高中英语语法：名词性从句讲义 18页

高中英语语法：名词性从句讲义一四类名词从句在英文中，名词或名词短语主要充当四种成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语。如果把句子当做名词来用，分别在另一个句子当中做主语、表语、宾语（动词宾语和介词宾语）和同位语，于是构成四种从句。因此我们说名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句必须用陈述句语序,也就是说,(疑问词)+主语+谓语+其它.简单句主从复合句解释ThebookisinterestingWhatIamreadingisinteresting主语从句Ibelievehiswords.Ibelievewhathesaid宾语从句Englishisausefultool.ThebookiswhatIwant.表语从句IlikethebookGonewiththeWindThemothermustacceptthefactthatherbabyisdeaf.同位语从句陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句可以充当名词性从句陈述句TheEarthisround.Thattheearthisroundisafact.一般疑问句Doesheneedmyhelp?Idon’tknowwhetherheneedsmyhelp.特殊疑问句Wheredidhego?Idon’tknowwherehewent.引导名词性从句的常用连词 连词that对应于陈述句在句子中不作为成分连词whether,if对应于一般疑问句在句子中不作为成分副词when,where,why,how代词who,whom,what,which,whose对应于特殊疑问句状语：when,where,why,how主语、宾语、表语：whatwhom,what定语：which,whose，后面接名词陈述句可以分别充当四种句子的成分对于陈述句我们需要在句首加上that，然后把that+陈述句这个结构分别放在另一个句子的四种位置构成四种名词从句一主语从句把that+陈述句这个结构放在主语位置ThatEnglishisdifficultisnotmyidea.有人认为英语很难，我可不这么认为Thattheworldisroundisafact.Thatthemoonitselfdoesnotgiveofflightiscommonknowledge.更常见的是用it作为形式主语放在句首，将主语从句放在句末Itisobviousthathedoesn’tunderstandEnglish.ItisafactthattheworldisroundItiscommonknowledgethatthemoonitselfdoesnotgiveofflight.Itiscommonknowledgethatthewhaleisnotafish.Itiscommonknowledgethataflashoflightningisseenbeforeaclapofthunderisheard.我们先看见闪电后听到雷声这是基本常识。Itisshamethatyoudidnotpassthetest.主语从句的重点句型归纳1It+be+过去分词+that从句Itisreportedthat ItisbelievedthatItisgenerallythoughtthat人们普遍认为ItshouldbenotedthatIthasbeenfoundthatItmustbepointedoutthat必须指出同样可以这样用的动词有：say,expect,know,estimate,forecast等2It+be+形容词+that-clauseItisclearthatItispossiblethatItislikelythatItisnaturalthatItiscertainthatItisstrangethatItisfortunatethatItisnecessarythat3It+be+名词短语+that-clause例如apity/afact/ashame/anhonor,agoodidea,nowonder.commonknowledgeItisapitythatItisafactthatItisgoodnewsthatItisagoodthingthatItisnowonderthatItisashamethatItisanhonorthatItismybeliefthatItisamiraclethat二宾语从句1把that+陈述句这个结构放在宾语位置Ithink(that)youareright.Weknowthattheworldisround.Ithinkthatasoundknowledgeofgrammarisindispensabletogoodwriting.我认为扎实的语法功底对英文 写作是极为重要的。2只有宾语从句中that才可以省略，主语、表语、同位语从句中一般都不省略that。3动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.4allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等及物动词后可以接不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以接that引导的宾语从句。Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.(对)Iadmirethattheywonthematch.(错)5作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.Itdependsonwhetherwewillgo.介词宾语中如果关系词whether,不可以换成if;Iamnotinterestedinwhatheisdoing.HewillwriteabookonhowChinesepeoplelearnEnglish.6that从句作介词宾语只用于exceptthat和inthat结构。例如：Hisreportiscorrectexceptthatsomedetailsareomitted.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustocorrectourmistakes.7作形容词的宾语例如：Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。8.It可以作为形式宾语It不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：We thinkitpossiblethatthepricewillrise.find/make/see/hear/feel/think…+it+adj./n.+that…句型中,it作形式宾语,that引导真正的宾语从句,不能省;9besure/certain/glad/afraid/sorry/pleased+that…句型中,that可以省;Areyoucertainthatyou’llgetthereintime?Hewasdisappointedthathefailedtogetthemasterdegree.10.whatis/wasthematter/wrongwithsb作宾语从句,不改变语序;Whoknowswhatisthematter/wrongwithhim?11.有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,第二个和第二个以后的从句必须用that引导.Shesaidshewaspleasedathervictoryandthatshewouldworkharder.12.否定转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。Idon’tthink(that)thefilmisinteresting.Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。Idon"tthinkIknowyou.我想我并不认识你。Idon"tbelievehewillcome.我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。Ihopeyouweren"till.我想你没有生病吧。三表语从句把that+陈述句这个结构放在表语位置Myideaisthatthechildshouldbesenttoschool.四同位语从句把that+陈述句这个结构放在同位语位置Hewaspreparedtoprovehistheorythattwodifferentweightsshouldfalltothegroundatthesametime.他想证明他的理论两个不同种类的物体将同时落地。 Thefactthathesucceededintheexperimentpleasedeverybody.TherumorthatTomwasathiefturnedouttobeuntrue.注意同位语从句可能与所修饰的名词被其他成分分开以使得整个句子的结构显得平衡。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.WordcamethatHusseinhadbeencaptured.Theyspreadthelieeverywherethattomwasguiltyoftheft.Asayinggoesthatpracticemakesperfect.这种结构在阅读文章当中常见，遇到时要认真分析句子才能理解。Drearymonthsdraggedbybeforethetragicnewsreachedherthatherbelovedbrotherhadbeenkilledforanti-Naziactivities.在狱中挨过数月苦闷的日子后，突然一天噩耗传来：她敬爱的哥哥在反法西斯运动中被杀害。That的重要性ThatEnglishisdifficultisnotmyidea.Englishisdifficultisnotmyidea如果不加that，就有两个谓语，意思就混淆不清，二英文中句子的核心意思主要靠谓语表达，一个句子只能表达一个核心只能有一个谓语。Hesaidnowordatthemeetingwasstrange.Hesaidthatnowordatthemeetingwasstrange.他说会上人们的发言都很正常没有什么奇怪的。Thathesaidnowordatthemeetingwasstrange.他在会上一言不发，很奇怪一般疑问句可以分别充当四种句子的成分一般疑问句要变为陈述句并且用whether/if来引导一主语从句Whetherhecomesornotmakesnodifferencetome.二宾语从句Idon’tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp. 三表语从句Myconcerniswhetherhecomesornot.四同位语从句Theyarefacedwiththeproblemwhethertheyshouldcontinuetowork.注意：if只用于引导宾语从句，而whether可以引导四种名词性从句。If不和ornot连用，whether可以。特殊疑问句可以分别充当四种句子的成分特殊疑问句变陈述句语序Therearousethequestionwherewecouldgettheloan.Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.Whyherefusedtocooperatewithusisstillamystery.一主语从句September11,2001startedoutasanordinaryday,butwhathappenedthatmorningwillbeforeveretchedinourmemories.911时间将会永远铭刻在人们记忆中Whatweneediswhollynewkindofpoliceforce.我们需要全新的警察机关Whathetoldyouistrue.Whowillchairthemeetinghasnotyetbeendecided.Whyherefusedtocooperatewithusisstillamystery.Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis.注意Whatever,whoever,whichever引导的主语从句的区分。whatever相当于anythingthat,是what的强调形式，表示“无论什么”。例如：Whatevershedoesisridiculous．whoever相当于anyonewho,是who的强调形式，表示“无论谁；任何……的人”。例如：Whoeverwalksaroundinsuchaheavyrainwillcatchacold． whichever“无论哪个;无论哪些”,既指人,也指物;可以单独使用,可以修饰名词,也可以后跟of短语。例如：Whicheverofusfulfilshistaskfirstwilllendahandtoothers．Whicheverbookyouborrowdoesn"tmattertous．二宾语从句Themotherwillbuywhicheverbookshersonwants.Youshouldvoteforwhichcandidateyouassumebest.IhavenotdecidedwhomIshouldvotefor.Theygavewhocametothemeetingapamphlet.Couldyoutellmewherethepostofficeis?Wedon’tknowwhyhedidnotcomeyesterday.三表语从句Changeiswhatkeepsusfreshandinnovative.Changeiswhatkeepsusfromgettingstale.唯有变化才能使我们思维敏锐，富有创意，唯有变革才能使我们永葆青春。Thepointiswhosebookisthemostinteresting.Moneyiswhatwearebadlyinneedof.Yesterdayishistory.Tomorrowismystery.Todayisagift.That’swhyitiscalledthepresent!Thepointiswhenyouwillbecomerich.Thisiswhereourbasicinterestlies.Myquestioniswherewearegoingtohaveourholiday.Theproblemishowwecangetthethingsweneed.(how在表语从句中充当方式状语)ThescissorsarenotwhatIneed.(what在表语从句中充当宾语)ThatiswhatIwanttotellyou.(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)Thatiswhyshefailedtopasstheexam.(why在表语从句中充当原因状语) 注意可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等,“Thatiswhy...”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，Thatiswhyyouseethisoldwomanbeforeyouknow,Jeanne.珍妮，这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。下面是两个与“Thatiswhy...”形式相似的结构，它们与“Thatiswhy...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：(1)“Thatiswhy...”与“Thatisthereasonwhy...”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“Thatisthereasonwhy...”中why引导的是—个定语从句，将其中的thereason去掉则与“Thatiswhy...”结构一样，例如：Thatis(thereason)whyIcannotagree.(2)“Thatisbecause...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“Thatisbecause...”与“Thatiswhy...”之间的不同在于“Thatisbecause...”指原因或理由，“Thatiswhy...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，例如：Hedidnotseethefilmlastnight.Thatisbecausehehadtohelphislittlesisterwithherhomework.(第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因)Hehadseenthefilmbefore.Thatiswhyhedidnotseeitlastnight.(第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)四同位语从句Ihavenoideawhoheis.Thequestionwhoshouldgoabroadonthisbusinesstourrequiresconsideration.Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.Therearousethequestionwherewecouldgettheloan.同位语从句常放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,discovery,information,word,message,thought, suggestion,answer,belief,promise,conclusion,order,suggestion,problem,question,report,belief,decision,doubt,opinion,theory等抽象名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。Wearesurprisedatthefactthatthechildrendiditontheirown．TheyexpressedthehopethatwewouldgoandvisitGermanyagainThenewsthathisheathisfailingmadeussad.Ihavenoideawheretheyarespendingtheirholidays.Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.Thereisnodoubtthathewillcomehereagain.Hewastorturedbythedoubtwhetherhewouldaccepttheirpresents.同位语从句和定语从句结构相似，通常位于某一名词或代词后面，两者存在的区别：同位语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明，是该名词性成分具体内容的体现(相当于名词的作用)。that引导的同位语从句中引导词that不在该同位语从句中充当句子成分，但不能被省略，同位语从句还可以用whether、how等连词引导(定语从句则不能)。1)Thenewsthattheyhadwonthebattlesoonspreadoverthewholecountry.(同位语从句)2)Thenewsyoutoldmeyesterdaywasreallydisappointing.(定语从句)定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰、说明先行词的性质或特征(相当于形容词的作用)，定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当特定的句子成分(that在其引导的限定性定语从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语，充当定语从句中宾语的that经常可被省略)。①Wecan’tsolvetheproblemhowwecantravelfasterthanlight.(how引导的从句表示其前面的名词theproblem的具体内容，属于同位语从句)②Ican’tremembertheproblemthattheyhave.(引导词that就是that引导的从句中have的宾语，theproblem 的具体内容也没有得到说明，故本句中that引导的从句是修饰problem的定语从句)①Iwon’tbelievethefactthatheliedtohismother.(that引导同位语从句对fact的具体内容进行说明，that在其中不充当具体的句子成分)②Iwon’tbelievethefact(that)hetoldme.(that引导定语从句对fact进行限定，that在该从句中充当宾语)①ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.(that引导同位语从句对news的具体内容进行说明，that在其中不充当具体的句子成分)②ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.(句中的第一个that引导定语从句限定先行词news，第二个that引导表语从句)①Wehavenoideaatallwherehehasgone.(where引导同位语从句说明idea的具体内容)②That’stheplacewherehewasborn.(where引导定语从句限定先行词place)同位语从句Thesuggestion(that)heraisedatthemeetingisverygood.（that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略）Thesuggestionthatthestudents(should)haveplentyofexerciseisverygood.（that引导同位语从句）Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.（that引导同位语从句,不能省略）Haveyougottheidea(that)thisbookgivesyouoflifeinancientGreece?（that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略）名词性从句考点透视名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其用法复杂,考查面广、量大,是同学们颇感棘手的语法项目,也是历年来高考的重点之一。现在让我们走近名词性从句,剖析其考查热点,探索其命题规律。一、考查名词性从句的语序不管主句的语气如何,名词性从句总是使用陈述语序。 Noonecanbesure________inamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllooklikeB.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhatD.whatlookwillmanlike二、考查it作形式主语的用法英语中为了使句子保持平衡,常用先行词it代替主语从句,而把主语从句放到句子的后面。________isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It三、考查关联词的正确选用这是近几年高考的重中之重。解决这一问题可以从以下几点入手:1.依据"缺什么补什么"的原则确定正确的连词认真分析句子成分,看从句中缺什么成分,再根据语境和语义,选用恰当的连词。如果从句中缺少主语,指人用who,指物则用what或which;如缺宾语,指人用whom,指物用what;如缺时间状语用when;地点状语用where;原因状语用why;方式状语用how;定语用what或which;如果从句中什么成分都不缺,用that。例如:Idon"tknowwhowillbeourEnglishteachernextterm.(缺主语,指人用who)Iknowwhatshouldbedoneandwhatshouldn"tbedone.(缺主语,指物用what)I"msurethathewillcometomorrow.(什么成分都不缺,用that)Wherehewillgoisstillunknown.(缺地点状语,用where)Idon"tknowwhich/whattopicIshouldchoose.(缺定语,用what或which)-IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.-Isthat________youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where2.注意几组易混连词的使用1)what与that 这是高考测试的一对热点连词,同学们一定要将其掌握。that引导名词性从句时仅起连接作用,不作句子任何成分,除在宾语从句中外一般不可省略;what引导名词性从句时,除起连接作用外,还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语和定语等句子成分。________hesaidistrue.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.Whether2)whether与ifwhether与if在引导动词的宾语从句时,两者一般可以互换,但在引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及作介词宾语的宾语从句或后面直接跟ornot时,只能用whether。________we"llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where3)"wh-+ever"与"wh-""wh-+ever"引起的名词性从句不含疑问意义,相当于名词/代词后加一个定语从句;而"wh-"如what,which,who,whom,when,where等除与前一种从句有相同的含义之外,还都有疑问意义。①Eat________cakeyoulikeandleavetheothersfor________comesinlate.A.any;whoB.every;whoeverC.whichever;whoeverD.either;whoever②________hashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.A.WhoB.TheoneC.AnyoneD.Whoever③It"samatterof________wouldtaketheposition.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomD.whomever3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句都跟在名词后,极易为某些同学混淆。同位语从句是用来对前面的名词解释说明的,而定语从句是用来对先行词加以限制的;引导同位语从句的that在从句中不作任何成分,而引导定语从句的关系代词that则在定语从句中担任主语或宾语。①Finally,thethiefhandedeverything________hehadstolentothepolice.A.whichB.whatC.whateverD.that ②Informationhasbeenputforward________moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as【Exercises】：1.Thesephotographswillshowyou_____.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike(89)2.Canyoumakesure______thegoldring?A.whereAlicehadputB.wheredidAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceput(90)3.Noonecanbesure_____inamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllooklikeB.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhatD.whatlookwillmanlike(91)4.--Wehaven"theardfromJanealongtime.--Whatdoyousuppose_____toher?A.washappeningB.hashappenedC.tohappenD.havinghappened(91)5.Goandgetyourcoat.It"s_____youleftit.A.thereB.whereC.therewhereD.wherethere(92)6._____the2000OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That(92)7._____hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeveryone present.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThatfactD.Thematter(93)8.--Doyouremember_____hecame?--Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.A.howB.whenC.thatD.it(94)9._____wecan"tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what(95)10.Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup_____therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when(97)11.Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.A.HoweverlateisheB.HoweverheislateC.HoweverishelateD.Howeverlateheis(97)12.Dr,BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,Ican"tremember_____.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that(98)13.Whydoyouwantanewjob_____you"vegotsuchagoodonealready?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when(98)14.－－I,mgoingtothepostoffice.－－＿＿＿＿＿you"rethere.canyougetmesomestamps?A.AsB.WhileC.BecauseD.If(99)15.＿＿＿＿＿you"vegotachance.youmightaswellmakefulluseofit. A.NowthatB.AfterC.AlthoughD.ASsoonas(99)16．－－IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.－－Isthat＿＿＿＿＿youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where(99)17.Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings＿＿＿＿＿youcanfindthemagainA.whenB.whereC.thenD.there(99)18.We"llhavetofinishthejob.＿＿＿＿＿.A.longittakeshoweverB.ittakeshowewerlongC.longhoweverittakesD.howeverlongittakes(99)19.______shecouldn"tunderstandwas_______fewerandfewerstudnetsshowedinterestinherlesson.A.What,whyB.That,whatC.What,becauseD.Why,that(2000)20.Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee___________.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitis(2000)KEYS:1-5BCABB6-10CAAAB11-15DCDBA16-20ABDAD【ExercisesTwo】：1.Doyousee_____Imean?A.thatB./C.howD.what2.Tellme_____isonyourmind.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.why3.Wemuststickto_____wehaveagreedon. A.whatB.thatC./D.how4.Letmesee_____.A.thatcanIrepairtheradioB.whether-IcanrepairtheradioC.IcanrepairtheradioD.whethercanIrepairtheradio5.Keepinmind_____.A.thattheteachersaidB.whatdidtheteachersayC.thatdidtheteachersayD.whattheteachersaid6.Couldyouadviseme_____?A.whichbookshouldIreadfirstB.whatbookshouldIreadfirstC.thatbook1shouldreadfirstD.whichbookIshouldreadfirst7.Hewascriticizedfor_____.A.hehaddoneitB.whathehaddoneC.whathadhedoneD.thathehaddoneit8.Wouldyoukindlytellme_____?A.howcanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationB.howIcangettotheBeijingRailwayStationC.wherecanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationD.whethercanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStation9.Mrs.Smithwasverymuchimpressedby_____.A.whathadsheseeninChinaB.thatshehadseeninChinaC.whatshehadseeninChinaD.whichhadsheseeninChina10.Wetookitforgranted___A.thattheywerenotcomingB.thatweretheynotcomingC.theywerecomingnotD.weretheynot coining11.Ireallydon"tknow_____A.IshoulddonextB.whatshouldIdonextC.whatIshoulddonextD.howIshoulddonext12.I"mafraid_____.A.thelittlegirlwillhavetobeoperatedonB.thatwillthelittlegirlhavetooperateonC.thelittlegirlwillhavetooperateonD.thatwillthelittlegirlhavetobeoperatedon13.Shewalkedupto_____.A.wheredidIstandB.whereIstoodC.IstoodthereD.whereIstoodthere14.Canyoutellme_____?A.whoisthatgentlemanB.thatgentlemaniswhoC.whothatgentlemanisD.whom.isthatgentleman15.We"llgiveyou_____.A.thatdoyouneedB.whatdoyouneedC.whateveryouneedD.whetherdoyouneed