕不过了。程度递增-erand-er,moreandmore+多音节词higherandhigher;moreandmoreimportant原级(越来越……)两种情况the+比较级,the+比较级(越……,Thequickeryougetready,thesoonerwe"llbe同时变化越……)abletoleave.三者或三the+最高级+of/in+比较范围(…Ofallthingsintheworld,peoplearethemost者以上比之中最…)precious.较II比较级结构的修饰语用于原级之almost,nearly,just,quite,half,twice,threeTheriveristhreetimesaslong1前times,etcasthatone.-10- 1)many,afew(用于“more+可数名词复Ittakesmanymorehourstogo用于比较级数”前)therebytrainthanbyplane.2前2)alot,much,even,still,far,agreatdeal,Mydeskmateisevenfatterthanrather,twoyears,5%,twice,etc.me.用于最高级thevery,muchthe,byfarthe,theThiscakeisbyfarthelargestin3前first/secondtheworld.III两种形式的副词,一个与形容词同形,一个以ly结尾。hardhard劝告;刻苦地;猛烈地;困难地Hestudiesveryhard.他学习非常努力。hardlhardly几乎不;简直不Wehardlyhadtimetoeatbreakfast.我们简y直没时间吃早饭。high高高地;地位高;声音高Theplaneflieshigh.飞机飞得很高highhighlhighly高度地;非常(常和praise,speakTheyspokeveryhighlyofhim.他们称赞y等动词连用)他。修饰具体动作时,往往两个词可Theyhadtodigverydeep(deeply)inorderto换用,但多用deepfindwater.他们必须挖得很深,才能发现deep水。表示静止状态时只用deep(此Themeetingcontinueddeepintothenight.deep时多与介词、副词连用)。会议持续到了深夜。deepl修饰形容词或过去分词只能用Iamdeeplygratefultoyou.我非常感谢你。ydeeply。deepldeeply可与hate,dislike,Ideeplyregrethisdeath.我对他的去世深yregret,admire,love,value等动感遗憾。词连用,但不能与动词like连用。late迟;晚。Thebusarrived5minuteslate.公共汽车迟到了五分钟。latelately最近;不久前(同recently)。Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?最近你在lately做什么?aslateas与aslatelyas都有“近至;直Isawhimaslate(lately)asyesterday.直到到”之意,用法相同。昨天我才看见他。near近;临近;在附近。Thetraincamenearerandnearer.火车越来near越近了。nearlynearly几乎;差不多;将近。Itisnearlyteno"clock.差不多十点钟了。close靠近;挨近;接近。ComeclosesothatIcanseeyou.走近点以close便我能看清你。closelclosely紧密地;紧紧地;秘密地;仔细Wefollowedcloselyafterhim.我们紧紧地y地;严密地。跟在他后面。IV以ly结尾的形容词hourly,daily,nightly,weekly,monthly,Thistheatregivesa1表示时间的形容词quarterly,yearly,early,timely及时的。nightlyperformance.manly男子气的,womanly女人气的,Whatarewifelyduties?2表示人的形容词wifely妻子似的,fatherly父亲般的,什么是做妻子的责任?childly孩子般的,comradely同志式的-11- lovely,friendly,ugly,lively,lonely,Childrenareusually表示人的外friendly,unfriendly,kindly,sickly,poorly,lively.3貌、特征、性格、elderly年长的,homely不漂亮的、朴实心理等的形容词的。likely可能的,orderly整齐的,costly花Pleaseleaveour表示事物特征、环费大的,deadly致命的,mannerly有貌classroominanorderly4境、情况、状态的的,chilly凉的,disorderly乱七八糟way.让我们的教室整整形容词的,unlikely不可能的。齐齐的。Vsenior,junior,superior,inferior等词与to连用1能与to连用,但superior优秀的,高级Thisrestaurantissuperiortotheonewewent不能与than连用的(反义词inferior)。tolastweek.这家饭馆比我们上周毒的那家好。senior年长的,地位高Sheisseniortoeveryoneelseinthecompany.的,资格老的(反义词她在公司里比其他人资格都要老。junior).2既不能与than连major主要的minor次Theyoungactresswasgivenaminorpartin用,又不能与to要的,表示不太重要或thenewplay.年轻的女演员在这部新戏里连用的较次要。被分配担任一个小角色。Theinfectionisfairlyminor,nothingtoworryabout.感染不严重,用不着担心。VI某些以a开头的表语形容词以a-开头的只能作表语的形容词还有afraid,alone,asleep,alive,alike等。特殊用法1)alive“活着的,活的”是表语形容词,既可指人又可指物,有时可与living互换。Heisdead,buthisdogisstillalive/living.他死了,但他的狗仍然活着。2)alive作定语一般放在所修饰的名词后:Whoisthegreatestmanalive?谁是当今活着的最伟大的人?3)alive可作宾语补足语:Let"skeepthefishalive.让鱼活着的吧。4)这类形容词一般都不能用very修饰,但可用much或verymuch等修饰。不能说:Iamveryalone,只可以说Iammuchalone或verymuchalone。6.介词介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语在句中可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。I介词从结构上分类一览表只有单独一个词的介词简单after,at,on,in,during,since,till等(时间介词);across,over,through,past,near,to,above等介词(方位介词);by,for,down,from,of,off,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,up,with,about,against,along,among,around...复合由两个单一词合成的介词介词into,inside,onto,outside,throughout,towards,upon,within,without…-12- (1)形容词,分词或副词+介词accordingto,awayfrom,downto,insideof,nearto,oppositeto,owingto...短语(2)连词+介词:asfor,asto,becauseof…介词(3)介词+介词(又称双重介词):fromamong,frombehind,fromunder...(4)介词+名词+介词bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,withregardto……(5)其他:(名词十介词)thanksto由其他(1)分词concerning(关于),considering(就……而论),including(包括),regarding(关词类转于)用(2)形容词like(像),near(接近).opposite(在……对面),unlike(不像),round(围或副词绕……),next(和……邻接)(3)连词than,but(除……之外)(4)名词despite(不顾;不管)II主要介词区别1.表示时间的at,in,onat表示片刻的时间,如:at8a.m.常用词组有:atdawn,atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,attheendof,atthattime,atChristmas,atNewYear等。in表示一段的时间,如:inthemorning/afternoon/evening,inOctober,in1998,inthe21stcentury,insummer,inthepast,inthefuture等。on指特定的日子,时间:onMonday,onChristmasEve,onMayDay,onawarmmorning,onSeptember12,onthatday等。2.表示时间的since和fromsince“自从…以来”,常与现在完成时、现在完成进行时连用。from“自…起”,一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday.Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.3.表示时间的in和afterin+时间段,一般用于将来时。如:We"IIbebackinthreedays.after+时间段,一般用于过去时。如:Aftertwomonthshereturned.注意:after+时间点,可用于过去时和将来时。如:Afterseventherainbegantofall./Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?4.表示方位的in,on,toin表示“在…内”,BeijingisinthenorthofChina.on指“与…接壤,在河/江畔”,KorealiesontheeastofChinato指在境外某方向,只强调方向JapanliestotheeastofChina.5.表示“在……上”的on和inon只表示在某物的表面上,如:Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.in表示占去某物一部分,如:Hedugaholeinthewall.6.表示“穿过……”的through,over和acrossthrough指在内部穿过,across则指在表面上的横穿,over指在上方过去,跨越。如:TheGreatWallwindsitswayfromwesttoeast,acrossdeserts,overmountains,throughvalleys,tillatlastitreachesthesea.7.Intheend,attheendof,bytheendofintheend意为“最后”、“终于”;如:Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety-13- attheendof表示“在…末梢”,“到…尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体;如:Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.bytheendof作“到…末为止”解,只能指时间,如:Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.8.between,amongbetween一般表示两者之间。如:Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandmeamong用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:.Thegirlquicklydisappearedamongthecrowd.注意:有时虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调两两相互间接关系,仍用between。Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。如:Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,oatsandbarley.9.besides,except,but,exceptforbesides指“除了……还有”。如:TwoforeignteacherswerepresentatthemeetingbesidesSmith.;except指“除…外”,不能放在句首。如:WegotoschooleverydayexceptSunday.but与except意思相近,常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything,no等词和其他疑问词后面。如:Whobutafoolwoulddosuchathing?exceptfor表示“如无……就,只是”表明理由细节。如:Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.10.表示用工具和手段的by,in,withby表用工具(bytrain/land/hand/email…)或手段(byreading…),其后的名词前不带冠词;with表用工具(withapencil/oureyes),其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词修饰;in表示用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等(inpencil/English/alowvoice…)11.as,likeas指身份、资格,意为“作为”。如:Letmespeaktoyouasafather.(事实是父亲)like作“象……一样”解。如:Letmespeaktoyoulikeafather.(事实上不是父亲)。12.as,with都有“随着…”之意as为连词,后接从句。如:Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworsewith为介词,后接名词或代词。.如:Withspringcomingon,theweathergetswarmer.7情态动词I情态动词基本用法情态动用法例句注意事项词1Youcan/maysit1表许可(和may可互换)、能力here./Hecanswim.can和beableto都可表能2表怀疑、猜测、可能性(用于否can2Hecan’tbesixty.力,但beableto可表达“某定和疑问句中)could3Couldyoucome事终于成功”,有更多的时3could可表比can更委婉的语气及againtomorrow?态。用于虚拟语气。may1表可以(问句中表请求,might更1May/MightIuse1回答May…do…?的否定might婉转)yourbike?用mustn’t/can’t-14- 2表可能,或许(might语气更加不2Hemay/mightbeat2回答May/Might…肯定)home.do…?的否定用3表祝愿(用于倒装句中)3Mayyousucceed!can’t/mightnot否定式mustn’t表不准,禁1表必须,应该(表主观要求)1Youmuststudy止;否定回答用must2表推测(用于肯定句),译为“准hard.needn’t/don’t/doesn’thave是,一定”2Shemustbetired.to(不必)只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时Withouthelp,Ihadmust表主观意识。havetohaveto态人称变化)todoitmyself.有多种时态。应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用Yououghttoobey否定用oughtn’t疑问句用oughttoshouldlaws.Ought…todo…?1用于一三人称的疑问句,表征询1Shallwegonow?意见2Thesignthereshall2用于二三人称,表示许诺、命令、reads,“Noperson警告等shallsmokehere.”1Youshouldlearn1表建议或劝告,译为“应该”fromeachother.should2本该(含有责备意味)2Youshouldhavegivenhimhelp.1Hepromisedhewould表示过去的习惯或1表意志或决心wouldneversmokewill喜好,不涉及现在;usedto2疑问句中用于第二人称表请求,again.would表示过去常常做现在已经would比较委婉2Will/Wouldyou不再有的习惯.likesometea?Hedarenot/daren’t敢(常用于否定句、疑问句和条件过去式dared;可作实义动daresleepalone.从句中)词Dareyoutouchit?需要,必须(常用于否定句和疑问句Youneedn’tdotheNeed…do…?的肯定回答:need中)worknow.Yes,…must.可作实义动词否定式usedn’t/usen’ttoHeusedtoplaydo/didn’tusetodo;疑问usedto过去常常(现在已不再)football.Used…to…do…?Did…usetodo…?II“情态动词+不定式进行式”和“情态动词+不定式完成式”用法句式说明例句Hecan’tbetellinglies.他不可能表示“可能”,用于否定句和疑问句can+bedoing在说谎。(could也可能有此用法,只是语气更can+havedoneHecan’thavetoldlies.他不可能委婉)说过谎话。It’stoolate.Youcouldhavetoldcould+havedone指过去没实现的动作,表“本来可以”himearlier.你本来能早点告诉他的。may+bedoingHemaybedoinghomework.他表示“可能,也许”,用于肯定句may+havedone也许在做作业。-15- Hemayhavemissedthetrain.他可能错过了火车。肯定句表示“一定在干某事”Thelightison.Hemustbemust+bedoingworking.灯亮着,他一定在工作。Heissad.Hemusthavefailedthemust+havedone用于肯定句,表示“准是干了某事”exam.他准是考试不及格。Youneedn’thavelentthebooktohim.Heboughtitalready.你本needn’t+havedone“本来不必做”,只用于否定句来不必把这本书借给她,他已经买了一本。Ishouldhaveboughtit.我应该should/oughtto+have肯定句表示“本应该做而实际没做”;否把它买下来的。done定句表示“不应该做而实际却做了”Youshouldn’thavescoldedhim.你不应该这样粗心大意。8.非谓语动词I非谓语动词的分类、构成及功能构成非谓语形式复合特征和作用时态和语态否定式结构具有名词、副词和形todo,容词的作用,在句中tobedone,tobedoing,作主语、定语、表语、forsb.totohavedone宾语、状语、宾补(在不定式tohavebeendosth.tohavebeenlet,make,see,feel,donedoingnotice等动词后做宾在to,动补时不带to)名词及分beingdone,具有副词、形容词的doing,having词前现在分词havingbeen作用,在句中作定语、done+not/never分done表语、状语、宾补(常词过去分词done用在see,find,feel,keep,get,have等动词之后)doing,havingbeingdone,具有名词的作用,在动名词donehavingbeensb.’sdong句中作主语、定语、done表语、宾语、III作宾语的非谓语动词比较情况常用动词只接不定式作hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,宾语的动词determine,promise,happen只接动名词作mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,宾语的动词或admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider-16- can’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto,adapttobegin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名意义基本词多指一般或习惯行为)相同need,want,require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)两stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事意义相反者stopdoing停止正在做的事都remember/forget/regrettodogoontodo(接着做另外一件事)可(指动作尚未发生)goondoing(接着做同一件事)以remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作意义不同已经发生)trytodo(设法,努力去做,)meantodo(打算做,企图做)trydoing(试试做,)meandoing(意思是,意味着)can’thelp(to)do(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做)III非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别与宾语的逻辑关系及时类别常见动词例句间概念ask,beg,expect,get,不order,tell,want,wish,1)Iexpectthemtowinthe定式encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或game.已经完成2)Iheardhimcallmehave,notice,see,watch,severaltimes.hear,feel,let,makenotice,see,watch,hear,主谓关系。强调动作正在进Ifoundherlisteningtothe现在分词find,keep,have,feel行,尚未完成radio.(即:感官动词和使役动宾关系。动作已经完成,多Wefoundthevillagegreatly过去分词动词)强调状态changed.IV现在分词和过去分词的用法对比现在分词过去分词例句意义表示主动意义表示被动意义1Icanhearhimsinging.2IcanhearthesongsunginEnglish.动作所表示的动作一般所表示的动作多已ChinaisadevelopingcountrywhileAmerica在进行中完成isadevelopedone.-17- 语义意思为“令人…”意思为“感到…”Itisanexcitingmatch,soweareexcited.V特别提示1.关于不定式1)不定式作介词宾语时,如前面有实义动词do(各种形式),则不定式不带to;否则不能省to。HedidnothingallthemorningbutwatchTV.Hesaidnothingbuttosleep.2)不定式作定语时,如果不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且不定式的动词是不及物动词,记住别漏掉介词。Iwantasmallroomtolivein./Ineedanicepentowritewith.3)不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let,make)的宾补,动词不定式不带to,但句子变成被动语态时,要带to。Isawhimgointotheroom.→Hewasseentogointotheroom.2.关于分词1)现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行,不定式作补语表示动作发生的全过程。Isawhimwalkingacrosstheroad.(正在穿过马路)Isawhimwalkacrosstheroad.(看到全过程,过了马路)2)及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的一般被动式(beingdone)都有被动意义,前者表示动作完成,后者表示动作在进行。Thepicturefixedonthewallwaspresentedbyafriend.(已经被订在墙上了)Thepicturebeingfixedonthewallwaspresentedbyafriend.(正被订在墙上)注意:不定式有表将来之意。Thepicturetobefixedonthewallwaspresentedbyafriend.(将要被订在墙上)3)分词的独立主格结构:如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with/without引导的介词短语表达。Timepermitting,we’lldoanothertwoexercises.Hisworkfinished,hepreparedtogohome.Withhisworkfinished,hepreparedtogohome.3.关于动名词1)动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途,而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。2)动名词的复合结构作宾语,动名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语不行。Doyoumindmy/me/Tomsmokinghere?My/Tom’ssmokinghereannoyedhim.3)动名词作主语还可用于“Therebeno+动名词”结构和“布告形式的省略结构中。Thereisnoknowingwhathewilldonext.不知道他下一步会做什么。Nosmoking.禁止吸烟。9.动词和动词短语I动词分类一览表动行为动词及物动词(vt.)+宾语Hesangasongforus.词(实义动词)不及物动词(vi.)后不加宾语Hearrivedlate.的+介词HearrivedinBeijingat10a.m.-18- 分系动词表人或事物的特征和状态:be,feel,Heisafarmer.类appear,seem,look,sound等Heseemsangry.表状态变化:become,get,go,turn,grow,Thefishwentbad.fall等Hebecameadoctor.表状态的延续或持续:keep,remain,stayItkeepswarm.等Heremainedsilent.助动词(不能独立作谓语,须与动词原形或分词构成合Docometomorrow.成谓语):be,have,do,shall和will的各种形式Ihaveboughtacar.情态动词can(could),may(might),shall(should),Hemaycometomorrow.will(would),must,need,dare等Wemuststudyhard.注:有些动词是兼类词。如:Wehavelunchat12.(行为动词)/WehavebeentoJapan.(助动词)II动词短语构成动动词+副词breakoutTheSino-JapaneseWarbrokeoutin1937.词动词+介词AgreewithIagreewithyouonthatpoint.短动词+副词+介词ComeupwithIcameupwithagoodidea.语动词+名词+介词MakeuseofYoushouldmakefulluseofyourtime.构动词+名词TakeplaceGreatchangesaretakingplaceinourlife.成10.动词的时态I动词的基本形式以重读闭音节结尾,末双写这个辅音字母再加cut→cutting,run→running尾只有一个辅音字母-ing形式变化规则构成方法例词原形see,finish,teach现在一般情况加-slook→looks,write→writes时第以ch,sh,s,x结尾加-esteach→teaches,finish→finishes三人guess→guesses,mix→mixes称单以o结尾加-esdo→does,go→goes数形式以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i,加-estry→tries,cry→cries过去一般情况加-edstay→stayed,look→looked式过以不发音e结尾直接加-ddecide→decided,hope→hoped去分以重读闭音节结尾,末双写这个辅音字母再加stop→stopped,admit→admitted词规尾只有一个辅音字母-ed则变以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i,加-edcarry→carried,try→tried化现在一般情况加-inggo→going,read→reading分词以不发音e结尾去e,再加-inghave→having,write→writing-19- II常用10种动词时态的构成及其常用时间状语时态构成常用时间状语动词原形always,usually,often,sometimes,every…,etc.一般现在时第三人称单数+s等)动词过去式yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,一般过去时last…,…ago,etc.will(shall)+动词原形tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,next…,intwo一般将来时begoingto+动词原形days,etc.过去将来时would+动词原形多用于间接引语的宾语从句中will(shall)+be+现在分ateight(thistime)tomorrow,etc.将来进行时词现在进行时am(is,are)+现在分词now,duringthesedays,etc.过去进行时was(were)+现在分词ateight(thistime)yesterday,etc.现在完成时have(has)+过去分词already,just,yet,since,for…,etc.过去完成时had+过去分词by…,before,etc.have(has)+been+现在分for…,since…,etc.现在完成进行时词III注意以下几种时态的区别1.一般过去时和现在完成时1)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,常和表过去的时间状语连用,即仅谈过去,不关现在。Iwrotealetterthismorning.(只说明写了一封信的事实)2)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态,但和现在有联系,可能刚结束,也可能继续下去。不能和表过去的时间状语连用,译成汉语时可加“已经”。Ihavewrittenaletterthismorning.(我已经写了一封信,有继续写第二封的可能,现在还是早上。)2.一般过去时和过去进行时1)一般过去时侧重于说明发生某动作的事实。Itrainedheavilylastnight.昨晚雨下得很大。(强调下雨,并不强调持续时间)2)过去进行时侧重于强调某动作的持续过程或表示动作在进行。Itwasrainingcatsanddogslastnight昨晚整整一夜都在下倾盆大雨。(强调没停,一直持续)3.现在完成时和现在完成进行时1)现在完成时在含义上着重表示动作的结果。Ihavereadthatbook.(已读完)2)现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.(还没读完)11.动词的语态动词的语态有两种:主动语态(theactivevoice)和被动语态(thepassivevoice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态示主语是动作的承受者。如:PeoplespeakEnglishalloverthe-20- world.(theactivevoice)Englishisspokenallovertheworld.(thepassivevoice)I动词的被动语态构成一览表(以ask为例)常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时will/shallbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9过去将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/may…beasked被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动语态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动语态。如:Wearenotallowedtosmoke./Heisoftenmadefunofbyhisclassmates./Newspaperusedtobesenthereat10a.m.注据说类动词,如:Itissaid/believed/supposed/reportedthat…,Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…,Itis意wellknownthat…等,及Itmustbeadmitted/pointedoutthat…等结构常以被动形式出现。事以下主动形式常表被动意义:Thebikeneeds/wants/requiresrepairing./Thefilmisworthseeing.项/Thedoorwon’tshut/open./Theplaywon’tact./Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell./Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.以下词或短语没有被动态:happen,appear,become,last,cost,occur,lack,fit,mean,join,equal,fail,enter,have,contain,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,consistof,loseheart,keepupwith等。II被动语态和系表结构的区别1.被动语态表示动作,而系表结构表状态;Thecupwasbrokenbyaboy.(被动语态)Thecupisbroken.(系表结构)2.前者可有多种时态,而后者只有一般现在时和过去时;Mybikeisbeing/willbe/wasrepaired.Heis/wasinterestedinhiswork.3.被动语态可跟by短语,表动作的执行者;Thedresswasmadebymymother.12.句子种类I句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。成分定义例句1主语一个句子陈述的对象,或是动作的执行Duringthe1990s,Americancountry者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。主语musichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.由名词或相当于名词的词充当,如,名词、(名词)代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)形容词和主语从句等表示。One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)-21- Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)2谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.语之后。谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词,要么是行为动词,要么是系动词,不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。3宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.及物动词和介词(介宾)后面。(名词)宾语种类:Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcoming(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例toschoolontime.(代词)如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?I(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyhavefive.(数词)electedhimtheirmonitor.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)Hepretendednottoseeme(.不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)4表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,(名词)grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名Isityours?(代词)词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。Thespeechisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词-22- 短语)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)5定语修饰限定名字、代词的词,说明所修饰词Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)的性质、特征等。可作定语的有形容词、Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americais名词、定语从句、分词等。adevelopedcountry.(分词)Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)6状语修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句,说明Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随性词组)状况、目的等等。Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)Waitaminute.(名词)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue(.状语从句)7宾语补足英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副Letthefreshairin.(副词)词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)8同位语当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在LauraMyers,aBBCreporter,askedfor同等位置时,若其中一个句子成分是用于aninterview.劳拉·迈尔,BBC的记者,说明或解释另一个句子成分的,那么用于要求采访。起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另Influenza,acommondisease,hasnocure.-23- 一成分的同位语。流行性感冒是一种常见病,无特效药。II句子种类分类句子种类例句陈述肯定句Heissixyearsold.句否定句Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.按疑问一般Dotheylikeskating?使句特殊Howoldishe?用选择Ishesixorsevenyearsold?目反意Marycanswim,can’tshe?的祈使句Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass感叹句Howclevertheboyis!Whatacleverboyheis!简单句HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.并列句(由并列连词Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.按and,but,or等或分号Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.结把两个或两个以上Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是构的简单句连在一起)曲折的。复合句(含有一个或Theforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereatthe以上从句)GreatWall.III简单句的五种基本句型句型例句1、主语+系动词+表语Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾Myfatherboughtmeacar.语)5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)Tommadethebabylaugh.IV并列句分类常用并列连词例句联合并列句and,notonly…butalso…,Theteacher’snameisSmith,andtheneither…nor…,then等student’snameisJohn.转折并列句but,still,however,yet,while,when等Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.选择并列句or,either…or…,otherwise等Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.因果并列句so,for,therefore等Itwaslate,sowewenthome.IV感叹句1、感叹句用法:表示说话人的强烈的感情。讲解句型例句WhatWhat引导的感叹句What+(a/an)+形容1)Whatacoldday(itis)!今天天气真冷啊!的中心词是名词词+名词+(主语+谓2)Whatanoldhouse(itis)!这间房子真老语)!啊!-24- 3)Whatniceair(itis)!空气真好啊!HowHow引导的感叹句How+形容词/副词6)Howcold(itis)today!今天天气真冷啊!的中心词是形容词+(主语+谓语)!7)Howhappy(thechildrenare)!孩子们真或副词。愉快啊!8)Howhard(thestudentworks)!这个学生学习多努力啊!2、注意点:在复数可数名词和不可数名词之前不可用“how+形容词”构成感叹句,而应用“what+形容词+复数可数名词或不可数名词”。也就是说how+形容词可置于带不定冠词的单数名词之前构成感叹句。1)Whatgreatchangeswehavehadtheseyears!这些年我们的变化真大呀!不可说成Howgreatchangeswehavehadtheseyears!2)Whatgoodnewsitis!多么好的消息呀!不可说成Howgoodnewsitis!VI祈使句表示请求或命令的句子是祈使句。谓语动词无时态与数的词形变化,与动词原形同形。祈使句一般用降调,为使祈使句听起来比较婉转,可用低升调,祈使句句末用句号或感叹号。1.祈使句有两种类型:含有第二人称和带有第一、三人称主语的祈使句。每种类型又有肯定形式和否定形式。用don"t:否定时,只能用其缩略式。1含有第二人称的祈使句Besuretocomeontime.请务必按时来。Don"teverdothatagain.请不要做那事了。2带有第一、三人称主语Let"shavearest.咱们休息一会儿。的祈使句(通常以let为Letustryagain.让我们再试试。引导词)Don"tlet"sopenthewindow.咱们别开窗户了。(非正式)3其他形式的祈使句1)以no开始的禁Noentry.禁止入内。Noparking.禁止停车。止性祈使句:Nosmoking.禁止抽烟。2)固定短语Outwithit说出来吧。Faster.快点。Begpardon.请原谅。2注意点1)第二人称主语通常不表示出来,有时为了强调指明向谁提出要求或发出命令,主语也可表示,这时主语需重读:2)第一人称祈使句可在1et前面加do,表示强调,第三人称祈使句不可:Doletmehaveanothertry.请务必让我再试试。注意以下两句的区别:Don"tletthechildrenmakemuchnoise.不要让孩子发出大的噪声。.Letthechildrennotmakemuchnoise.让孩子不要发出大的噪声。3)为了使祈使句听起来比较客气,婉转,除了用低声调外,还可用下列方法:a.加pleasePleasegivemeahand.请帮一下忙。Lendmeyourdictionary,please.请把字典借给我使一下。b..加willyouReadthetext,willyou?读一下课文好吗?Comeinandsitdown,willyou?进来坐下,好吗?c.please和willyou同时运用Becareful,please,willyou?小心些,行吗?:d.用wouldyou则更加客气-25- Shutthewindow,wouldyou?关上窗户,行吗?e,加won"tyou,can"tyou,whydon"tyou:Turndowntheradio,won"tyou?关闭收音机,好吗?Takeitaway,can"tyou?拿走,不行吗?Bepatient,whydon"tyou?耐心点,难道不行吗?VII反意疑问句构成:陈述句+简略问句肯定否定否定肯定简略问句的主语与陈述句保持一致,只能用人称代词(there除外),简略问句的谓语动词也与陈述句保持一致,如果是否定,一定要用简写。如:Jimisn"tastudent,ishe?/Therearesomebooksinit,aren"tthere?解说例句1陈述部分I"m...结构,疑问部分一般用aren"tI,I"mlate,aren"tI?2陈述句中有little,few,no,never,nothing,nobody,hardly等词表示否定时,简略问句用肯定。3陈述句中有指物的不定代词nothing,something,Everyoneishere,aren"tthey/isn’tanything时,简短问句中用代词it,陈述句中有指人的he?不定代词everyone,noone,someone,everybody,nobody,anybody时,简短问句中用代词he或they,4陈述句的主语是指示代词this,that等时,疑问部分的Thisisveryimportant,isn"tit?主语在形式上与前者不同,但在逻辑上却与前者一致5陈述部分如果是“I(don"t)think(believe,suppose...)+Idon"tbelievesheknowsit,doesshe?宾语从句”时,疑问部分中的动词和主语应与宾语从句中的主语和动词保持一致6含有情态动词must的句子表示猜测时,疑问部分与Youmustn"twalkongrass,mustyou?must后面部分一致,不能用mustn"t,如:Youmustbetired,aren"tyou?当must表示“有必要”时,疑问部分用needn"t,如:Youmustgohomerightnow,needn"tyou?当mustn"t表示禁止时,疑问部分一般用must7祈使句的反意疑问句肯定祈使句+willyou/won"tLet"s...+shallwe?(包括对方)you?否定祈使句+willyou?Letus...+willyou?(不包括对方)8感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式,并用be的一般Whatalovelygirl,isn"tshe?现在时9前面否定后面肯定的反意疑问句在回答时,需根据—Youcan"tspeakEnglish,can其实际情况,实际情况是肯定的,则用Yes+肯定结you?—Yes,Ican(不,我会的).构,实际情况是否定的,则用No+否定结构10关于“"dbetter”,“"drather”和“"s”He’dlikeacupoftea,wouldn’the?You’dbettergonow,hadn’tyou?He’sneverlateforschool,ishe?He’sneverbeenthere,hashe?VIII复合句复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的-26- 一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语、定语从句和状语从句等。(见专题讲解)13.名词性从句名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。主语从句做主语,用that,whether,what(=thethingthat)等连接词(原疑问词)引导做宾语,用that(可省略),if,whether(ornot),what(=thethingwhich)等连接宾语从句词(原疑问词)引导用that(一般不省略),whether,what(=thethingwhich)等连接词(原疑问词)表语从句引导同位语从句用that(常用在news,thought,idea等词后),whether等连接词(原疑问词)引导I主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。如:Whowillgoisnotimportant.Itdoesn’tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.(主语从句)Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.(主语从句)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.(强调句)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.(强调句)2.用it作形式主语的结构句型例子1Itis+名词+从句Itisafactthat…事实是…/Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识2Itis+形容词+从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…/Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…3Itis+不及物动词+从Itseemsthat…似乎…/Ithappenedthat…碰巧…句Itappearsthat…似乎…4It+过去分词+从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…/Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…Itissaidthat…据说…3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况情况说明例句1if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句Ifhewillcomeornotisunknown(误)首。Whetherhewillcomeornotisunknown(正)2Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句ItissaidthatJiangwillvisitourschool.(正)不可提前Jiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.(误)-27- 3Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不Itoccurredtohimthathefailedinthe可提前examination.(正)Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(误)4Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.(正)的主语从句不可提前Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.(误)5含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?(正)从句不可提前Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?(误)II.宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。情况说明例句1作动词的宾由that引导的宾语从句(thatIheard(that)hejoinedthearmy.语通常可以省略)由what,whether(if),when,Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.where等引导的宾语从句Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.动词+间接宾语+宾语从句Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.2作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.3作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.4it可以作为形式宾语Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.5否定的转移(若主句谓语动词为think,Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,衣服不适合你穿。guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式)注意:that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。III.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如:1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.IV同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。情况说明例句1同位语从句的功对于名词进一步解释,Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwould能(一般由thatbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.-28- 引导)说明名词的具体内容,Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2同位语从句在句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesports子中的位置的名词后面,被别的词隔开meetingwasputoff.Vwhether,if引导名词性从句的区别情况说明例句1在句首引导主语从句时,只能用whetherWhetherwewillgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.2if不能引导表语从句Whatthedoctorreallydoubtiswhethermymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.3if不能引导介词后的宾语从句Everythingdependsonwhetherwecanmakeaplanthattheywillagreeto.4如果宾语从句是否定句只能用ifIaskedPaveifhehadn’tdecidedwhathewouldsayatthemeeting.5discuss后的宾语从句只能用whether引Wediscussedwhetherthemedicinewillcause导sideeffect.注意:doubt作“怀疑”解,后接宾语从句时,如主句是肯定的,宾语从句用whether或if引导;如主句是否定,宾语从句只能用that引导。(1)Idoubtwhether/ifheisfitforthejob.(2)Idon’tdoubtthathecandoitverywell.14.定语从句I定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句,在句中起定语的作用.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词。如:Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.先行词关系代词定语从句II关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词和关系副词又称关系词,用来引导定语从句、代替先行词并在从句中担当一个成分。其用法见下表:定语从句的关系词词例先行词充当成分例句who人主语Thisisthedoctorwhosavedmylife.whom人宾语Sheisthenewstudent(whom)Iwanttotelltoyou.关that人&物主语、宾语(指人相当于who或whom,指物相当于which)系which物主语、宾语1.Pleasepassmethebookwhichislyingonthe代table.2.Thenovel(which)Tomboughtisvery词interesting.as物主语、宾语Theearth,asisknowntoall,isround.whose=of人&物定语TheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouEnglishwhomofwhichisDr.Williams-29- when=atinond时间状语We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’s关uringwhichRepublicofChinawasfounded.系where=atinto地点状语Thisisthehousewherehelived.副which词why=forwhich原因状语Iknowthereasonwhysheworkssowell.III限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行从句是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果从句只是对先行词的附加说明,如果省去,主句的词的关系省去,主句的意思就会不完整或不明意思仍然清楚或完整确。标点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开指人who(that)whom指人who(作主语)whom(做宾语)关系指物which(that)指物which代词人和物的whose人和物的whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子IV关系词的选用1只能用that做关系代词的情况只能用that做关系代词的情况例句1当先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,PayattentiontoeverythingthatIdo.much,little,none,one等不定代词时(something除外)2当先行词被All,every,no,some,any,little,much等Hehaslittletimethathecanspare.修饰时3当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthebestnovel(that)haveread.4如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词,并同时兼指Theyweretalkingabouttheperson人和物时andthingsthattheyrememberedinschool.5当先行词被theonly,thelast,theway,thesame等ThisisthelasttimethatIIwanttosee等修饰时you.6.在疑问词who,which,what开头的特殊疑问句中,Whichofthestudentsthatknows为了避免重复只用thatsomethingabouthistory.7当定语从句为therebe句型时,关系代词只能用Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereisthat,也可以省略toBeijing.8当指人或物的关系代词在定语从句中做表语时,Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.关系代词只能用that,也可以省略2指物只能用which不用that的情况只能用which不用that的情况:例句1在非限制性定语从句中StPetersburg,whichwasoncecalledLeningrad,isaverybeautifulcity.2在介词后面Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.-30- 3指人时只能用who不用that的情况只能用who不用that的情况例句1先行词为one,ones,those,anyone,heThosewhobreakthelawmustbepunished.时4as与whichas与which均可引导非限制性定语从句,有时可以互换,但下列情况多用as:多用as的情况:例句1与such或thesame连用时,一般用asSuchbooksasyoureadareinterestingSuchmoneyasheearnedwasspentonbooks.2as引导的从句可以放在句首,as表“正如…..正Asweallknow,theearthisround.象…”之意五、定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致:1.Iamnotonewhoisafraidofdifficulty.2.Don’tchooseme,whoamnotfitforthisjob.15.状语从句状语从句是由从句担任的状语,在句子中可修饰谓语(或其它动词)、形容词、副词或是整个句子,它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目,也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句,这些从句仍是今后高考热点,应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。不同的状语从句所使用的连接词也各不相同。见下表:状语从句名称连接词时间状语从句when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas(或themoment),bythetime,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when,everytime等地点状语从句where和wherever条件状语从句if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)原因状语从句because,since,as,nowthat(既然)结果状语从句sothat(从句谓语一般没有情态动词),so…that,such…that目的状语从句so,sothat(从句谓语常有情态动词),inorderthat,incase(以防,以免)让步状语从句although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,nomatterwho(when,what,…)等比较状语从句than,so(as)…as,themore…themore方式状语从句as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等I时间状语从句1、当while,when,as引导时间状语从句时的区别:(1)while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时,或状态动词的一般时。while的这些用法可用when代替。E.g.Pleasekeepquietwhile(when)othersarestudying;(2)when除可指一段时间外,还可用来指一点时间,等于“atthetime”,也就是说when-31- 引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的,也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时,进行时,或完成时。E.g.WhenIwentintothelab,theteacherwasdoinganexperiment.(when不能换成while)HeoftenmakesmistakeswhenheisspeakingEnglish.(when可换成while)(3)as常可与when,while通用,但强调“一边、一边”。E.g.As(when,while)Iwaswalkingdownthestreet,Inoticedapolicecarinfrontofnumber37.(4)when有时代替if,引导条件句,意为“如果”、“假如”E.g.I’llcomewhen(if)I’mfree.2、till,until引导时间状语短语或状语从句,用于否定句时,结构为not…until(till),主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可,意为“直到…才…”。用于肯定句时,只与延续性动词连用,表示“到…为止”。E.g.Theyplayedvolleyballuntil(till)itgotdark./Theydidn’ttalk(延续性动词)until(till)theinterprete(r译员)came./Hedidn’tgotobed(非延续性动词)until(till)thehisfathercameback.;until可以放在句首,till则不行,E.g.Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptonplaying./Notuntilhefinishedhisworkdidhegohome(.倒装);till,until只用于时间,以下句子是错误的:Wewalkedtilltheedgeoftheforest.(要用asfaras或to)。II地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。E.g.Sitwhereveryoulike.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.III条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性(有可能实现的事情)与非真实性(条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情)条件句。引导条件状语从句的词(组)主要有if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)。注意:条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。E.g.Ifheisnotintheoffice,hemustbeoutforlunch.Youmayborrowthebooksolongasyoukeepitclean.SofarasIknow(据我所知),hewillbeawayforthreemonths.Youcangoswimmingonconditionthat(=if)youdon’tgotoofarawayfromtheriverbank.Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.IV原因状语从句because,since,as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别:1.如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子,一定用because回答。E.g.Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.;2.如原因已为人们所知,或不如句子的其他部分重要,就用as,或since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。E.g.Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest./Sinceeveryoneishere,nowlet’sbegin.V结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句,通常主句是原因,从句是结果。由sothat(从句谓语一般没有情态动词),so…that,such…that等引导。E.g.Shewasill,sothatshedidn’tattendthemeeting.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotsayaword.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateveryoneadmiresher.VI目的状语从句-32- 引导目的状语从句最常用的词(组)是so,sothat(从句谓语常有情态动词),inorderthat,incase(以防,以免)等。E.g.Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.ShehasboughtthebookinorderthatshecouldfollowtheTVlessons.Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.VII让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,nomatterwho(when,what,…)等引导。注意:as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。E.g.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Childasheis,heknowsalot.Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,I’llneverchangemymind.VIII比较状语从句比较状语从句常用than,so(as)…as,themore…themore等引导。E.g.Ihavemadealotmoremistakesthanyouhave.Hesmokescigarettesasexpensiveashecanafford.Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.IX方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等引导。E.g.YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.Heactedasifnothinghadhappened.X使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件(有时也在方式、让步等)从句中,主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。E.g.We’llgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.I’llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句,如果从句的主语与主句主语一致(或虽不一致,是it),从句的谓语又包含动词be,就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。E.g.When(hewas)stillaboyoften,hehadtoworkdayandnight.If(youare)askedyoumaycomein.If(itis)necessaryI’llexplaintoyouagain.3、注意区分不同从句:引导的是什么从句,不仅要根据连词,还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例,能引导多种从句。E.g.Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.(地点状语从句)Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.(定语从句,句中有先行词)Idon’tknowwherehecamefrom.(宾语从句)Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.(主语从句)Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.(表语从句)4、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。(1)as引导时间状语从句,意为“当…时”。例如:As(hewas)ayoungman,hewasastorekeeperandlaterapostmaster./Hesangasheworked.(2)as引导方式状语从句,意为“象…一样”。例如:WemustdoasthePartyteachesus.(3)as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”,例如:Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest.(4)as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Childasheis,hecandoitwell.(=Althoughheisachild,hecandoitwell.)另外,as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句,如:Ihavethe-33- samebookasyou.16.倒装句和省略句I倒装句用法分倒装条件句型结构例句类完Therebe…句型Therearemanystudentsinourschool.全表地点的介词短语置于句首:Neartheriveris/standsapinetree.倒地点状语+谓语(be,lie,sit等)+主语装here,there,now,then(只用过去式),up,down,Outrushedtheboy.away,out等副词位于句首Thencametheteacher.直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首,主句倒“Youhadbetterstayathome,”saidmymother.装。结构:“,”said/askedsb.强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡Fastenedtothepoleisthenationalflag.Wesawahouse,infrontofwhichstoodatalltree.部主谓宾结构的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?/Whydid分youbuyit?倒seldom,never,little,hardly,nowhere,bynoSeldomdoeshewatchTV.装means,innotime等表否定意义的副词或短BynomeanswillIgiveuptrying.语置于句首。Only+状语置于句首Onlywhenyouhavegrownupcanyouunderstandyourparents.notonly…butalso…连接并列的句子,前倒后Notonlydoeshedowellinstudy,butalsoheis不倒readytohelpothers.neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so/such…that中such/so的修饰成分置于句首SofastdidhespeakthatIdidn’tfollow时前倒后不倒him./Suchgoodplayersaretheythattheyoftenwin.as引导的让步状语从句Childasheis,heknowsalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外Hecanplaythepiano.SocanI.的人或事wedidn’twin.Neitherdidthey.表示祝愿的祈使句Mayyouhaveagoodtrip.省略if的虚拟条件句:结构:WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitthisway.Were/Had/Should+主语+谓语动词II特别提示1.Therebe结构的倒装句型中,there后还可接lie,live,seemtobe等。例如:Therelivedanoldmaninthevillagelonglongago.2.here,there,now,then(只用过去式),up,down,away,out等副词位于句首,主语为代词时不倒装。例如:Outherushed.3.直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首,主句倒装。但是主语为代词时不倒装。“Youhadbetterstayathome,”shesaid.4.So位于句首不倒装的情况:主语与前句相同,表赞同,译为“确实如此”。-34- 例句:---Mikestudieshard.---Sohedoes.(确实是。)比较:(---SodoI.我也是。)5.表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事,前句如果列举了两种事实以上,用“Soitis/waswithsb/sth.”回答。---Tomiskindandoftenhelpsthoseintrouble.---Soitiswithhisfather.III省略句用法用so,not等来省略上文或问Canhefinishtheworkontime?句中的一部分或整个句义Ithinkso.(Ithinkhecanfinishtheworkontime.)分类说明他能按时完成工作吗?我认例为句他能。并列复合句中一些相同的成Wetriedtohelpherbut(wetried)invain.省略主语(It)Doesn"tmatter.没关系。分可以省略我们试着帮助她,但是没有用。句省略谓语ITwhiosncltohcekfiwrsotrrkascewaenlldbTuotmth(awton)ethdeoessenc"ot(nwdo.rkwell).这个子我钟赢表了运第行一得场很比好,赛,但汤是姆那赢个了不第行。二场。成省略宾语Idon"tknow(it).我不知道这件事。分省略表语Isheastudent?Yes,heis(astudent).他是一名学生吗?是的的,他是。省略省略定语Partofthemoneybelongstomymotherandtherest(ofthemoney)belongstomyfather.一部分钱属于我妈妈,其余的钱属于我爸爸。省略状语Hewasnothurt.(How)Strange!他没有受伤。真奇怪!省略从句Iwouldaccepttheinvitation(ifIwereyou).(如果我是你)我会接受邀请的。省略整句WillyouteachEnglishtothestudents?Yes.(IwillteachEnglishtothestudents.)你要教学生英语吗?是的。小省略介词Heisbusy(in)doinghishomework.他正在忙着写作业。品省略连词thatIamsure(that)wewillsucceed.我确信我们会成功。词Thisisthedress(which)IboughtinShanghai.这是我在上的省略关系代词海买的裙子。省略强调句型强调疑问词时,常省Whenwasit(that)youreceivedhise-mail?固略强调句型中的that你收到他的电子邮件是什么时候?定在if,when,though,asifIf(itis)necessary,wewillgotherebyair.结等连词引导从句时,如从句中如果有必要,我们会乘飞机去那里。构的主要动词是be,常将主语和Henrylookedaboutasif(hewere)insearchof中be动词省略something.亨利向四周环视,似乎在寻找什么。的在口语中,为了避免重复,不Youmaygohomeifyouwishto(gohome).省略定式可以省去和前面句子相如果你愿意,你可以回家了。同的动词,只保留不定式符号to由固定词组引导的疑问句Howaboutplayingfootball?去蹋球怎么样?Whynotgotherewithus?为什么不和我们一起去?-35- 17.强调句“Itis/was…who/that…”强调句型是重要的句型之一。此句型可强调主语、宾语、状语。如果强调谓语时,用do/does/did+动词原形。高考通常考查强调句与几个易混句型连词的使用和强调句的问句。说明例句1强调主语,其后的谓语动词和主Itishewho/thatoftendoesgooddeeds.语在人称和数上保持一致。ItisIwho/thatamlookingforyou.2强调部分除了指人可用ItisthebookthatIwant.who/whom,其他只能用that3notuntil…句型的强调句ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIrealizedmymistake.可转强换为以下句型:1)NotuntilyoutoldmedidIrealizemy调mistake.2)Ididn’trealizemymistakeuntilyoutoldme.句4与主语从句(Itis/was…that-1)Itistrue/afactthattheywonthegame.(it是形式主语)型clause)的区别2)ItwasinXiamenthatIfirstmethim.(强调句的特点:去掉注Itwas…that后句子仍成立。意5与“Itbe…before(时间过多久Itwastwohoursbeforeheworkedouttheproblem.(两个小事才…)/since(自…以来多长时间时后他才算出这道题)项了)句型的区别Itistwoyearssincehejoinedthearmy.(他参军两年了)6与“Itbe…when/where定语从句Itwasin1919thathewasborn.((强调句)的区别Itwas1919whentheMay4thMovementtookplace.(定语从句)ItwasinBejingthatImethim.((强调句)ItwasBeijingwhereImethim.(定语从句)18.虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不是表示客观存在的事实。真实语气与虚拟语气的区别主要在谓语动词的形式上。I虚拟语气在从句中的用法和构成类别用法例句从句动词:过去式(be用were);主句动词:Ifhewerehere,he与现在事实相反should/would/could/might+动词原形wouldhelpus.if引IfIhadbeenfree,I从句动词:had+过去分词;主句动词:导的与过去事实相反wouldhavevisitedshould/would/could/might+have+过去分词条件you.从句从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+Ifitshouldrain与将来事实相反不定式;主句动词:should/would/could/mighttomorrow,wewould+动词原形notgocamping.其他状Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadasif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式语从句beenfriendsforyears.evenif/though引导的从句,与现在将来/事实相反:从句动词用过去式,主句动词用should/would+动词原Eveniftheyweretofail,they形。与过去事实相反:从句动词:had+过去分词;主wouldn’tlosecourage.句动词:should/would+have+过去分词-36- 宾语从demand,suggest,order,insist等表命令、建议、要求后Hesuggestedthatwenotchange句的从句中动词(should)+动词原形ourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式、过去完成式和could/would+动词原形表示与现在、过去和将来情况IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.相反主语从在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,ItisItisstrangethatsuchaperson句suggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句shouldbeourfriends.中,谓语动词用(should)+动词原形表语从Myadviceisthatyou(should)作idea,advice,order,demand,request等表命令、建议、句和同finishyourhomeworkfirst.要求的词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词用位语从Theideathatyou(should)gois(should)+动词原形句right.其他句Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原It’shightimethatweleft.型中形wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完Iwouldratheryoustayedathome成式now.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!强烈的愿望II其他要注意的事项1.虚拟语气中出现be的过去式,只能用were。2.suggest表“暗示、表明”和insist表示“坚持认为”,其后的宾语从句用陈述句语气。例如:Youpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill./Heinsistedthathewasright.3.if虚拟语气条件句中如有had,should,were,可省略if,将其提前引起倒装。例如:WereIyou,Iwouldremain./Hadyoutoldmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavemissedit.4.可用with,butfor代替虚拟语气条件句。例如:Butforyourhelp.Iwouldhavefailedtheexam.Withoutairtherewouldbenolife.5.asif/though,evenif/though也可以不用虚拟,表示真实的情况。例如:Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.19.主谓一致主谓一致是指主语和谓语要保持人称和数上的一致,主语的“人称”和“数”决定谓语动词的变化。I主谓一致原则原则概念例句语法一致原则指主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;SteveEmberisagoodplayer.主语是复数形式,谓语也用复数形式Childrenliketoys.意义一致原则指主语形式上为单数.但表示复数意义,Myfamilyarehavinglunchnow.谓语动词用复数形式;或主语形式上为复Newsistravellingfastnowadays.数.但表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式就近一致原则谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式取决Thereisaknifeandtwoforkson于最靠近它的主语thedesk.-37- Eitheryouorheistogo.II概念归纳1.表时间,距离,金额,重量,数字等的复数名词作“整体”看时,谓语常用单数。Twohoursisquiteenough.2.以-s结尾的名词作主语时,根据其意思来决定谓语动词的单复数。1)表学科的名词(physics)、书报名(theTimes)、国名(theUnitedStates)或组织名称(theUnitedNations)及news-单数2)单复同形的名词,如:means,works等。Everymeanshasbeentried./Allmeanshavebeentried.3)theOlympicGames-复数3.集体名词作主语时,视其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数:1)people,police,cattle等名词-复数2)clothing,furniture,equipment等名词-单数3)family,class,government等名词表示整体时单数,表单位成员时复数。4.anumberof/avarietyof+复数名词,the+形容词指“一类人”时作主语,谓语用复数thenumberof/thevarietyof+复数名词,the+形容词指抽象的“事物”时,谓语用单数如:Thebeautifulislovedbyall.(表抽象的概念)5.以and连接的两个名词作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式,但名词有each,every,no修饰时,谓语动词用单数。Walkingandridingaregoodexercises.Eachboyandeachgirlwantstohaveaholiday.注意:当and连接的两个单数名词在意义上指的是同一人,物或概念时,仍用单数。Theteacherandwriterispopularwithhisstudents.(区别:Theteacherandthewriterare…)6.动名词、不定式或从句作主语时,谓语用单数。但what引导的主语从句视后面的表语而定。Whatweneedistime./Whatweneedarebooks.7.主语后接with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,but,except,besides,like,ratherthan,inadditionto等短语时,谓语根据主语用单复数。8.在“oneof+复数名词+who/that”引导的定语从句中的动词用复数,但当one之前有等the(only/very)修饰语时,从句中的动词则用单数。Thisisoneofthegirlswhowerelateforschoolthismorning.Thisistheonlyoneofthegirlswhowaslateforschoolthismorning.9.glasses,shoes,trousers等复数名词若其前有pair/kind/type/boxof等量词修饰时,谓语根据量词的单复数而定。10.由“alotof/lotsof/plentyof/halfof/therestof/mostof+名词/代词或分数/百分数+名词”作主语时,谓语视其所接的名词决定单复数。Three-fifthsofthebooksareintendedforthepoorstudents.Therestofthemoneybelongstoyou.11.由or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等连接的名词/代词作主语及therebe结构,谓语与靠近的主语一致。NotonlywebutalsotheteacherlikeslisteningtoMP4.Thereisabookandtwopensonthedesk.12.不定代词(all指人除外),manya+名词单数,morethanone作主语时,谓语用单数。-38- Allhasbeenfinished./Allarelateforthemeeting.20.直接引语和间接I直接引语和间接引语的区别直接引语直接引述别人的话,用“”间接引语转述别人的话,不用“”II直接引语改为间接引语时,如引述动词为过去时,间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。遵循下列规律:在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词thisthatthesethose时间状语nowThentodaythatdayyesterdaythedaybeforelastweektheweekbeforetomorrowthenextdaynextyearthenextyeartwodaysagotwodaysbefore地点状语herethere动词时态一般现在时(work)一般过去时(worked)(以work为现左进行时(is/areworking)过去进行时(was/wereworking)例)现在完成时(has/haveworked)过去完成时(hadworked)一般过去时(worked)过去完成时(hadworked)过去完成时(hadworked)(不变)(hadworked)一般将来时(willwork)过去将来时(wouldwork)动词变化can/maycould/mightmusthadtocomegobringtakeIII各种句型的直接引语改成间接引语时的相应变化各种句型变化要领例句陈述句连接词用that,在口语中可省Shesaid:“Hewillbebusy.”→Shesaidthathewouldbebusy.一般疑问用if或whether,改为陈述语序ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”→句SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.特殊疑问用原句中的疑问词作连接词,改为陈Theteacherasked,“howdidyourepairit?”→句述语序TheteacheraskedmehowIhadrepairedit.祈使句用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构Themothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”→ThemotheraskedTomtogetupearly.IV直接引语变间接引语时,几种不变的特殊情况不变的情况例句-39- 1.直接引语是客观真理,谚(习)Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”→语Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.2.被引述的部分是反复出现的,习Hesaid,“Wearestillstudents.’→惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在Hesaidtheyarestillstudents.3.引语中有明确的表示过去的时间Hesaidtome,“Iwasbornin1978.”→状语,时态不变Hetoldmethathewasbornin1978.4.引述部分含有insist,suggest,Shesaid,“Hedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.”→demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句,变Shesaidhedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.间接引语时,引语中的主从句时态都不变5.引述动词是现在时,则间接引语Shesays,“I’llneverforgetthemoment.”→中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变Shesaysthatshe’llneverforgetthemoment.-40-