英语语法概论 4页

概论一、词类(词汇跟语法无法分开)1.词类十大类2.词尾（-er）3.一个词可以用于不同词类（名词作动词haveyoubookedtheticket）4.词类在句中的作用（名词做主语、宾语……）二、句子sentence----basicunitofapassage•句子的成分•句子的种类（陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句）•语序自然语序：主语（及修饰语）+动词+宾语+状语（方式状语/地点/时间）单词、短语和从句1.单词•主语subject：名词/代词/名词性短语（名词短语、从句、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语、介词）ChinaisinEastAsia.Smokingisprohibited.•谓语verb：动词/动词短语有时候由短语动词（phrasalverbs）表示Shemaynotliketheidea.Theyfaxedtheplanstous.Whatareyoulookingfor?I’lltakecareofhim.•表语：名词/代词/形容词作用是补足动词be和系动词（系表结构）/动名词、不定时、分词、介词短语Shanghaiisabeautifulcity.Youlookcharmingtoday.Myjobisteaching.Wearesopleasedtohearit.Sheisonvacationnow.•宾语常由名词或代词充当/动名词、不定式、复合结构Givemesomethingtoread.Ihatebotheringher.页面1/4COPYRIGHT:YESHIWENREFERENCES:<张道真语法> Wehopetoseeyousoon.•定语常用形容词和代词（又称限定词determiners）或数词充当/名词、介词短语、不定式、分词：It’salovelyview.LAisthesecondlargestcityintheUS.Whoisthemaninchargehere?Thereisacarwaitingoutside.•状语副词/介词短语、不定式、分词Istayedthereonlyfortwodays.Wewenttheretovisitourgrandmother.2.短语担任句子成分的短语•介词短语Wewentswimminginthelake.(状语)Hegazedataportraitonthewall.（定语）Shewasinherearlytwenties.（表语）Theyfoundthemapoutofdate.（复合宾语）•不定式短语Toignorethiswouldbeamistake.Herwishwastobecomeanartist.Theylovetolistentofairytales.It’stimetogotobed.I’msorrytohearit.•动名词短语Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Puttingonairsisnotwelcome.Hermajorinterestiscollectingstamps.Areyouinterestedingoingtotheshow(介词宾语)•现在分词短语Thereisafreewayconnectingthetwocities.Sallywaslyinginbedthinkingofherchild.Ifoundhimdozinginclass.•过去分词短语Isthereanythingplannedfortonight?Movedbyhissincerity,weacceptedthegift.•名词短语Thanksalot.Sheboughtatubeoftoothpaste.页面2/4COPYRIGHT:YESHIWENREFERENCES:<张道真语法> •动词短语I’llbewaiting3.从句•主谓结构构成句子的一个成分四、简单句、并列句、复合句简单句：只含一个主谓结构时1.S+V（广义谓语）2.S+V+C（主系表主语补足语）3.S+V+O4.S+V+O+C5.S+V+IO+DO并列句：由两个或更多独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起称为并列句。用分号连接。eg:Itwasgettinglate;shemuststartbackhome.但更多的并列句包含连词。（comparetorun-onsentence）andbutfororsoyetnotnotonly...butalsoeitherneitherhowevernevertheless......复合句：包含从句（三大从句）名词性从句在句中担任主语、宾语、标语、介词宾语等……Thatthematchwillbecancelledisnowcertain.Iknowthatyou’llsucceed.Thequestioniswhethertheyhavesignedacontract.Italldependsonhowwemakethepreparations.I’mobligedtoyouforwhatyouhavedoneforus.Thereisarumorthathehasmarriedawidow.定语从句有关系代词/关系副词Jimintroducedmetoagirlwhosatnexttohim.Allthatglittersisnotgold.Hamlet,whichisafamousplaybyShakespeare,wasperformedonstageinthenewhall.ThenItelephonedthedoctor(whom)shehadrecommended.Thegirlwhoseworkgottheprizeistheyoungestinherclass.Thisisthebookwhich(that)wasonthetable.Therearemomentswheniforgetallaboutit.Thesearethereasonwhywedidit.页面3/4COPYRIGHT:YESHIWENREFERENCES:<张道真语法> 状语从句时间/地点/原因/条件/方式/目的/结果/比较/让步……（背固定搭配）区别状语从句与宾语、定语从句Weallstoodupwhenhecamein.Youcansitwhereyoulike.Ididn’tgobecauseIwasn’tfeelingwell.Ididn’tdosowellasIhadexpected.(比较)Itwassodarkthatwecouldn’tseeeachother’sfaces.状语从句、宾语从句都是:I’mglad(that)you’reback.Makesurethatthedoorislocked.页面4/4COPYRIGHT:YESHIWENREFERENCES:<张道真语法>