初三英语语法专项复习 24页

初三年级英语语法复习讲义初中英语复习专辑（1）——名词名词的数1、可数名词与不可数名词A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water;meat;rice;bread;milk;tea;orange(桔汁);fruit;air;snow;chalk;work;paper(纸);time(时间);music;weather;grass;news;food;fish(鱼肉);coke;porridge;cake(可数或不可数).不可数名词应注意以下几点：1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单.2)表量用约数some/any;much;alotof或用of短语2、可数名词的复数A、不规则变化：man—men;woman—women;child—childrenpoliceman—policemenEnglishman—EnglishmenFrenchman—Frenchmenfoot—feet;tooth—teethmouse(鼠)—miceB、规则变化1）s;sh;ch;x结尾加es读[iz]2)ce;se;ze;(d)ge结尾加seg.boxes[bksiz]blouses[blauziz]3)f(fe)结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz]eg.knives[naivz]4)“辅+y”结尾变y为i加es清就清[s]5)一般加s浊就浊[z]eg.books[buks]pens[penz]babies[beibiz]但注意以下几点：①potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes②单复同形:fish;sheep;deer;Chinese;Japanese③由man,woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数mandoctor—mendoctors④reef—reefs⑤“某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面.eg.German—Germans⑥people,police常用单数形式表示复数概念Thepolicearelookingforthemissingboy.3、名词所有格：名词’s(意思是“……的”)A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意：1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s”LucyandLily’sfather露西和莉莉的父亲Lucy’sandLily’sfathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.2)以s结尾的词只加“’”eg.1)theboys’books2)James’father3)无生命的名词所有格用of来引导eg.thelegofthedesk4)双重所有格：afriendofmyfather’safriendofmine(√)afriendofmy(×)练习一、选择正确的答案()1.—Arethose______?---No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.A.sheep;cowsB.sheep;cowC.sheeps;cowD.sheeps;cows()2.Mum,I’mquitethirsty.Pleasegiveme____.A.twoorangeB.twobottlesoforangeC.twobottlesorangeD.twobottlesoforanges()3.Ihavegot___newsfrommyfriend.Doyouwanttoknow?A.averygoodB.anyC.apieceofD.twopieces()4.___roomisonthe5thfloor.A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily’sC.Lucy’sandLilyD.Lucy’sandLily’s()5.EverymorningMr.Smithtakesa____tohisoffice.A.20minutes’walkB.20minute’swalkC.20-minuteswalkD.20-minutewalk()6.ThisisJamesAllanGreen.Wecancallhim____.A.Mr.GreenB.Mr.AllanC.Mr.JamesD.JamesGreen()7.JackandTomare____.A.goodfriendsB.goodfriendC.agoodfriendD.goodafriend()8.It’sonlyaboutten____walktothenearestpostoffice.A.minutesB.minute’sC.minutes’D.minute24 ()9.Heoftenhas____forbreakfast.A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreadsC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()10.Mrs.Greenhastwo____.They’reverybright.A.childsB.childC.children’sD.children()11.WhatdidtheheadmastersayaboutJim’s______.A.twomonthsholidayB.twomonths’holidayC.two-monthholidayD.twomonth’sholidays()12.Iwon’tgotherewithyou,forIhavealotof____todo.A.worksB.jobC.workD.working()13.LiLeiisafriendof___.A.IsisterB.mysister’sC.mesisterD.mysisterof()14.Haveyouread____?A.today’sB.todaypaperC.thetoday’spaperD.today’spaper()15.Howmany___arethereintheroom?A.boxesB.boxC.boxsD.boxxes()16.Many____havebeenbuiltinourcitysince1987.A.factorysB.factoriesC.factoryesD.factorys()17.Therearelotsof___inthebasketonthetable.A.tomatosB.tomatoC.tomatoesD.tomatoss()18.Thecatcaughttwo___lastnight.A.mousesB.miceC.mouseD.mices()19.Jackwenttohavetwo___pulledoutyesterdayafternoon.A.toothsB.toothC.teethD.toothes()20.Inourschooltherearefifty-five___.A.womenteachersB.womanteachersC.womenteacherD.woman’steacher()21.Thethree___willbeputintoprison.A.thiefsB.thiefC.thievesD.thiefs’初中英语复习专辑（2）——冠词1、不定冠词a,ana用在辅音音素开头的词前eg.abookausefulbooka“u”[ju:sful][ju:]an用于元音开头的词前.eg.anappleanhouran“F”[au][ef]2、定冠词the1)特指某人/某物Thebookonthedeskismine.2)世上独一无二的事物前thesun,themoon,theearth,thesky3)形、副最高级及序数词前Thethirdboyisthetallestofall.(但当这些词前已有其他限定词，如物主代词、所有格、指示代词时，则不能再用the)HeismyfirstEnglishteacher.4)the+姓的复数表示“某家人”或“某夫妇”。theGreens格林一家/格林夫妇3、不用冠词的几种情况：1)在星期、月份、季节前不用冠词2)学科名词前3)球类运动及早、中、晚三餐名词前（但：①当三餐名词前有修饰词时，则要加适当的冠词.②表乐曲演奏的名词前应加the）1)Hewenttoschoolafterhehadaquickbreakfast.2)playtheviolin/piano练习()1.Thereis____“s”in____word“bus”.A.a;aB.an;theC.a;theD.an;a()2.Mathsis___usefulsubject.Youcan’tdropit,Ithink.A.anB.aC.theD./()3.____badweatheritis!A.HowB.WhataC.HowaD.What()4.—Whatcoloris___orange?--It’s_____orange.A.an;anB.an;theC.an;/D./;an()5.Mr.Liis____oldworker.A.anB.aC.someD./24 ()6.Lookat____picture!There’s____houseinit.A.a;aB.the;theC.a;theD.the;a()7.Onemorninghefound____handbag.Therewas___“s”onthecornerof___handbag.A.a;an;theB.a;a;theC.a;a;aD.the;an;a()8.What___interestingstoryitis!A.aB.anC.theD./()9.Meimeiis___beststudentinherclass.A.aB.anC./D.the()10.Tomis___kindboy.All___studentslovehim.A.a;/B.a;theC.an;/D.an;the()11.Is___bookonthedeskmine?Yes.A.theB.aC.anD./()12.Evenwhilehewasin___hospital,hewentonwritingsongs.A.aB.anC.theD./()13.Don’tread_____.A.inbedB.inthebedC.onbedD.onthebed()14.Smithis____honestman.A.aB.theC.anD./()15.Chinahas___populationof1,200,000,000.A./B.anC.theD.a()16.What’s____for“椅.子”?A.EnglishB.anEnglishC.theEnglishD.anyEnglish()17.Maryis___clevererofthetwogirls.A.theB.aC.anD.much()18.____youngmustlookafter___old.A.The;aB.The;theC.A;aD.A;the()19.___earthisoneof____planets.A.The;sun’sB.The;thesunC.The;thesun’sD.The;thesuns’()20.Tokyois___.A.thecapitalofJapanB.capitalofJapanC.JapancapitalD.acapitalofJapan()21.Katesometimesplays___violin(小提琴)andsometimesplays___tabletennisbeforesupper.A./;theB.the;/C.the;theD./;/()22.–Haveyouseen___pencil?Ileftitherethismorning.--Isit___redone?Isawit.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a()23.Thereis_______orangetreebehind_____house.A.an;theB.a;aC.the;theD.an;/()24.—Howlongdidyoustaythere?--Abouthalf___hour.A./B.oneC.aD.an初中英语专辑（3）——代词（一）指示代词：this,that,these,those.this,that一般与可数名词的单数连用，而不与不可数名词连用（但that可单独指代不可数名词）。thatapple(√)thatmeat(×)TheweatherinSichuanisnotsohotas______inGuangzhou.[that](二)人称代词、物主代词和反身代词1）人称代词：主格、宾格（作主语为主格，作宾语为宾格;介+宾格）eg.1)Ithankyou2)Youthankme.2）物主代词：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。一变(my—mine);二留(his—hisits—its)三加s(your—yours;our—ours;her—hers;their—theirs)eg.Thisis_____（我的）book.Thisbookis______（我的）.[my;mine]单数复数yourselfyourselvesmyselfourselveshimselfthemselvesherselfitself3）反身代词：某某自己；亲自反身代词的常见搭配：24 1.enjoyoneself玩得高兴；过得愉快2.hurtoneself伤着自己3.teachoneself=learn…byoneself自学4.(all)byoneself（完全）独立地5.helponeselfto请自便；随便吃…6.lookafteroneself自理；照顾自己7.leaveonebyoneself把…单独留下8.loseoneselfin陶醉于…；沉浸于…（三）不定代词1)some与any一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句、疑问句（但表邀请、建议的问句中可用some—此类句型常以could,would开头）2)many+可数=alotof:许多much+不可数（但alotof不能用于否定句）3)few,afew;little,alittle表否定表肯定可数few(几乎没有)afew(几个；一些)不可数little(几乎没有)alittle(一点儿少许)①.Thestoryiseasytoread.Thereare____newwordsinit.②.Hurryup!Thereis_____timeleft.4)everyone/anyone不加ofnoone不加ofnoneof()____ofuswantstoreadthebook.A.EveryoneB.EveryoneC.NobodyD.Noone5）other,another,others单数复数泛指another三者以上的另一个定语主语、宾语othersome…others特指one…theother一个…另一个theothers=theother+复名(另外的人或物)①.Westudy_____subjectsbesidesChinese.②.MayIhave___________apple?③.Thesecupsareclean.________aredirty.④.Ihavetwopens.Oneisred,________isblue.[other;another;others;theothers]另外注意：oneanother(三者以上的)相互eachother(两者的)相互Weshouldlearnfromeachother(说明we指两个人)Theyhelponeanother(说明they指三个人以上)6)二者与三者复数单数单数二者both(都)neither(都不)either(任何一个)三者all(都)none(都不)any(任何一个)注意：①.both否定neitherall否定none②.both,all不但作主语为复数，且被修饰的词也为复数；neither,none作主语为单数，但noneof+复名，neitherof+复名()1.____ofmyparentsisateacher.[B]A.NoneB.NeitherC.BothD.All()2.Therearemanytreeson____sideoftheriver.[C]A.bothB.anyC.eitherD.alleveryone/anyoneof7)each:(二者以上的)每个——作主、宾、定）every:(三者以上的)每个——只作定语）①.____studentintheclasslikesEnglish.②.___ofthestudentsstudiedhard.24 练习()1.____officeismuchsmallerthan____.A.Ours;yoursB.Our;yoursC.Theirs;our()2.“Help___tosomemeat.”myunclesaidtome.A.themselvesB.yourselfC.yourselves()3.Therearetwentyteachersinourschool.Eightofthemarementeachersand____arewomenteachers.A.othersB.theothersC.another()4.Thereisn’t____paperinthebox.Willyougoandget____forme?A.any;someB.any;anyC.some;any()5.Therearemanytreeson___sidesofthestreet.A.bothB.allC.each()6.___ofthemhasadictionaryand____oneofthemcanlookupwordsinit.A.Each;everyB.Every;eachC.Every;every()7.“Whenshallwemeet,thisafternoonortonight?”“Idon’tmind.____timeisOK.A.EitherB.EveryC.Neither()8.Wouldyoulike___cupoftea?A.otherB.theotherC.another()9.Thetwofriendsweresopleasedtoseeeachotherthattheyforgot_____.A.othereverythingB.anythingelseC.everythingelse.()10.____ofhisparentsisateacher.A.BothB.NeitherC.None()11.Theriverisverydirty.____peoplegotoswiminit.A.FewB.AfewC.Little()12.Afriendof____cametosee____yesterday.A.his;hisB.he;himC.his;him()13.Youcan’tleaveyourbabyby___athome.A.herselfB.himselfC.itself()14.Myfatherisverybusywithhiswork.Hehas___timetohavearest.A.littleB.alittleC.few()15.Ihavethreeskirts.Oneisred.___twoareblack.A.anotherB.theotherC.theothers()16.Jackhas___friendshere.Soheoftenfeelslonely.A.alittleB.afewC.few()17.Whoteaches___French?A.weB.ourC.us()18.Theboyswerealltired,but___ofthemstoppedtohavearest.A.anyB.someC.none()19.Sorry,Ican’tansweryourquestion.Iknow____aboutthenews.A.alittleB.littleC.few()20.—Hello,Bill!Help____toacake.—Thanks.A.yourB.yourselfC.yourselves四、数词数词分为基数词和序数词。用于表示事物数目的词称为基数词，表示事物顺序的词称为序数词。1.基数词(1000以内的基数词的读法)365—threehundredandsixty-five505—fivehundredandfive2.基数词变序数词的方法：基变序，有规律；词尾要加th。一二三，特殊记；词尾分别tdd。八去t，九去e；ve则以f替。ty则变作ti;后面还有一个e。要是遇到几十几；只将个位变成序。eg.one—firsttwo—secondthree—thirdeight—eighthnine—ninthtwelve—twelfthtwenty—twentiethtwenty-one–-twenty-first3.数词的应用：A、时刻表达法：整点：基数词+o’clockeg.It’seighto’clocknow.几点几分：1．直接表达法：先小时后分eg.3:25threetwenty-five2.间接表达法：先分后小时1)(<30分钟)用past：分钟past小时eg.3:25twenty-five(minutes)pastthree24 2)(>30分钟)用to：(60-分钟数)to(小时数+1)eg.3:35twenty-five(minutes)tofour3)30分钟=half15分钟=aquartereg.3:30threethirty=halfpastthree3:15threefifteen=aquarterpastthree.3:45threeforty-five=aquartertofourB、日期表达法：月日，年（或日月年）1949年10月1日:October1st,nineteenforty-nine=thefirstofOctober,nineteenforty-nine2000年:theyeartwothousand=twentyhundred2001年:twentyoone3月1日:Marchthefirst=thefirstofMarchC、表编号：第207房间：Room207第五课：Lesson5=thefifthlessonD、序数词与不定冠词(a;an)连用表“又一；再一”eg.You’vedoneitthreetimes.Whynottryafourthtime?E、分数的表达：分子（基数）、分母（序数）eg.onethird三分之一twothirds三分之二注意：1.分子超过1时，分母加s2.含分数的短语作主语由分数后的词决定谓语eg.1)Onethirdofthestudentsaregirls.2)Onethirdofthemilkismine.3.分数的特殊形式1)onethird=athird2)onefourth=aquarterthreefourths=threequarters3)onesecond=ahalfF、一些数词的复数+of表约数：hundredsof;thousandsof;millionsof练习()1.Ifyougooutatnight,you’llbeabletosee____starts.A.thousandsofB.thousandofC.ninethousandsofD.thousands()2.Mondayis___dayoftheweek.A.firstB.thefirstC.thesecondD.second()3.You’vedoneittwice.Whynottry____time?A.thirdB.thethirdC.athirdD.once()4.Whichisthe____month?It’sSeptember.A.nineB.ninethC.ninthD.ninety()5.Decemberis___oftheyear.A.thetwelfthmonthsB.thetwelfthmonthC.thetwelvethmonthsD.twelvemonths()6.Thereare___floorsinthebuildingandhelivesonthe____floor.A.eighteen,fifteenB.eighteenth,fifteenthC.eighteen,fiveteenD.eighteen,fifteenth()7.Iwasborn___,1982.A.onJune2rdB.inJune2ndC.onJunetwoD.onJune2()8.It’s____fromourhometothezoo.A.twoandahalfhours’walkB.ahalfandtwohourswalkC.twohoursandahalfhour’swalkD.twoandahalfhour’swalk()9.Whattimeisitnow?It’s___tosix.A.quarterB.aquarterC.quartoC.aquarto()10.Willyoubebackin____?A.oneortwominutesB.oneminuteortwoC.twominutesoroneD.twooroneminute()11.Mary’sunclewenttoFrance____.A.inhisthirtiesB.onhisthirtiesC.athisthirtiesD.abouthisthirties()12.Theheadmasterwrotea___report.A.twothousandwordsB.two-thousand-wordsC.two-thousandwordsD.two-thousand-word()13.____oftheapplesinthefruitbowlaresoftandsweet.A.Two-thirdB.Second-thirdC.Two-thirdsD.Second-thirds()14.Wehavelearnedabout____thesedays.A.severalhundredsEnglishwordsB.hundredsofEnglishwordsC.hundredofEnglishwordsD.severalhundredEnglishword()15.AUNreportsaysthatthewordpopulationwillpasssixbillionbytheendof____century.24 A.twentiethB.twentyC.thetwentiethD.thetwentyth五、介词1.in;on;at用在时间词前，表“在”1)at+具体时刻2)on+具体某天（具体某天的上、下午等；星期词；以及上、下午词前有修饰词时）3)in+年、月、季节及一天中的某部分但注意：atnight=inthenightatnoonatthis/thattimeatChristmaseg.1.___themorning2.___Mondaymorning3.___arainyevening4.___3:505.__20026.___themorningofApril107.___spring8.___night9.___thistime10.___March另外注意：在时间词（morning,afternoon,evening;Sunday…）前有last,next,this,that时，不再用介词.tomorrow,tonight前也不用介词。eg.Iwillgo(A)tothecinema(B)in(C)thisevening.______________2.in,on,at表地点：at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：eg.1)Hearrived___Shanghaiyesterday.2)Theyarrived___asmallvillagebeforedark.3)Thereisabighole____thewall.4)Theteacherputupapicture____thewall.3.in,on,to表方位in(范围内)；on(范围外且接壤)；to(范围外但不接壤)。可表示为下图的位置关系eg.1)TaiwanisinthesoutheastofChina.2)HubeiisonthenorthofHunan.3)JapanistotheeastofChina.cross:动词“跨过，越过”=goacross4.across:（表面）跨过through:（内部）穿过，贯穿介词eg.1)Canyouswim_____theriver?2)Theroadruns__________theforest.3)_____thebridge,you’llfindacinema.5.in+时间段：与将来时连用after+时间段：与过去时连用但after+时间点：可与将来时连用。1)I’llleave_______threeo’clock..Thatis,I’llleave________abouttenminutes.2)Theyleft_______twoweeks.6.inthetree(外加在树上的事物)onthetree(树上自身具有的花、果、叶等)inthewall(镶嵌在墙内部的事物)7.onthewall(墙表面的事物)1)Thereisamap___thewall2)Therearefourwindows___thewall.8.bybike/bus/car/ship(单数且无冠词)但当这些交通工具名词前有其它修饰词时，则应使用相应的介词。eg.bybike=ona(the;his)bikebycar=ina(the;her)caron:在…（表面）上——接触9.over:在…的正上方above:在…的斜上方未接触1)Themoonrose______thehill.2)Thereisabridge_____theriver.3)Thereisabook______thedesk.10.between:在（两者）之间among:在（三者以上）之间1)AbigcrowdofpeoplewerewaitingforLiLidaonthebeach.________themwerehisparents.2)Tomsits________LucyandLily.11.on与about:关于on用于较正式的演讲、学术、书籍等about用于非正式的谈话或随便提及eg.Hegaveatalk____thehistoryoftheParty24 12.infrontof:在…前面/方（范围外）=beforein/atthefrontof:在……前部（范围内）1)Thereisabigtree_______oftheclassroom.2)Adriverdrives_________ofthebus.类似区别：atthebackof与behind13.with和in:表示“用“with:指“用工具、手、口等”in:指“用语言、话语、声音等”1)Pleasewritetheletter____apen.2)Pleasespeak____aloudvoice.14.onafarm;inafactory;thegirlinthehat;leavefor:动身前往某地15.一些固定搭配：（1）介词与动词的搭配listento,laughat,getto,lookfor;waitfor,hearfrom,turnon,turnoff,worryabout,thinkof,lookafter,spend…on…,等。（2）介词与名词的搭配ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,withpleasure,onone’swayto,introuble,atbreakfast,attheendof,intheend等。（3）介词与形容词的搭配belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,beinterestedin,beangrywith,befullof,besorryfor等。六、连词:从属连词和并列连词（一）从属连词：用于连接各种从句的连词（二）并列连词：并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：1.表并列关系的and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor等。2.表选择关系的or,either…or等。3.表转折关系的but,while（然而）等。4.表因果关系的for,so等。5.and:“和”在肯定句中表并列or:“和”在否定句中表并列另外：1)or“或者”用于选择疑问句2)or“否则”eg.①.Whichdoyoulikebetter,teaormilk?②.Hurryup,oryou’llbelateforschool.6.but“但是”表转折eg.Ilistened,butIheardnothing.注意：1)though(虽然),but(但是)不能连用2)not…but不是…而是eg.Thisbookisn’tminebutyours.both…and:既…又（连接主语为复数）neither…nor:既不…也不连接两主7.either…or:或者…或者语后者决notonly…butalso:不但…而且定单、复eg.1)BothheandIarestudents.2)NeitherhenorIamastudent.练习()1.___theafternoonofMay,wevisitedtheoldman.A.OnB.AtC.In()2.Manypeoplework___thedayandsleep___night.A.on;atB.in;inC.in;at()3.HespeaksJapanesebest____theboystudents.A.betweenB.withC.among()4.Awolf___asheepskinisourdangerousenemy.A.withB.inC.on()5.Joanhopestocomeback___threedays.A.afterB.forC.in()6.Theysentthelettertome___mistake.A.byB.forC.with()7.Helefthome___acoldwinterevening.A.atB.onC.in()8.Shanghaiis____theeastofChina.A.inB.onC.to()9.____myfather’shelp,Ihavefinishedmycomposition.A.UnderB.OnC.with24 ()10.He’sverystrict____himselfandhe’sverystrict___hiswork.A.with;inB.in;withC.with;with()11.Ireallycan’tagree____you.A.toB.onC.with()12.Theshopwon’topen___nineinthemorning.A.untilB.atC.during()13.Howabout___theflowersnow?A.wateringB.arewateringC.watered()14.Shespentallhismoney___books.A.inB.withC.on()15.Theyaretalking___lowvoices.A.withB.inC.on()16.It’sverykind___youtohelpus.A.forB.toC.of()17.Whatwillyouhave___breakfastthismorning?A.withB.forC.by()18.Aplaneisflying____thecity.A.onB.overC.above()19.Youarefreetospeak___themeeting.A.atB.inC.on()20.Mr.GreenwillstayinChina___Friday.A.toB.onC.till()21.It’swrongtoplaytricks___otherpeople.A.onB.ofC.with()22.Whichcolordoyoulike?Ipreferblue___red.A.forB.asC.to()23.Thestudentwillgiveusatalk___howtouseoursparetime.A.forB.onC.in()24.Ipaidtwohundredyuan___thatkindofbicycle.A.inB.forC.on()25.Thedoctorisverykind___hispatientsA.toB.onC.at()26.Wecan’tlive___air.A.inB.withC.without()27.Thechildwasafraid___thestrangesound.A.atB.forC.of()28.Hewasveryangry___herforbeinglate.A.forB.withC.at()29.Whatdoyouthink___theplay?A.aboutB.likeC.of()30.Ithinkit’stherightwaytoworkouttheproblem,butIamnotsure_____it.A.doB.forC.of()31.Reading___thesunisn’tgood___youA.under;forB.in;forC.in;to()32.Iwon’taskaboutit,I’mgoingtoseeit____myowneyes.A.byB.forC.with()33.Wegotoschooleveryday____Sunday.A.exceptB.withoutC.on()34.Thereisasmallriver___thetwotownsA.inB.betweenC.among()35.LiLeisometimesfallsasleep___thelesson.A.forB.throughC.during()36.Mr.BlackwenttoParis___afewdays.A.forB.inC.after()37.Theywillleave________Londonnextmonth.A.toB.fromC.for()38.Areyougoingtothezoo___busor___mycar?A.on;byB.by;inC.on;in()39.Hewokeupseveraltimes___thenightA.inB.atC.on()40.Noonecanstopher___goingaway.A.ofB.fromC.outof()41.Whatdoyoumean___“baozhi”?A.onB.withC.by()42.You’llgetanicepresent____yourparents____yourbirthday.A.from;onB.for;atC.frm;in()43.Lightcomesin____thewindow.A.fromB.acrossC.through()44.Therearemanyapples___thetree.Abird___thetreeispickinganapple.24 A.in;onB.on;inC.in;at()45.“Whoareyougoingtoplay____?”“GradeTwo.”A.aboutB.byC.against()46.Don’tgo___thestreet.Thebusiscoming.A.crossB.acrossC.past()47.Helives___thetwentiethfloor___No.154ZhongshanStreet.A.on;atB.in;inC.on;in()48.Hefoundapieceofusefulinformation___theInternet.A.atB.onC.in()49.___mysurprise,helostthegame.A.WithB.ToC.On()50.Theblindmanknowsthemoney___touchingandfeelingit.A.withB.byC.through()51.WetraveledovernighttoParisandarrived_______5o’clock______themorning.A.on;inB.at;inC.at;onD.in;on()52.Where’sLily?Weareallhere_______her.A.besideB.aboutC.exceptD.with()53.Shesentherfriendapostcard_______abirthdaypresent.A.onB.asC.forD.of()54.JackhasstudiedChineseinthisschool_______theyearof2000.A.sinceB.inC.onD.by()55.---Whatisawritingbrush,doyouknow?---It’s_______writinganddrawing.A.withB.toC.forD.by()56.Englishiswidelyused______travellersandbusinesspeopleallovertheworld.A.toB.forC.asD.by()57.______thehelpofmyteacher,Icaughtupwiththeotherstudents.A.UnderB.InC.WithD.On()58.HongKongis______thesouthofChina,andMacaois______thewestofHongKong.A.in;toB.to;toC.to;inD.in;in()59.---You’dbetternotgooutnow.It’sraining.---Itdoesn’tmatter.Mynewcoatcankeep______rain.A.inB.ofC.withD.off()60.Japanlies______theeastofChina.A.toB.inC.aboutD.at()61.---WilltheforeignershaveanyproblemstalkingwithChinesein2008?---Idon’tthinkso.Now______theyoung______theoldcanspeaksomeEnglish.A.either…orB.notonly…butalsoC.neither…norD.both…or()62.Wedidn’tcatchthetrain_______weleftlate.A.soB.becauseC.butD.though()63.Tomfailedintheexamagain_______hewantedtopassitverymuch.A.ifB.soC.thoughD.as()64.Iwon’tbelievethatthefive-year-oldboycanreadfivethousandwords______Ihavetestedhimmyself.A.afterB.whenC.ifD.until()65.Thebookwassointerestingthathehadreaditforthreehours______herealizedit.A.whenB.untilC.afterD.before()66.---Thisdresswaslastyear’sstyle.---Ithinkitstilllooksperfect______ithasgoneoutthisyear.A.sothatB.eventhoughC.asifD.eversince()67.Hurryup,_______youwillmissthetrain.A.andB.soC.howeverD.or()68.Themountainwas______steep_____fewpeopleinourcityreachedthetop.A.so…asB.so…thatC.as…asD.too…to()69.---DoyourememberourpleasantjourneytoXi’an?---Ofcourse.Iremembereverything______ithappenedyesterday.A.assoonasB.eventhoughC.ratherthanD.asif()70.______youcan’tanswerthisquestion,wehavetoasksomeoneelseforhelp.A.AlthoughB.WhileC.WhetherD.Since七、形容词、副词的比较等级1.原级：表示A与B在某方面相同。句型：1)A+谓+as+原级+as+B2)A+谓(否定)+as/so+原级+as+BA与B在某方面不同24 注意：notas/so…as=lessthan不及；不如eg.1)Thisgirlisasbeautifulasthatone.2)Youdon’teatsomuchasI3)Thisbookisn’tasinterestingasthatone=Thisbookis________________thatone2.比较级：两者进行比较（常与than连用）1)Iamclevererthanyou我比你聪明。2)HerunsfasterthanJim他比Jim跑得快。3)IpickedmoreapplesthanJim.我比你摘的苹果多。4)Whichismoreinteresting,thisoneorthatone?哪本书更有趣，这本还是那本？3.最高级：三者（或三者以上）进行比较（常与表范围的in,of短语连用）(注意：of+个体名词单数in+集合名词)eg.1)ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.2)Herunsfastestinourclass.3)Heisthetallestofthethreeboys.4)Whichistheeasiest,Lesson1,Lesson2orLesson3?4.形、副比较等级的其他用法1)“比较级and比较级”表示“越来越……”eg.lazierandlazier越来越懒(但注意：如果多音节词用此结构时应为moreandmore+形、副)eg.moreandmorebeautiful越来越漂亮2)“the比较级，the比较级”“越……，越……”eg.themore,thebetter多多益善_________youare,_______youwillget.你越懒，收获越少。3)“the比较级of+二者”“二者中较……的一个”eg.1)Lucyistheyoungerofthetwins.2)Of(A)thetwobooks(B)thisone(C)isthicker(D)._________4)表示二者相差多少用“具体数量+比较级”eg.He’saheadtallerthanme.Mybrotheristwoyearsolderthanme5)表示“是……几倍”时用“twice;threetimes等+as…as”eg.1)Thisbookcoststwiceasmuchasthatone.这本书的价钱是那本书的两倍。2)HehasfourtimesasmanybooksasIhave他拥有的书是我拥有的四倍。6)区别older/elder与farther/furtherolder（年龄较老的）elder（指兄弟姐妹中排行在前的）eg.My______brotheris______thanme.farther(指距离“较远的”)further(指抽象事物的“更进一步的”)eg.1)Hewentabroadfor________studies.2)Fusunis_________fromourschoolthanZhaohua.形、副比较等级还应注意1.比较级前用alittle;much/alot;even/still来加强语气，表示“……一点儿；……得多；更……”eg.1)alittlebigger大一点儿2)muchmore多得多3)evenheavier更重但注意：不能在比较级前加so;too;very;quite等。2.比较级必须是同类事物相比（即as;than后的词应与主语是同类事物），注意常用漏的代词有：that;those;one;oneseg.1)Theapples(A)inthisbasket(B)areredder(C)thaninthatbasket(D)._________2)Thisknife(A)isn’t(B)so(C)newasthat(D)._______________3)Ourclassroom(A)is(B)bigger(C)thanLily(D)._______________3.个体与整体相比，不能包括个体，常用“anyother+单数名词”来进行比较。eg.1）Betty(是个体)isclevererthananystudentinherclass(是整体).(×)正：Bettyisclevererthananyotherstudentinherclass.=Bettyisclevererthananybodyelseinherclass.=Bettyisthecleverestinherclass.(特别注意以上三种句型的转换)2)ChinaisbiggerthananycountryinAfrica.24 中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。3)ChinaisbiggerthananyothercountryinAsia.中国比亚洲的任何一个其他国家大。*4.使用最高级时应把主语包括在范围内。eg.Maryisthetallestofallhersisters.(×)(allhersisters已排除了Mary)改：Maryisthetallestofallthesisters.5.表示“第二、第三……”时，可在最高级前加“second,third,…”（但“第一”不能用first）eg.TheChangjiangRiveristhefirstlongestriverinChina.改错：________________在形容词的最高级前一般加the,副词的最高级前一般不加the(但当形容词最高级前有物主代词、所有格时则不再加the)。eg.Lilyismythebestfriend.(改错)________形容词作表语、定语，修饰名词(但部分形容词不能作定语，只能表语：ill;alone;asleep;afraid;interested;excited;surprised).副词作状语，修饰动词。练习选择填空()1.Whichlanguageis____,English,FrenchorChinese?A.difficultB.thedifficultC.moredifficultD.themostdifficult()2.YangpuBridgeisoneof___intheworldA.biggerbridgeB.thebiggestbridgeC.thebiggestbridgesD.biggerbridges()3.TomistallerthanMike.Butheisnot____Mike.A.strongasB.sostrongasC.sostrongD.asstrong()4.MostofthepeopleinGuangdongaregetting______.A.moreandrichB.morerichandmorerichC.richerandricherD.richandrich()5.Thistextis____easierand____interes-tingthanthatone.A.more;muchB.much;moreC.more;moreD.much;much()6.Whichdoyoulike____,beef,porkorchicken?A.goodB.wellC.betterD.best()7.Putonmoreclothes.Itissnowing___outside.A.stronglyB.heavyC.heavily()8.Johndrivesas___asTom.A.carefullyB.goodC.niceD.fine()9.IsChinalargerthan____inAfrica.A.anycountryB.anyothercountryC.anycountriesD.allcountries()10.My___brotheris___thanI.A.elder,threeyearsolderB.older;olderC.older;threeyearselderD.elder;elder()11.LiMeiismorebeautifulthan___inherclass.A.anygirlB.anyothergirlC.allthegirlsD.anygirls()12.Thisproblemis___thanthatone.A.tentimeseasyB.tentimeseasierC.tentimesmoreeasyD.tentimeeasier()13.Thisfilmis___interestingthanthatone.A.moreB.muchC.veryD.themost()14.Thereis___intoday’snewspaper.A.interestingnothingB.nothinginterestingC.interestednothingD.nothinginterested()15.Theteacheraskedallthestudentsintheclasstokeeptheireyes____.A.closeB.tocloseC.closingD.closed()16.Thefatmanalwayssayshismeatlooks____andsells_____.A.good;goodB.well;wellC.good;wellD.well;good()17.Itseemsthatmenare____makingcomputersthanwomen.A.betteratB.goodatC.wellinD.weakin()18.Theword’spopulationisgrowingfasteveryminute,especiallyinsome___countriesA.westB.moredevelopedC.eastD.lessdeveloped()19.Thisbridgeisnot___longandwide____theoneinmyhometown.A.so;asB.very;thanC.too;asD.very;as()20.Ithinkthesonginthefilm“Titanic”is___oneofallthemoviesongs.A.themostbeautifulB.mostbeautifulC.muchmorebeautifulD.abeautiful()21.LinTaoisas___asZhangHua.A.strongB.strongerC.strongestD.thestrongest()22.Sarais___tired___moveafterthehardwork.A.very;toB.quite;toC.too;toD.so;that()23.Jackdidn’trun___tocatchthebus.A.enoughfastB.quicklyenoughC.enoughslowD.slowlyenough24 ()24.Thedriverisvery___.Heoftendriveshiscar_____.A.careful;carefulB.carefully;carefullyC.carefully;carefulD.careful;carefully()25.Look!Allthechildrenareworking___onthefarm.A.carefulB.hardC.busyD.happy()26.ThepopulationofShanghaiis___thanthatofXi’an.A.smallerB.fewerC.muchD.larger动词不定式与动名词的区别1.(hope;learn;want=wouldlike;decide)todo2.(enjoy;finish;keep;mind;practise)doing8.介词+doingeg.1)What/Howaboutdoing2)begoodatdoing宾语从句与状语从句中的时态1.状语从句中的时态：主句时间、条件句1）一般将来时2）祈使句3）情态动词原形一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时eg.1)I’llcallyouassoonashe______(come)back.2)Hewon’tgotobeduntilhe_________(finish)hishomework.3)I’llhelpyouifI_____(be)freetomorrow2.宾语从句中的时态：主句宾语从句一般现在时一切时态24 一般过去时过去范畴的某一时态（一般过去时；过去进行时；过去完成时；过去将来时）但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时，则只能用一般现在时。eg.1)Hesaidhisfather_________(come)backintwodays.2)Theteachersaidlight________(travel)fasterthansound.主谓一致1.表“时间、距离、金钱、长度”的名词短语做主语时应看作一个整体，视为三单eg.Twomonthsisquitealongtime.2.people;police形单实为复，作主为复eg.Thepolicearelookingforthemissingboy.3.maths,news,physics形复实为单，作主为单4.family;class看作整体时作主语为单数；看作整体中的各成员时则为复数。eg.1)Myfamilyisabigone.2)MyfamilyarewatchingTV.5.由with,except,aswellas连接的两名词作主语，谓语由前者决定eg.TheteacherwithhisstudentsisgoingtoBeijingtomorrow.6.由neither…nor;either…or;notonly…boutalso连接的两名词作主语，谓语由后者决定eg.NeitherhenorIamateacher.7.不定代词（something;anything;nothing;someone;anyone;everyone…）作主语为三单Nobodyknowsitexceptme.8.Oneof+复名…作主语为单数eg.Oneofmyfriendsisacomputerengineer.9.“the+姓的复数”作主语为复数eg.TheLiusarewatchingTVnow.10.sheep;deer;fish单复同形，注意区别作主语是单还是复eg.1)Therearemanysheeponthehill.2)Milk____white,andsheep______white,too.(be填空)11.therebe结构中，如果有两个以上的名词作主语，则be应与最接近的那个名词一致。（即：靠近原则）eg.1)There____aboxandsomepensonthedesk.2)There____somepensandaboxonthedesk.12.either,neither,each作主语为三单eg.Neitherofthetwins______(like)drawing.13.由两部分构成的事物名词（trousers,glasses,chopsticks）作主语为复数，但当前面有pair短语修饰时，则谓语由pair的单复数来决定谓语。eg.1)Where____(be)myglasses?2)Thatpairoftrousers____(be)Mr.Green’s延续性动词与非延续性动词buy—have;borrow—keep;die—bedead;leave—beaway(from);comeback—beback;fallasleep—beasleep;open—beopen;catchacold—haveacold;go/getout—beout;arrive(reach/getto/cometo)+地点—bein+地点；join—bein+集体（或be+成员）；turnon—beon;turnoff—beoff;getaletterfrom—havealetterfrom.end/finish—beover;getup—beup;1)Hehas(A)bought(B)thefridge(C)for(D)twoyears._________2)Howlong(A)may(B)Iborrow(C)the(D)book?_________3)Thefilm(A)hasbegun(B)forfiveminutes(C)._________4)Tomhasgot(A)theletter(B)from(C)Jimfortwodays(D).__________5)Ihave(A)caught(B)acoldsincetwoyearsago(C).____________6)Hehas(A)cometo(B)Beijingfortenyears(C)___________7)Mybrother(A)hasjoined(B)thearmy(C)for(D)fiveyears.___________练习用所给动词的适当形式填空1.Mother________(watch)TVeveryevening.2.We________(talk)whentheteachercamein.3.He________(go)toBeijingtwodaysago.4.He________(leave)Chengduintwodays.5.Look!Theboy________(play)footballontheplayground.6.Myuncle______(live)herefortenyears.7.Heoftenhelpstheoldwoman_______(carry)water.24 8.Wouldyouliketomakeacontributionto________(improve)ourlivingconditions?9.Don’tforget________(turn)offthelightsbeforeyougoout.10.Pleaseletthegirls_____(go)first.11.Theyhadgreatfun________(play)footballthisafternoon.12.Doyouenjoy________(watch)TV?13.Wouldyoulike______(have)acupoftea?14.Youcan______(go)theretomorrow.15.Wouldyoumindmy_____(open)thedoor?16.Pleaseaskhim_______(speak)moreloudly17.I’llgofishingifit____(be)finetomorrow.18.Hesaidhisgrandpa________(be)deadfortenyears.19.Tellthechildren__________(notplay)inthestreet.20.MrZhuspentmuchtime_________(help)mewithmyEnglish.21.I’lltellyouassoonashe____(come)back.22.Eachofus_____(want)togotocollege.23.Thankyoufor______(help)me.24.Theteachertoldustheearth____(go)roundthesun.25.Myfatherisgoodat_____(fish).26.You’dbetter______(nottalk)inclass.27.Theteacherstopped_______(talk)touswhenwewentintotheoffice.28.Isawher_______(cook)whenIgothome.29.Look!Awomanwithtwochildren_____(be)comingtowardsus.30.Hisfamily___notbig,butthefamily____(be)interestedinmusic.31.Twomonths_____(be)quitealongtime.32.HeaskedifTom______(come)intwodays33.Oneofourteachers_____(be)aforeigner.34.TheGreens______(have)beentotheGreatWalltwice.35.Heispracticing_______(speak)EnglishwithMr.Green.36.Thispairofglasses___mine.Theglassesonthetable____his(be).37.There____anapple,apearandsomebananasonthetable.(be)38.______(read)inbed___(be)badyoureyes.39.Hello,Jim!I________(notknow)youweinChengdu.I______(tell)youwerestillinLondon.40.It_______(say)thatanotherbridge_______(build)overtherivernextyear.41.Helefttheroomwithout_______(say)goodbye.42.Manytrees________(plant)inourschoolyardtheseyears.43.Thepolice_____(be)tryingtocatchthethief.44.Thefamily_____(be)spendingtheweekendtogether.选择填空()1.—MustIturnoffthelightnow?---No,you_______A.needn’tB.mustn’tC.can’t()2.Ourteachertoldusthesun____intheeast.A.roseB.risesC.isrising()3.He___backinamonth.A.willcomeB.comeC.came()4.I___himbefore.A.metB.hadmetC.havemet()5.Theteacher____toJapanthisyear.She’snowtellingherpupilsaboutit.A.wentB.hasbeenC.hasgone()6.It____hardwhenIgothomeyesterday.A.rainedB.israiningC.wasraining()7.Whynot____again?A.totryB.tryC.trying()8.Hehasfinished____theletter.A.writingB.towriteC.wrote()9.It_____everynight.A.happensB.ishappenedC.happened()10.Thepolicemantoldthechildren____inthestreet.A.notplayB.nottoplayC.don’tplay()11.Theboxistooheavyforme____.A.tocarryitB.tocarryC.carryingit()12.Stop____andlistentotheteacher.A.toreadB.readC.reading()13.Heisstilllookingforahouse____.24 A.toliveB.toliveinC.toliveinit()14.Iheardher___whenIpassedherroomjustnow.A.singB.singingC.tosing()15.—MayIgowithyou?---No,you______.A.maynotB.cannotC.mustn’t()16.Therearesome____intheriver.A.airB.fishC.water.()17.Sheep__whiteandmilk___white,too.A.is;isB.is;areC.are;is()18.Theclass___goingtoseeafilmthisafternoon.A.amB.isC.are()19.Jim’sshoes____underthebed.A.areB.isC.was()20.Threeyears____quitealongtime.A.isB.areC.were()21.Theclothesaremine.Yours____underthebed.A.isB.areC.were()22.There___alotofnewsintoday’snewspaper.A.isB.areC.were()23.--CanyouanswerthisquestioninEnglish?No,I_____.A.needn"t B.mustn"t C.maynot D.can"t()24.Theteacherwantedus_____Exercise1,butyouletme______Exercise2.A.todo,do B.todo,todo C.do,todo D.do,do ()25.MissGreensawawallet______onthegroundwhenshewalkedpasttheschoolgate.A.lie B.lying C.lies D.tolie ()26.Whathaveyoudone_____themilk?I"vejust_____it.A.with,eaten B.for,eaten C.with,drunk D.for,drunk  ()27.Theradio_______itwillgetwarmerlater.A.says B.speaks C.talks D.tells()28.Youmustbeverytired.Whynot_____arest?A.stophaving B.stoptohave C.tostophaving D.tostoptohave()29.LiPingisyoung,buthe_____manyplacesofinterestinSouthChina.A.wentto B.hasbeenin C.hasgoneto D.hasbeento()30.Mothertoldme_____inthesun.A.notread B.don"tread C.readnot D.nottoread  ()31.Doyouoftenseeher______volleyballontheplayground?A.play B.played C.plays D.toplay     ()32.Alicedidn"thearwhattheteachersaidjustnow,soshedoesn"tknowhow_______theproblem.A.do B.did C.todo D.doing  ()33.Whenthelittleboy____someonecomingupstairs,hestopped_____.A.heard…crying B.listened…tocry C.heard…tocry D.listened…cry()34.I______myrulerathome.CanIuseyours,please?A.forgot B.haveforgotten C.left D.haveleft ()34.Jim_____thegoodnewstohisclassmatesthismorning.A.spoke  B.told  C.said  D.talked十、被动语态英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态的主语是动作的执行者；被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。eg.Weuseaknifeforcutting(主动句).Aknifeisusedforcutting(被动句)。一、构成：be+过去分词eg.1)Theworkisfinishedbyhim.2)ChineseisspokenbypeopleinChina.二、被动语态的时态1.一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词eg.EnglishisspokenbyEnglishmen.2.一般过去时：was/were+过去分词eg.ThemachinesweremadeinChina.3.一般将来时:will/shall/begoingtobe+过去分词eg.Asportsmeetingwillbeheldinourschoolnextweek.4.现在完成时：have/hasbeen+过去分词eg.Theworkhasbeendonebythem.24 5.现在进行时：am/is/arebeing+过去分词。eg.Anewschoolisbeingbuiltinourvillage.6.过去进行时：was/werebeing+过去分词eg.MyTVsetwasbeingmendedatthattime.综上所述：被动语态的时态只涉及be动词的变化（即：be动词的各种时态）另外注意以下几点：1.含情态动词的被动语态：can/may/must/should+be+过去分词eg.Hemaybesentawayfromschool.2.带动词不定式的被动语态eg.Mybikeneedstobemended.3.在使用被动语态时，如需要指出动作执行者时，应用“by+动作的执行者(宾格)”eg.HewascalledMikebyus4.不及物动词无被动语态（takeplace/happen;last;rise;sink;fall等）eg.Theaccidentwashappenedtwodaysago(改错)_________5.当宾语补足语是省to不定式时，在改作被动语态之后，应将省去的to还原。eg.Thebossmadetheworkerswork12hours.→Theworkersweremadetowork12hours.6.注意短语动词的完整性（即：主动句的谓语动词若由v+prep/adv构成，变被动语态时，不能将这些介词、副词遗漏。eg.Wemusttakecareofthebaby.→Thebabymustbetakencareof.练习题()1.Thisfactoryhasbeen____fortwoyearsA.openB.toopenC.openingD.opened()2.Thelightintheroom___beforeyouleave.A.mustturnoffB.willturnoffC.areturnedoffD.mustbeturnedoff()3.Theyoungtrees____plantedinspring.A.mustB.haveC.mustbeD.mustare()4.Chinese____byMissWangthreeyearsago.A.wastaughtB.istaughtC.wasteachedD.wereteach()5.Youngtrees___quiteoften.A.shouldwaterB.shouldbewaterC.shouldbewateredD.shouldhavewatered()6.English___bymanypeopleintheworldA.speaksB.speakC.arespokenD.isspoken()7.Theoldpeople___wellinourcountry.A.islookedafterB.arelookedafterC.looksafterD.lookfor()8.Aliceisill.She____tohospitalatonce.A.issentB.mustbesentC.cansendD.mustsend()9.Thefactory____in1958.A.wasbuiltB.isbuiltC.willbebuiltD.built()10.Ourteachertoldusthattheclassroom_____everyday.A.shouldbecleanedB.shouldcleanedC.shallbecleanedD.mustcleaned()11.Football____allovertheworld.A.playsB.isplayingC.hasplayedD.isplayed()12.____silk____inSuzhou?A.Is,producedB.Are,producedC.Does,produceD.Was,produce()13.Muchmoney____spentonbookseveryyear.A.haveB.hasC.areD.is()14.Thestudentswasmade______thequestionsbytheteacher.A.answerB.toanswerC.answeringD.answered()15.Thesun____whenwegotthere.A.wasrisenB.hasbeenrisenC.hadrisenD.isrising()16.ThePeople’sLiberationArmywas____August1,1927.A.foundinB.foundonC.foundedonD.foundedin()17.Theorangesshouldbewell___duringthewinter.A.keepB.keptC.keepingD.tokeep()18.Manyofthesheep___bythewolf狼).A.waskilledB.arekilledC.arekillingD.werekilled()19.Taperecorders____inourEnglishclassA.shoulduseB.usedC.canbeusedD.areusing24 ()20.____English____inCanada?A.Do,spokenB.Is,spokenC.Are,spokenD.Does,speak()21.He____nottoleavewasterpapereverywhere.A.tellsB.toldC.wastoldD.hastold()22.Who____“TheFamily”,“Spring”and“Autumn”______?A.was,writtenB.were,writtenC.were,writtenbyD.are.Writtenby()23.Lookatthebuilding!It____now.A.isbeingbuiltB.hasbeenbuiltC.isbuildingD.hasbuilt()24.Halfofthework____beforesix.A.canbedoneB.willdoC.weredone()25.We____stampsforsendingletters.A.areusedB.useC.used()26.TheGreatGreenWall(绿色长城)___inNorthChina.A.arebuiltB.canbebuildC.wasbuilt()27.___thefarm____bythestudents?A.was,visitedB.Is,visitC.Must,visit()28.Thewoman____bypeopleinthewaitingroom.A.waslaughedB.waslaughedatC.laughedat()29.What____there?A.happenedB.ishappenedC.mustbehappened()30.Hewasmade______fortwelvehours.A.toworkB.workC.worked十一、状语从句（一）时间状语从句：由when,while,before,after,since,assoonas,till/until引导的从句1）when与whileeg.1)I’lltellherthegoodnews_____hecomesback.2)AuntWangcameinwhilewewerewatchingTV3)since:自从……以来(since从句常用一般过去时)注意主句通常用现在完成时，但当主句表示一种状态，用一般现在时eg.1)HehaslivedtheresincehecametoChina2)Itistwoyearssincehermotherdied.（二）条件状语从句：由if(如果)引导的从句eg.Iwillgototheparkifit________(notrain)tomorrow.注意：条件状语从句与以下句型的转换1）祈使句，and(then,or)+简单句=Ifyou…,you…eg.1)Useyourhead,thenyou’llfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,you’llfindaway2)Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurry,you’llbelate.2)without与条件句的转化eg.Mancan’tlivewithoutwater.=Mancan’tliveifthereisnowater.注意以上两种状语从句的时态主句时间、条件句1）一般将来时2）祈使句3）情态动词原形一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时但since从句例外，应与现在完成时连用。eg.1)I’llcallyouassoonashe______(come)back.2)Hewon’tgotobeduntilhe_________(finish)hishomework.3)I’llhelpyouifI_____(be)freetomorrow4)I___________(live)heresinceIcametoChina.（三）原因状语从句：由because,since,for,as引导的从句eg.Hedidn’tgotoschoolbecausehewasill.注意：1)对because引导的从句提问用why2)因为(because),所以(so)不能连用24 eg.Becausehewas(A)ill,so(B)hedidn’t(C)gotoschool(D)yesterday.________（四）结果状语从句：由so…that引导的从句（so后接形、副原级）eg.Heran(A)sofaster(B)thatIcouldn’tcatchupwith(C)him.________注意：1)“so…that+否定句”与“too…to”的替换eg.1)Heissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool.=Heistooyoungtogotoschool(主、从句主语相同)2)Heransofastthatwecouldn’tcatchupwithhim.=Herantoofastforustocatchupwith.(主、从句主语不同)3)TheboxissoheavythatIcan’tcarryit=Theboxistooheavyformetocarry.(注意carry后省去宾语it)2）“so…that+从句”与“enoughto”的替换eg.1)He’ssostrongthathecancarrythebox.=He’sstrongenoughtocarrythebox.2)ThequestionissoeasythatIcananswerit=Thequestioniseasyenoughformetoanswer练习()1.Weboughtgrannyapresent,___shedidn’tlikeit.A.butB.andC.when()2.Bequick,___you’llbelateforthefootballmatch.A.soB.andC.or()3.You’vedonebadly,___Icanseeyoudidyourbest.A.orB.butC.so()4.Thatwasourfirstlesson,___shedidn’tknowallournames.A.forB.butC.so()5.Theydidn’tpasstheballoftenenough,___theydidn’tplaytogetherverywell.A.andB.yetC.when()6.Itwasrainingatthattime,___theycouldn’tgooutforwalk.A.becauseB.orC.so()7.Marycouldn’tgotoschool,___shewasveryill.A.forB.beforeC.though()8.Gostraightalongtheroad,___you’llfindthehospitalattheendofit.A.sinceB.andC.when()9.Takethismedicine,___youwillyetwellsoon.A.andB.butC.so()10.EithersheorI___himattheairport.A.istomeetB.amtomeetC.aretomeet()11.Thetrainhasn’tarrived____.A.tooB.alsoC.yet()12.Youwon’tgothere,___willI.A.SoB.NeitherC.Also()13.Youcantake___thisbook___thatbook,butyoucan’ttake___ofthem.A.either,or;allB.either,or;bothC.notonly,butalso;both()14.Thestudentshadnowater___foodthenA.orB.andC.also()15.Theywere___weak___carrytheheavybox.A.neither,norB.both,andC.too,to()16.Thebooksaren’tyours___ours.A.norB.andC.but()17.Tomsaveshismoney,___Johnspendsallhegets.A.whileB.orC.so()18.Excuseme,___canyoutellmehowtogettothepark?A.andB.pleaseC.but()19.Heneedstohavearest,___hehasworkedforalongtime.A.andB.butC.for()20.Thepolicemanwas___busy___holidayswithhisfamily.A.very,tospendB.too,tospendC.so,that()21.NeitherJacknorI___tothepark.A.isgoingB.aregoingC.amgoing()22.Hisgrandfatherhasneverbeentoschoolsohecould___read___write.A.neither,norB.either,orC.both,and()23.Johm___untilMike___sorrytohim.A.lethimin,saidB.didn’tlethimin,saidC.didn’tlethimin,says()24.I’msureLiPingis___intheclassroom___inthelibrary.A.either,orB.both,andC.neither,or()25.Don’topenthedoor___thebus___.A.until,stopsB.and,stopsC.until,stop()26.Bothhisfatherandhismother___toBeijing.A.hasbeenB.havebeenC.hasgone24 ()27.We’llhaveasportsmeetingifit____raintomorrow.A.won’tB.isn’tC.don’tD.doesn’t()28.I’llletyouknowassoonashe____.A.comesbackB.willcomebackC.iscomingbackD.comeback()29.I’m___busygettingreadyforChristmas____Ihavenotimetowritetoyou.A.not,untilB.too,toC.so,thatD.neither,nor()30.ThisTVsetistoodear,____itgivesyouabetterpicture.A.orB.ifC.thoughD.and()31.CouldyouaskTomtoringmeupifyou____himtomorrow.A.metB.meetC.willmeetD.havemet()32.Whileshe___TVinthesittingroom,thebell____.A.watches,ringsB.iswatching,rangC.waswatchingD.watched,wasringing()33.Marywillgo____aftershe____herhomework.A.shops,finishB.shopping,finishesC.toshop,finishingD.shopping,finish()34.Heislisteningtothemusic____heiswashingclothes.A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.while()35.TellMr.WangtogotoMr.Li’soffice,whenyou____him.A.sawB.willseeC.areseeingD.see()36.They____untilthemeetingwasover.A.leftB.notleaveC.don’tleaveD.didn’tleave()37.Thechildrensatatthetableuntiltheguests____.A.leaveB.areleavingC.leftD.hadleft()38.Thefilm____forhalfanhourwhenIgottothecinema.A.hasbegunB.hadbeenonC.begunD.begins()39.She____untillateintothenight.A.waitedB.cameC.wentD.started()40.Hebegantodohishomework_____heturnedonthelight.A.beforeB.sinceC.tillD.after()41.Hedidn’tgotoswimyesterday___hewasill.A.whenB.ifC.becauseD.andbecause()42.LiPinggivesmemorehelpthanWangLin____.A.isB.hasC.doesD.gives()43.Pleasekeeptheboxforme____Icomebacktonight.A.whenB.asC.toD.until()44.Iboughtanumbrella____theweatherwasfine.A.ifB.althoughC.becauseD.as()45.Wegottothecinema___late___therewerenoseatsleft.A.too,toB.much,toC.very,thatD.so,that()46.It___fiveyears___Ileftthearmy.A.is,sinceB.was,sinceC.hasbeen,whenD.is,when()47.Thoughitwasraininghard,___wasstillwaitingforhersonintherain.A.butsheB.andsheC.sheD.soshe()48.Ihaveknownhim___Iwasachild.A.becauseB.sinceC.whenD.before()49.Jimhadfinishedhishomework____hismothercameback.A.afterB.beforeC.whileD.then十二、宾语从句：充当宾语的句子对宾语从句应注意以下三要素：1.引导词2.语序3.时态1.引导词1)that引导一般疑问句意义的宾从(that可省)eg.Hesays(that)theboyisalilltleweakinChinese.2)疑问词引导特殊疑问句意义的宾从eg.①.Doyouknowwhowillgiveusatalk?②.Idon’tknowwhosebookthatis.③.Couldyoupleasetellwhichgatewehavetogoto?④.Iwonderwhenhewillcomeback.注意：此类宾从的主语与主句的主语（或宾语）相同时，可替换为“疑问词+todo”eg.①.Ihaven’tdecidedwhereIwillgo=Ihaven’tdecidedwheretogo②.HeaskedmewhatIbought=Heaskedmewhattobuy.24 类似短语：howtodo_____whattosay_____whattodo_____wheretogo____3)if/whether(是否)引导一般疑问句意义的宾从eg.①.“Doyoulikethisbook?”sheaskedme.=Sheaskedme___Ilikedthisbook.②.“HaveyouvisitedtheGreatWall?”Couldyoutellme?=Couldyoutellme_____youhavevisitedtheGreatWall?注意以下几点：ⅰ.区别if当作“是否”，还是“如果”eg.Idon’tknowifhe______(come)ifit______(rain)tomorrow.ⅱ.用whether不用if的几种情况1)后接不定式eg.Ican’tdecidewhethertogotoBeijing.2)与or/ornot连用eg.Iwanttoknowwhetheryouwillgototheparkornot.3)在句首时eg.Whetherthisistrueornot,Ican’tsay.4)whether还可以引导让步状语从句，意为“不管，无论”eg.Whetheritrainsornot,wearegoingtotheparktomorrow.2.语序：宾从用陈述句语序eg.1)Idon’t(A)knowwhether(B)willhe(C)come(D)tomorrow._____________2)Heasks(A)mewhen(B)willyou(C)comeback(D)._____________3)Couldyoutell(A)howmanyplayers(B)arethere(C)in(D)afootballteam?________3.时态主句宾语从句一般现在时一切时态一般过去时过去范畴的某一时态（一般过去时；过去进行时；过去完成时；过去将来时）但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时，则只能用一般现在时。eg.Shesaid(that)thesunrisesintheeast.练习()1.Alicewantedtoknow____hergrandmalikedthedog.A.thatB.ifC.whichD.what()2.Canyoutellus____?A.wherehaveyougoneB.wherehaveyougoneC.whereyouhavebeenD.wherehaveyoubeen()3.Doyoustillremember____?A.thathesaidB.whathesaidC.didhesaythatD.whatdidhesay()4.Theweatherherechangesveryoftenandwecan’ttell____itwillbeliketomorrow.A.thatB.howC.whatD.whether()5.—Whatdidthescientistsay?---Hesaidhewonderedif____intospacebyspaceshiponeday.A.hehadtoflyB.hecouldflyC.canheflyD.couldhefly()6.Doyouknow___fromWuhantoXi’an?A.howfaritisB.howfarisitC.howlongitisD.howlongisit()7.Couldyoutellme____?A.wheredoyouliveB.whoyouarewaitingforC.whowereyouwaitingforD.whereyoulivein()8.—Isthelaketherebeautiful?-–Thisphotowillshowyou____.A.howdoesitlooklikeB.whatdoesitlooklikeC.howitlookslikeD.whatitlookslike()9.Idon’tknow____boughtthepresentforme.IsitJack?A.whichB.whoC.whoseD.what()10.Couldyoushowus____abike?24 A.howtomendB.whattobuyC.wheretogoD.howmanytobuy()11.Idon’tknow____Janewaslateforschoolthismorning.A.whoB.whatC.whomD.why()12.—Doyouremember____hecame?--Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.A.thatB.ifC.howD.when()13.Mikesaidhe___acoldforafewdays.A.hascaughtB.hadcaughtC.hashadD.hadhad()14.Idon’tknowifhe____here.Ifhe____,I’lltellyou.A.willcome,comesB.comes,willcomeC.comes,comesD.willcome,willcome()15.Couldyoutellme____best?A.whichoneyoulikeB.whichonedoyoulikeC.doyoulikewhichoneD.youlikewhichone()16.Theteachertoldthechildrenthattheearth____aroundthesun.A.movesB.movedC.hadmovedD.wasmoving()17.Nobodyknowswhichfactory_____.A.doesheworkB.heworksC.doesheworkinD.heworksin()18.Hesaidthatnooneknew___withhim.A.whatisthematterB.whatwasthematterC.whatthematterisD.whatthematterwas()19.I’minterestedin_____ornotheiscoming.A.whetherB.ifC.whenD.why()20.I’msorrythatI____youwerehere.A.didn’tknowB.don’tknowC.won’tknowD.can’tknow十三、定语从句：在句中作定语的句子，它修饰一个名词或代词，这个被修饰的名词、代词叫做先行词。一、引导词（关系词）：位于从句与先行词之间，起连接作用，同时在从句中充当一定的成分。先行词分两类：1.关系代词who（作主语）,whom（作宾语）,whose（作定语）,which（作主语、宾语）,that（作主语、宾语）.2.关系副词when,where,why.注意：1.如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略.eg.Thetrees(that)wehaveplantedgrowwell.2.关系代词作宾语时，可放在介词后。但当关系代词是that时，则不能放在介词后。eg.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived=ThisisthehousewhichLuXunoncelivedin.=ThisisthehousethatLuXunoncelivedin二、如何选用引导词：一般情况引导词的选用是受先行词决定的——先行词是人时用that,who,whom,whose;先行词是物时用that,which;先行词是时间、地点时用when,where.eg.1)Theboywho/thatisstandingunderthetreeisJim.站在树下的那个男孩时Jim.2)Doyouknowthegirlwhosemotherisadriver?你认识那个妈妈是司机的女孩吗？3)Haveyoubeentothefactorywhereyourfatherworks?你去过你爸爸工作的工厂吗？但注意区别who/that(指人)；which/that(指物)1.修饰人只用who的情况：a.先行词是one,ones,anyone,those时。b.therebe句型中修饰名词时。c.先行词后有一个较长的定语。eg.1)Anyonewhohasn’thandedinhishome-workshouldstayafterschool.没交作业的任何人放学后都要留下。2)Thereisagirlwhowantstoseeyouattheschoolgate.校门口有位想见你的女孩。3)Didyouseethemanintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhoworearedshirt?昨天下午在公园你见过那个穿红衬衫的人吗？2.修饰人或物只用that的情况：a.先行词为指物的不定代词all,much,little,few,everything,something,anything,nothingb.先行词前有最高级、序数词及last,only,very,all,no时c.先行词既有人，又有物时d.主句是who/which引导的特殊疑问句，而先行词又指人或物时。eg.1)IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?有让我做的事吗？2)Heistheonlyonethatcanhelpusatthemoment.他是现在能帮助我们的唯一的人。3)Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.他谈论着他拜访过的老师和参观过的学校。4)WhichisthemachinethatweusedlastSunday?我们上周星期天用过的机器是哪一台？3.修饰物只用which的情况：a.先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时b.先行词为that时eg.1)ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.这就是鲁迅以前住过的房子。24 2)What’sthatwhichyouareholdinginyourarms?你抱着的那个是什么？*三、定语从句可简化为短语1．定语从句为被动语态时可简化为过去分词短语；定语从句为现在进行时可简化为现在分词短语。2．定语从句的谓语(be)后是介词短语，可简化为介词短语作定语。3．定语从句的谓语动词含情态动词，可简化为不定式。eg.1)IboughtabookthatwaswrittenbyLuXun.=IboughtabookwrittenbyLuXun.2)Tellthechildrenwhoareplayingtherenottodothat.=Tellthechildrenplayingtherenottodothat.3)Thebookthatisonthetableismine.=Thebookonthetableismine.4)Wehavenothingthatweshouldfear.=Wehavenothingtofear.练习选择填空()1.Theman____wasafriendofmine.A.thatyoujusttalkedtoB.whomyoujusttalkedtohimC.whoyoujusttalkedtohimD.whichyoujusttalkedto()2.Thisisthebestfilm____hasbeenshownthisyear.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.when()3.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything____hehadstolentothepolice.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.inwhere()4.Mr.Litoldusthestonesandwriters____interestedhimA.whatB.whoC.thatD.which()5.Myfatherstillrememberstheday___hejoinedthearmy.A.whenB.whichC.towhichD.fromwhich()6.I’llneverforgetthesummerholidays____wespenttogether.A.whenB.inwhichC.whichD.how()7—Doestheteacherknoweverybody_______plantedthetrees?—Yes,hedoes.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.who()8.Theletter_______Ireceivedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.A.whoB.whereC.whatD.that()9.Ihatepeople_______talkmuchbutdolittle.A.whoseB.whomC.whichD.who()10.—Whoistheman_______wastalkingtoourEnglishteacher?—Oh!It’sMrBaker,ourmathsteacher.A.heB.thatC.whomD.which()11.Ihatethepeople________don’thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.theyD.where()12.GeorgeMallorywasanEnglishschoolteacher_______lovedclimbing.A.whoB.whomC.heD.which()13.Thisistheplace    _____Ihaveevervisited. A.there      B.when     C.where     D.which()14.Nobodyknowsthereason______shedidn’tcometothemeeting.A.thatB.whichC.whyD.when()15.Themoonisaworld___thereisnolife.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.why()16.Hehasforgottentheday___hearrived.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which()17.Hestillremembersthedays______hespentwithyourfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhich()18.Mr.White,______carhadbeenstolen,cametothepoliceman.A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which()19.Hegottothevillage_______hisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where()20.Thisisthehouse______Iwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where()21.Hedidn’ttellmetheplace_______hewasborn.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where()22.Helivedinasmallvillage,______wasalongwayfromtherailwaystation.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when十五、反意疑问句由“陈述句+附加疑问句”两部分构成。一般有两种形式：前肯后否或前否后肯。对附加疑问部分应注意以下几点：1）主语只能用人称代词；2）附加疑问句的not必须与（be24 /助/情）缩写；3）附加疑问句的时态必须与陈述部分的时态一致。eg.1)Tomisawork,isn’tTom?(找错)_______2)Youcanswim,cannotyou?(找错)______3)Hehadlunch,doesn’the?(找错)________特别注意以下几种反意疑问句陈述部分含否定意味的词(few,little,never,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none)，附加疑问句应使用肯定形式（但前缀词unhappy,unlike,disappear等列外）eg.Theyareunhappy,aren’tthey?2.陈述部分的主语是everything,something,nothing,anything时，附加疑问句的主语应用it；陈述部分的主语是everybody,somebody,nobody,everyone,noone时，附加疑问句的主语应用they。eg.1)Everythingisready,___________?2)Everyoneishere,____________?3.陈述部分是祈使句时，附加疑问句一般用：willyou?但注意：Let’s…,shallwe?Letus…,willyou?4.陈述部分含must时，附加疑问句一般用needn’t.eg.Imustfinishmyworknow,_________?5.陈述部分是therebe结构时，应用therebe结构来完成。eg.There’slittlewater,___________*6.陈述部分含宾语从句时，疑问部分通常与主句一致。但当主句的谓语动词是think,believe且主语是I,we时，即：I/Wethink(believe)+宾从，则附加问句应与从句一致。I’msure+宾从也是如此eg.1)ShesaidIdidit,____________?2)Wedon’tthinkyouareright,________?3)I’msureyou’llhelpme,____________?*7.I’m…,aren’tI?eg.Iamolderthanyou,__________?8.陈述部分含hadbetter,疑问部分应用hadbetter来回答。eg.You’dbettergoout,___________?9.陈述部分是感叹句，附加问句的人称代词应与主语一致。eg.1)Whatakindgirl,__________?2)Whatafineday,___________?练习()1.Youhadtoworkfor10hoursyesterday,_____?A.didn’tyouB.didnotyouC.hadnotyouD.didyou()2.Don’teattoomuch,____?A.willyouB.don’tyouC.doyouD.canyou()3.LilylookslikeLucy,____?A.isLilyB.isn’tsheC.doesLilyD.doesn’tshe()4.—Youdidn’tchangeyourmind,didyou---______.A.No,Ididn’tB.Yes,didIC.No,IdidD.Yes,Ididn’t()5.Thewomanhardlyletherdaughtergotoschool,____she?A.doesB.doesn’tC.didD.didn’t()6.Besuretocometotheparents’meetingontime,____?A.willyouB.aren’tyouC.can’tyouD.mustn’tyou()7.Let’shaveagoodrest,____?A.willweB.doweC.shalln’tweD.shallwe()8.Hehasneverriddenahorsebefore,___?A.doesheB.hasheC.hasn’theD.doesn’t()9.Tomhassupperatschool,___?A.hasn’theB.hasheC.doesn’theD.doeshe()10.Thereislittlewaterintheglass,___?A.isn’tthereB.isn’titC.isitD.isthere24