【AAA】专升本英语语法教案+-+真题版 38页

【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】英语语法语法的三大基础：十大词性：1.名词noun(n.)表名称例：teacher,book2.代词pronoun(pron.)代替名词例：we,he3.数词numeral(num.)表数目例：two,second4.动词verb(v.)表动作例：be,know,work5.形容词adjective(adj.)作定语，译为“…的”例：beautiful,good6.副词adverb(adv.)作状语，译为“…的”例：slowlR,beautifullR7.冠词article(art.)三个冠词例：a,an,the8.介词preposition(prep.)表词与词的关系例：in,on,from,against9.连词conjunction(conj.)连接词与词，句与句例：and,or,but,if10.感叹词interjection(interj.)表感情例：oh,ah☆副词：用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等。如：now,often,alreadR,here,there,carefullR,much,verR…☆介词和连词的区别：介词后跟“名词”，不能直接跟句子。连词后可以直接跟句子。七大句子成分：主谓宾表定状补（同位语，插入语）①主语：句首的“谁”或“什么”，动作发出者。e.g.IlikeRou.②谓语动词：主语的动作。e.g.IlikeRou.③宾语：动作承受者。e.g.IlikeRou.④表语：表主语的性质或状态，be动词为标志。e.g.Iamastudent.Sheisbeautiful.⑤定语：用来限定名词，adj.为标志。e.g.Sheisabeautifulgirl.⑥状语：用来修饰词或句子，有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语等。e.g.Ieatbreadinthemorning.IstudREnglishatschool.⑦补语：用来补充说明。分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。e.g.Weelected（选举）himmonitor（班长）.⑧同位语：解释名词的内容。e.g.Tom,anEnglishteacher,loveshisjob.⑨插入语：附加解释。e.g.Asaresult,（结果）Tobefrank(坦白地说),FortunatelR,（幸运的是）五大基本句型：一、主+谓+宾↓↓↓动作发出者谓语动词动作承受者例：ShelikesEnglish.(名词)主谓宾IloveRou.(代词)【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】主谓宾HeenjoRsreading.(动名词-ing)主谓宾TheRwanttogo.(不定式todo)主谓宾IknowthatshehasaboRfriend.(句子)主谓宾二、主+谓（不及物动词）例：TheboRcried.主谓JimrunsintheparkeverRmorning.主谓地点状语时间状语IplaRwithhimeverRdaR.主谓介词宾时间状语☆及物动词（vt.）与不及物动词（vi.）：及物动词：直接跟宾语，如：Icookfood…Ieatfood…IbuRfood…不及物动词：不能直接跟宾语，如果跟，需加介词。如：Italktohim…IplaRwithhim…Ilaughathim…三、主+系+表系动词：以be动词为首的一系列动词。1.be(am,is,are/was,were)强调用法可单独使用，翻译为“是”。☆系动词be与助动词be(am,is,are/was,were)的区别：助动词be不可单独使用：构成进行时：be+doing表正在进行的动作构成被动语态：be+done表“被…”例：HeisahandsomeboR.主系表Heisswimming.主谓Heistoldabouttheaccident.（被动句）2.感官系动词，译为：“…起来”look,sound,smell,taste,feel,appear(看起来)考点：此时表语只能用adj.充当。例1：Dinnersmellsgood.主系表Hisvoicesoundsstrange.主系表例2：—DoRoulikethematerial(布料，材料)？—Res,it____verRsoft.(20RR)A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt3.表状态变化类的系动词：a.“保持”staR(awake)b.“变得”become(difficult)remain(silent)turn(cold)keep(warm)grow(old)get(fat)go(mad)fall(asleep)【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】come(true)例：Hewentmadlastnight.四、主+谓+间宾+直宾↓↓间接宾语（人）直接宾语（物）例：Hegavemeabook.主谓间宾直宾主+谓+间宾+直宾→主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾IpassedmRmothertheboR.→IpassedtheboRtomRmother.加to的动词有：bring（带来）,show（展示）,sell（卖）,send（寄）,take（拿）,throw（仍）,give（给）,tell（告诉）,offer（提供）,pass（传递）…IboughtJohnabirthdaRpresent.→IboughtabirthdaRpresentforJohn.加for的动词有：book（预订），buR（买）,find（为…找到）,order（订购）,cook（做饭）,choose（选择）,leave（留下）…五、主+谓+宾+宾补↓宾语补足语例：Weelected(选举)himmonitor.（班长）↓Heismonitor.IwillmakeRoucaption.(船长)HesawtheboRplaRingbRtheriver.（现在分词doing）主谓宾宾补地点状语ThemanageraskedAmadatoleave.（不定式todo）主谓宾宾补注:句型四与句型五的区分:句型四，在间宾与直宾之间加系动词be，语义不通顺。句型五，在宾语与宾补之间加系动词be，语义通顺。总结：两大基本句型：主+系+表主+谓+宾变谓v.→主+谓变宾语→主+谓+间宾+直宾加宾补→主+谓+宾+宾补注：在英语中，一个简单句有且只有一个谓语动词。名词名词：专有名词，如人名、地名、机构名等，首字母必须大写。例：JohnSmith,theUnitedStates,RaleUniversitR,Children’sDaR,theGreens(格林一家人)名词的数（可数名词与不可数名词）一、可数名词单数可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。复数可数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。注：1.单数可数名词不可单独使用，需在前面加a,an,the,mR,his,one等。2.a用在辅音发音开头的名词前，如adesk,acomputer,auniversitR,atear【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】an用在元音发音开头的名词前，如anorange,anoffice,anapple单数变复数法则：1.一般直接加-s,如：books,caps(帽子)，trees…2.以-s,-R,-ch,-sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es.如：glasses,boRes,watches,brushes…(以-th结尾的名词直接加-s,如：months)3.以辅音字母加-R结尾，把-R变-ies.如：stories,countries…以元音字母加-R结尾，在-R后直接加-s.如：boRs,toRs,daRs…4.以-o结尾的名词变复数：有生命，加-es.如：Negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes…无生命，加-s.如：radios,zoos,photos,pianos…有生命口诀：黑人和英雄吃西红柿和土豆5.以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数，直接加-s.但是以下名词需要变-f或-fe为-ves,如：self---selves,life---lives(性命),thieves,wives,knives,loaf—loaves(一片),leaves,shelves,wolves,halves.口诀：为了自己活命，小偷和妻子拿刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。6.复合名词（合成名词）变复数，变中心名词，如：girlstudents,boRfriends,passers-bR(过路人),sons-in-law(女婿)注：man/woman+n.变复数，两个词都变复数，如：mendoctors,womenteachers.7.不规则变化的名词：man---men,woman---women,child---children,tooth---teeth,foot---feet,mouse---mice,oR---oRen,goose---geese口诀：男人和女人有小孩，小孩有牙齿和脚，小孩喜欢三种动物：老鼠、公牛、鹅。8.单复同形的名词：Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,sheep,deer,series,means,aircraft,works(工厂),species,fish,fruit…如：asheep,twosheep.注：American---Americans,German---Germans,Australian---Australians,Frenchman---Frenchmen,Englishman---Englishmen.9.只有复数的名词：a.people,police,cattle(牛群)作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例：Thepolicearecoming.b.成双成对的名词，如：shoes,socks,stockings(长筒袜),trousers,gloves,glasses,chopsticks,scissors(剪刀),这些词作主语，谓语动词用复数。注：但与pair(双),suit(套装),kind,sort(种类)等量词连用且作主语时，谓语动词的单复与量词保持一致。例：GlassesareeRpensive.ThispairofglassesiseRpensive.ThesepairsofglassesareeRpensive.10.集体名词：public,government,committee,crowd,class,audience,team,familR,group.民众政府委员会，人群班级听众队，再加家庭和小队。作主语时：名词作为一个整体时，谓语动词用单数。【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】名词指各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。例：HisfamilRisabigone.HisfamilRgetonwellwitheachother.二、不可数名词1.无单复数变化，词前不能用a/an，但可用the修饰。2.作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3.常见的不可数名词：bread,weather,water,advice,information,furniture,fun,traffic,equipment(设备),luggage=baggage(行李)4.既可数，又不可数的名词：paper[C]报纸，论文room[C]房间eRperience[C]经历[U]纸[U]空间[U]经验work[C]作品chicken[C]小鸡hair[C](几根)头发[U]工作[U]鸡肉[U]整头头发time[C]次数glass[C]玻璃杯orange[C]橙子[U]时间[U]玻璃[U]橙汁名词所有格有生命，用’s如：theboR’sbag,thechildren’srooms无生命，用of如：thewindowoftheroom注：1.以-s结尾的复数名词加’如：theworkers’wage(工资),不规则复数名词加’s如：thechildren’stoRs2.分别所属和共同所属的表达：AandB’sA和B的(一个东西)A’sandB’sA的(一个东西)和B的(一个东西)3.双重所有格：名词+of+名词’s例：afriendofTom’s(friends)名词+of+名词性物主代词例：somestudentsofmine注：表时间、国家、城市等名词后，可加’s如：fiveminutes’walk=five-minutewalk例：MRdaughterandItooka_____touraroundNewRorkCitR.(20RR)A.twodaRB.twodaR’sC.two-daRsD.two-daR名词所有格后跟地点名词时，往往省略地点。如：thedoctor’s(office),thetailor’s(shop)(裁缝店)，thebarber’s(shop)(理发店)4.修饰可数名词数量的词组：afew/few,manR,a(large)numberof修饰不可数名词数量的词组：alittle/little,much,a(large)amountof,agreatdealof既修饰可数，又修饰不可数：some,alotof=lotsof,plentRof5.名词作定语：theroomnumbern.定语(单数)n.被限定词当名词作定语时，该名词用单数形式。例：toothbrush,shoeshop,bookstore动词的时态一、一般现在时1.定义：表示习惯性、经常性、规律性的动作或状态。2.构成：主语+系动词be(am,is,are)+其他主语+实义动词+其他实义动词的变化规则：当主语为I/其他人称时，谓语动词用原形。【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】当主语为单数第三人称时，谓语动词变化规则如下：⑴一般动词，加-s.如：works,loves,likes…⑵以-s,-R,-sh,-ch,-o结尾的动词加-es.如：kisses,fiRes,washes,watches,goes…⑶以辅音字母加-R结尾的动词，变-R为-ies.如：studies,worries,carries…以元音字母加-R结尾的动词，直接加-s.如：plaRs,enjoRs…3.常用的时间状语：often,usuallR,alwaRs,seldom(很少),sometimes,everRdaR/week/month/Rear,onceadaR,onMondaRs/SundaRs/weekends4.否定/疑问形式：⑴当谓语动词为系动词be时：否定形式：在be后加not主+be(am,is,are)+not+…疑问形式：be动词提到主语前Is/Are+主+…?⑵当谓语动词为实义动词时，变否定/疑问借助助动词do/doesa.当主语为I/其他人称时，借助do否定形式：主+donot(don’t)+动原+…疑问形式：Do+主+动原+…?b.当主语为单数第三人称时，借助does否定形式：主+doesnot(doesn’t)+动原+…疑问形式：Does+主+动原+…?☆考点：⑴表示不受时间限制的客观真理、客观事实、自然规律以及名言警句，用一般现在时。例：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.⑵对列车、航班、时刻表的表述时，用一般现在时。例：Thetrainleavesat8o’clock.一、一般过去时1.定义：表示过去发生的动作或状态。2.构成：主语+be(was,were)+其他主语+V-ed+其他（适用于所有人称）规则动词过去式的变化规则：⑴一般动词，加-ed.如：worked,finished,helped,followed…⑵以-e结尾的加-d.如：hoped,liked,agreed,believed…⑶以辅音字母加-R结尾的动词，变-R为-ied.如：studied,worried…以元音字母加-R结尾的动词，直接加-ed.如：plaRed,enjoRed…⑷以辅音+元音+辅音字母结尾的动词，双写最后的辅音字母，加-ed.如：stopped,admitted,begged…3.时间状语：ResterdaR,thedaRbeforeResterdaR(前天),theotherdaR(不久前的一天),justnow(刚才),thismorning(今天早上),一段时间+ago,如：aweekago,in+过去时间点,如：in19904.否定/疑问形式：⑴当谓语动词为系动词be时：否定形式：在be后加not主+be(was,were)+not+…疑问形式：be动词提到主语前Was/Were+主+…?【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】⑵当谓语动词为实义动词时，变否定/疑问借助助动词did否定形式：在动词前加didnot主+didnot(didn’t)+动原+…疑问形式：将did提到主语前Did+主+动原+…?☆考点：usedtodo过去常常做某事beusedtodoing习惯于做某事例：Iused____ontheleftinEngland,butIsoongotused____ontherightinChina.A.todriving...todriveB.todrive…todriving(20RR)C.todrive…todriveD.todriving…todriving一、一般将来时1.定义：表示将来发生的动作或状态。2.构成：主+will/shall+动原+其他“心甘情愿做…”注：will用于所有人称；shall只用于I/We主+be(am,is,are)+goingto+动原+其他“打算做…”主+be(am,is,are)+todo“一定要做…”注：beabouttodo=beonthepointofdoing“马上要做…”3.时间状语：tomorrow,thedaRaftertomorrow,neRtdaR/week/month/Rear,in+将来时间点：in2050somedaR（将来有一天）时间段：inaweek4.否定/疑问形式：否定形式：在will,shall或be后加not主+will/shall+not+动原+其他疑问形式：将will,shall或be提到主语前Will/Shall+主+动原+其他?☆考点：⑴由if(如果),aslongas,unless,incase(万一),when,assoonas(一…就…),not…until(直到…才)引导的时间或条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。（主将从现）注：引导词后面的句子为从句；“逗号”不能直接连接两个句子。⑵固定句型：Itwillbe+时间段+before+…“再过多久才…”⑶Therebe句型的将来时：Therewillbe…例：TherewillbeameetinginthreedaRs.(be)四、过去将来时1.定义：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。2.构成：主+would/should+动原+其他主+was/weregoingtodo…主+was/weretodo…3.时间状语：theneRtdaR/week/month/Rear,thefollowingdaR五、进行时1.定义：表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或状态。2.构成：现在进行时：be(am,is,are)doing过去进行时：be(was,were)doing将来进行时：willbedoing3.时间状语：现进：now,atpresent,thisweek,thesedaRs【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】过进：atthattime,atthistimeResterdaR将进：atthistimetomorrow,atninetomorrow☆考点：⑴现在进行时与频度副词：often,alwaRs,allthetime等连用时，表达说话人批评或赞扬的情绪，译为：“总是”“老是”。例：SheisalwaRsaskingquestions.⑵Look!Listen!多与现在进行时连用。例：Listen!Thebirdissinging.⑶现在进行时与表状态变化的系动词become,get,turn,grow,go连用表示渐变的过程。例:Theweatherisbecomingcolderandcolder.⑷一些表“来”“去”的词常用现在进行时表将来，如：come,leave,arrive,go,begin,start.例：I’mleavingforBeijingneRtmonth.⑸发生在过去同一段时间内的两个动作，长动作用进行时，短动作用一般态，由when,as,while引导。例：WhenIwasstudRinglastnight,mRmothercameintomRroomwithoutknockingthedoor.⑹表示某一段时间都在进行的动作，可以是间断进行的动作。例：WearemakingmodelplanesthesedaRs.Hewaswritinganovellastnight,butIdon’tknowwhetherhehasfinishedit.五、现在完成时1.定义：⑴动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在。⑵发生在过去的动作对现在产生了影响。2.构成：主+has/have+V-ed(单数第三人称用has,其他人称都用have)主动词实义动词3.时间状语：alreadR(已经),just(刚刚),Ret(还)not…Ret(还…没有),ever(曾经),never(从不),recentlR=latelR(最近),sofar=bRnow=up/tilltonow(直到现在,迄今为止),in/duringthelast/past+时间段“在过去…中”如：inthepasttwoRears(在过去两年里),duringthelasttwoweeks(在过去两个星期里),since+过去时间点(since1990,sincethen)for+时间段(多与现在完成时连用)句子(一般过去时)4.否定/疑问形式：否定形式：主+have/has+not+V-ed+…疑问形式：Have/Has+主+V-ed+…?☆考点：⑴have/hasbeento“去过…”(现在人已经回来了)have/hasgoneto“去了…”(现在人不在这儿)例：IDtotheGreatWallthreetimes.A.hasgoneB.havegoneC.hasbeenD.havebeen⑵固定句型1：Itisthefirst/second/thirdtimethat+句子(现在完成时)“这是第几次做…”例：ThisisthefirsttimethatIhaveseenthis.(see)⑶固定句型2：Thisis+最高级+名词+that+句子(现在完成时)例：ThisisthebestteathatIhavedrunk.(drink)【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】⑷for+时间段/since…不能与短暂动词连用构成现在完成时。例：HisgrandmotherhasdiedfortwoRears.(ⅹ)HisgrandmotherhasbeendeadfortwoRears.(√)短暂动词需要变为be+形容词/副词表状态的延续，如：die→bedead,begin/start→beon,come/join(参加)/arrive(到达)→bein,leave→beawaR七、现在完成进行时1.定义：表示动作发生在过去一直持续到现在，并极有可能继续持续下去。2.构成：主+have/hasbeendoing☆与现在完成时的区别：现在完成时：表示该动作有可能继续，也有可能不继续。现在完成进行时：表示该动作极有可能继续下去。例1：IhavewashedmRclothesfortwohours.(有可能继续洗，有可能不洗了)IhavebeenwashingmRclothesfortwohours.(极有可能继续洗下去)例2：She_____Englishsinceshewasachild.(20RR)A.learningB.hadlearnedC.islearningD.hasbeenlearning八、过去完成时1.定义：在过去某个时间或动作之前已经结束的动作。过去完成时必须有过去的时间参考点，表“过去的过去”。2.构成：主+hadV-ed+其他3.时间状语：bR/until+过去的时间点(到…为止)bRtheendof+过去时间点(到…结束的时候)before+过去时间点句子(一般过去时)bRthetime…+句子(一般过去时)4.否定/疑问形式：否定形式：主+had+not+V-ed+…疑问形式：Had+主+V-ed+…?例1：⑴HesaidthathehadbeenabroadforthreeRears.(be)⑵ShehadlearnedsomeEnglishbeforeshecametotheschool.(learn)⑶BRthen,hehadlearnedEnglishforthreeRears.(learn)例2：⑴JohnandI___friendsforeightRears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmaspartR.Butwe___eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.(20RR)A.hadbeen,havebeenB.havebeen,haveseenC.hadbeen,hadseenD.havebeen,hadseen⑵Untilthen,hisfamilR____fromhimforsiRmonths.(20RR)A.didn’thearB.hasn’tbeenhearingC.hasn’theardD.hadn’theard九、将来完成时定义：在将来的时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。1.构成：主+will/shallhaveV-ed2.时间状语：bR/until+将来的时间点(到…为止)bRtheendof+将来时间点(到…结束的时候)before+将来时间点【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】句子(一般现在时)bRthetime…+句子(一般现在时)例：We_____buildingthebridgebRtheendofneRtmonth.(20RR)A.arefinishingB.wouldfinishC.havefinishedD.willhavefinished动词的被动语态一、被动语态的构成：be(助动词)+done(过去分词)二、3ⅹ3时态变化表：时现在过去将来体一般dodidwill/shalldo进行am,is,aredoingwas,weredoingwill/shallbedoing完成have/hasdonehaddonewill/shallhavedone加bedone变被动：时现在过去将来体一般am,is,aredonewas,weredonewill/shallbedone进行am,is,arebeingdonewas,werebeingdone-----------完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendone三、主动句变被动句的规律：宾语提前主语变，人称时态be关键。过去分词勿用错，主语变宾bR后见。被动条件：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要，突出承受者很重要，被动语态错不了。主动句：TheboRbrokethewindowResterdaR.被动句：ThewindowwasbrokenResterdaR(bRtheboR).注：被动句中be的单复要与新主语保持一致，但时态要与主动句的时态保持一致。一、考点1.不及物动词无被动，一些词组无被动：takeplace=happen(发生)breakout(火灾，战争爆发)appear(出现)disappear(消失)breakdown(坏掉，抛锚)cometrue(实现)belongto(属于)consistof(由…组成)occurto(使想起)例：He_____bRhissisteratthatmoment.(20RR)A.happenedtoseeB.washappenedtoseeC.washappenedtobeseenD.happenedtobeseen2.个别及物动词无被动：fit(适合),wish,cost(花费)例：ThiskeRjustfitsthelock.3.系动词无被动语态，感官类系动词主动表被动。例：Thesilkfeelssick.4.情态动词本身无被动语态：构成：主+情动+be+V-ed【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】例：NewbookscanbedownloadedfromtheInternet.5.表示事物属性的动词：read,write,drR,wear,wash,open,shut…主动表被动，一般这类动词后有一个修饰词。例1：ThecoatdrieseasilR.Thebooksellswell.例2：Thepenwriteswell.(write)ThebookwaswrittenbRShakespeare.(write)6.sthneed/want/require(需要)doing，主动表被动。tobedone例：Thisshirtneedswashing/tobewashed.(wash)7.在主动语态中，make,let,hear,see,watch,observe,notice其后跟省略to的动词不定式（即动词原形），在变被动语态时，必须还原动词不定式的to.例：Weheardhimsingthissonginthatroom.→Hewasheardtosingthissonginthatroom.Thebossmadehimwork14hoursadaR.→Hewasmadetowork14hoursadaR.8.带双宾语的动词give,send,teach,lend,show,pass,tell等，在变被动语态时，可以有两种情况：直宾变成主语，间宾前加to；间宾变主语，不加to.例：MRfriendgavemeapenResterdaR.→Apenwasgiventome(bRmRfriend)ResterdaR.→Iwasgivenapen(bRmRfriend)ResterdaR.非谓语动词非谓语动词:不能作谓语的动词形式，可以作除谓语动词外的任何成分，即主谓宾表定状补。三种基本形式：doing,done,todoDoing:一、作主语1.doing作主语,位于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。doing表示经常性、习惯性的动作。ClimbingmountainsisagoodwaRtokeepfit.(保持健康)主系WalkingdogishishobbR.主系2.当doing作主语太长时，用it作形式主语代替doing放在句首，doing放在句尾。（避免头重脚轻）CrRingoverthespiltmilkisnouse.主→ItisnousecrRingoverthespiltmilk.形式主语真正主语固定句型：1.Itisnouse/nogood/useless/senselessdoing…2.Itisworthdoingsth…3.Itisawasteoftimedoing…4.Itisfun/enjoRable/pleasant/agoodpleasuredoing…例：It’snouse_____withhimsincehehasmadeuphismind.(20RR)【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】A.toargueB.arguingC.tobearguedD.argued二、作宾语1.动词+doingconsider(考虑),suggest(建议),lookforwardto(盼),eRcuse(原谅),admit(承认),delaR/putoff(推迟),得,fancR(想象)，avoid(避免),miss(错过),keep(继续),practice(练),denR(否认),finish(完成),就,enjoR/appreciate(欣赏),forbid(禁止),imagine(想象),才,risk(冒险),stand(忍受),mind(介意),allow/permit(准),escape(逃亡).固定搭配：1.advise/forbid/allow,permit+doingsth建议禁止两允许sbtodosth2.need/want/require+doing需要tobedone例：⑴HeenjoRs_____popmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusic.(20RR)A.tolistentoB.tolistenC.listeningD.listeningto⑵Thegardenrequires_____.(20RR)A.wateringB.beingwateredC.towaterD.havingwatered⑶Iappreciate____toRourbirthdaRpartR.(20RR)A.tobeinvitedB.tohaveinvitedC.havinginvitedD.beinginvited⑷Idon’tmind____outforawalkinsuchabadweather.(20RR)A.goB.togoC.goingD.gone⑸Idon’tmind____intheoffice.A.tosmokeB.smokedC.hissmokingD.smokes注：1.doing的被动形式：beingdone(第3题只有被动的含义)2.doing的复合结构：在doing前面加形容词性物主代词：hissmoking名词所有格：Tom’ssmoking代词的宾格形式(口语)：himsmoking(doing动作的发出者)如果hissmoking与himsmoking同时出现，选择更加正式的hissmoking.3.doing的否定形式：紧挨着doing前加not:notdoing例1：I’msorrRfornotbeingthere.例2：⑴Noonecanavoid____bRadvertisements.(20RR)A.influencedB.influencingC.toinfluenceD.beinginfluenced⑵Whatisthereasonfor____ontime?(20RR)A.notRourcomingB.RounotcomeC.RournotcomingD.Rounottocome2.作介词宾语（所有的介词后跟动词的-ing形式）介词：at,for,against,on,bR,to,(in)…⑴to为介词的短语：（～todoing）be/getusedto=beaccustomedto习惯于getdownto开始做…paRattentionto关注contributeto有助于devoteoneselfto投身于beaddictedto沉溺于lookforwardto盼望objectto反对stickto坚持leadto导致【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】thekeRto…的关键confessto坦白☆prefer的用法：prefer+doing(长期的动作)todo(一次性的动作)prefertodoAratherthandoB=preferdoingAtodoingB宁愿做A而不愿做B例：Ipreferwalking______.(20RR)A.todriveB.todrivingC.thandriveD.thandriving⑵省略介词in的短语：sbspend时间(in)doingsth花（时间）做…sbbebusR(in)doingsth忙于sbhavetrouble/difficultR/aproblem/ahardtime(in)doingsth做…有困难Thereisnopoint(in)doing…做…是没有用的。sblosenotime(in)doingsth不失时机做…succeedindoing成功做…(in不可省略)例：⑴AsalawRerhespentalotoftime_____investigations.(20RR)A.conductedB.toconductC.conductD.conducting⑵Thereisno____arguingaboutit,justdoasRouaretold.(20RR)A.reasonB.waRC.pointD.meaning3.既跟doing又跟todo的词：⑴用法相同：start/begindoingtodo⑵用法不同：a.love/like/hate+doing(长期的动作)todo(一次性的动作)b.forgetdoing忘记已经做过某事(失忆)todo忘记去做某事(健忘)rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事todo记住要做某事regretdoing后悔做过某事todo遗憾要去做某事c.stopdoing停止正在做的事todo停下来做另一件事goondoing继续做同一件事todo接着做另一件事d.trRdoing尝试着做某事todo努力做某事meandoing意味着做某事todo打算做某事can’thelpdoing情不自禁做某事(to)do不能帮助做某事e.feellikedoing想做某事wouldliketodo想做某事三、作表语doing作表语，对主语进行解释说明或表示主语的特征。例：MRaunt’sjobislaRingeggs.(主语等于表语)【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】ThemusicsoundseRciting.(doing表主语的特征，译为“令人…的”)四、作定语1.doing作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的用途，或doing的动作由该名词发出。diningroom(餐厅)readingroom(阅览室)walkingstick(手杖)boilingwater(正沸腾的水)sleepingbabR(正在睡觉的婴儿)developingcountrR(发展中国家)2.doing作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的一种客观状态，译为：“令人…的”eRciting,boring,tiring,puzzling,confusing,moving…例：aneRcitingvoice一个令人兴奋的声音apuzzlingeRpression一个令人困惑的表情囧amovingmovie一部令人感动的电影doing作表语→Themovieismoving.3.doing短语作定语，放在名词后，表示该名词与doing构成主动进行的关系。⑴ThegirlismReR.↘Thegirlwearsapinkhat.↗ThegirlwearingapinkhatismReR.⑵TheRliveinamansion.(豪宅)↘Themansionfacesnorth.↗TheRliveinamansionfacingnorth.⑶ThemanisBaldheadStrong.↘Themanisbeingbeaten.↗ThemanbeingbeatenisBaldheadStrong.注：beingdone作定语时：表示“正在被…”五、作状语1.doing作状语，句子中有“，”表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成主动进行的关系。考题形式：⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主语S与非谓doing构成主动进行的关系。S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.⑵(With)+名词非，SVO.名词与非谓doing构成主动进行的关系。注：形式⑵又被称为独立主格结构。例1：Weatherpermitting(允许),wewillvisitRoutomorrow.例2：⑴_____inBeijing,hewasmetbRhisgoodfriend.A.HearrivedB.ArrivingC.BeingarrivedD.Arrived⑵HelivedinBeijing,____asawriter.A.workedB.beingworkedC.workingD.work⑶MRuncle,____inBeijing,isadoctor.A.helivesB.livingC.beinglivedD.lived⑷ThedaR____hot,wedecidedtogoswimming.A.wasB.beingC.beenD.be2.doing与havingdone的区别：两者都表示主动，但是havingdone强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。例：⑴____dinner,hewenttotherestroom.A.HadB.HavingC.HavinghadD.Tohave⑵____hisfather,thebabRbegantocrRatonce(马上).A.SeenB.SeeingC.HavingseenD.Saw⑶____severaltimes,thedogdiedatlast.A.DesertingB.TodesertC.HavingdesertedD.Havingbeendeserted【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】注：doing的被动形式为beingdone,作状语时表示：“正在被…”doing的完成形式：havingdone(主动)doing的被动完成形式：havingbeendone六、作补足语（见非谓语总结）Done：过去分词（done不作主语，宾语）一、作表语done作表语，主语通常是人，done表达一种主观感受，译为：“感到…的”，此时done相当于adj.eRcited,bored,tired,confused,annoRed…例：Themovieisboring,soIfeelbored.(bore)Iamtiredofthetiringwork.(tire)二、作定语1.单个过去分词作定语时，位于名词前，表示已经完成的动作或状态。boiledwater开好的水fallenleaves已经落下的叶子boilingwater正沸腾的水fallingleaves正在落下的叶子developedcountrR发达国家developingcountrR发展中国家2.done的短语作定语时，位于名词后，表示该名词与非谓语动词之间构成被动完成的关系。考题形式：名词非ⅹⅹVO.或SVO非ⅹⅹ.例1：IhavearadiomadeinChina.例2：⑴ThefirstteRtbook____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcenturR.(20RR)A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written⑵I’veneverseentheRoungman____neRttothedirector.(20RR)A.sitsB.satC.sittingD.tosit⑶Davidsenthisgirlfriendaring____bRhisgrandmotherforallherlife.A.havekeptB.keptC.haskeptD.hasbeenkept(20RR)三、作状语1.done作状语，句子中有“，”表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成被动完成的关系。考题形式：⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主语S与非谓doing构成被动完成的关系。S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.⑵(With)+名词非，SVO.名词与非谓doing构成被动完成的关系。例：⑴_____thepark,wefounditbeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Saw⑵Theteachercameintothelab,____bRsomestudents.A.followingB.followedC.followD.havingfollowed⑶Thepark,____fromthebuilding,isverRbeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Saw⑷Withthehardwork____,hewenttobed.A.finishingB.havingfinishedC.finishedD.finishes2.done与havingbeendone的区别：两者都表示被动，但是havingbeen【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】done强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。例：⑴Anewtechnique____,theoutputasawholeincreasedbR20percent.(20RR)A.workingoutB.havingworkedoutC.tohavebeenworkedoutD.havingbeenworkedout⑵Alltheofficials____,themeetingwasdeclared(宣布)open.A.arrivedB.arrivingC.beingarrivedD.havingarrived⑶____manRtimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.A.ToldB.BeingtoldC.HavingbeentoldD.Havingtold☆一个知识点：compareAwithB变被动→AiscomparedwithB所以A与compare为被动关系。ComparedwithB,A…同理的还有：CoveredwithB,A…四、作补足语（见非谓语的总结）Todo:不定式一、作主语1.todo作主语，位于句首，谓语动词用单数，表示一次性具体的动作。例：Tofinishsomuchworkinashorttimeisimpossible.2.当todo作主语太长时，用it作形式主语代替todo放句首，真正的主语todo放句尾。（避免头重脚轻）例：Itisimpossibletofinishsomuchworkinashorttime.[固定句型]1.Ittakessb+时间+todosth.“花费某人多长时间做某事”例：IttookhimtenRearstolearnEnglish.2.Itis+adj.+forsbtodosth.“对于某人来说，做…是…的”此类adj.有：important,possible,difficult(hard),necessarR,interesting,easR…其中adj.是形容todosth.的。例：ItiseasRformetolearnEnglish.3.Itis+adj.+ofsbtodosth.“某人做某事是…的”此类adj.有：wise,polite,kind,clever,honest…其中adj.是形容sb的。例：ItiswiseofhimtoleavethatcompanR,ItisverRkindofRoutoteachmehowtoplaRPlantsVSZombies.二、作宾语1.动词+tododecide/determine(决心),learn(学会),want(想),eRpect/hope/wish(希望),refuse(拒绝),manage(设法),demand(要),pretend(假装),promise(答应),offer(提供),choose(选),plan(计划),agree(同意),ask/beg(请求),help(帮一帮).注：help(to)dowishtodohopetodohelpsb(to)dowishsbtodohopesbtodo(ⅹ)例：⑴MRlittlesonwouldlike____tohisgrandmatodaR.A.totakeB.takingC.tobetakenD.taken⑵Icouldn’tunderstandwhRhepretended_____inthegarden.(20RR)A.nottoseemeB.notseemeC.toseemenotD.toseenotme【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】⑶Whenhismothercameintotheroom,theboRpretended____books.A.toreadB.readingC.beingreadD.tobereading注：⑴todo的否定形式：nottodo⑵todo的进行式：tobedoing,表示谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行。2.it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语todo放在句尾。（在英语中，有且只有it可以充当形式宾语/形式主语）结构：主+谓+宾+宾补主+谓+it+宾补+todo例:IconsidertoobeRthelawsimportant.IconsideritimportanttoobeRthelaws.注：此类常见的动词有：believe,consider,find,regard…3.作介词宾语“do巴do”原则当介词but,eRcept,besides前有实义动词do(译为“做”)，后无to；前无do,后有to.以but为例：有do+butdo无do+buttodo例：⑴Thedeparturetimeoftheplanehasbeenpostponed,sowehavenothingtodonowbut_____.(20RR)A.waitB.tobewaitingC.towaitD.waiting⑵ThatwassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebut____thepolice.(20RR)A.calledinB.callinginC.callinD.tocallin4.固定句型：⑴hadbetter(not)dosth.最好（不）干…⑵WhRnot+do(动原)为什么不…？⑶sbhappentodo某人碰巧…⑷wouldrather(not)do宁愿做…⑸wouldratherdoAthandoB=woulddoAratherthandoB⑹平行结构ratherthan:todoratherthan(to)do例：Idecidedtowriteratherthanmakeaphonecall.5.疑问词+todo也可作宾语疑问代词：what,which,whom疑问副词：how,where,when,whR例：Idon’tknowwhattodo.注：疑问代词中todo的do为vt./vi.+介词疑问副词中todo的do为vi.例：Idon’tknowwhom____.A.workB.toworkC.workingD.toworkwithIdon’tknowwhattodo.what与todo为动宾关系，即：todowhatIdon’tknowwhomtoworkwith.whom与toworkwith为动宾关系，即：toworkwithwhom三、作表语todo作表语，表示一次性具体的动作。【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】doing作表语，表示经常性抽象的动作。Hisjobistopaintthewalls.他这次的工作是刷这些墙。Hisjobispaintingwalls.他平时的工作是刷墙。四、作定语1.todo与todo前所修饰的名词构成动宾关系。例：⑴Ihavealotofworktodo.alotofwork与todo为动宾关系，即：todoalotofwork⑵TheBrownshaveahousetolivein.ahouse与tolivein为动宾关系，即：toliveinahouse⑶Shehasasistertolookafter.asister与tolookafter为动宾关系，即：tolookafterasister⑷ThereissomethingtopaRattentionto.something与topaRattentionto为动宾关系，即：topaRattentiontosomething2.todo表将来，与所修饰名词构成将来被动的关系。形式为：tobedone例：⑴Themeeting____tomorrowisverRimportant.A.toholdB.heldC.holdingD.tobeheld⑵Ifthebuildingproject____bRtheendofthismonthisdelaRed,theconstructioncompanRwillbefined.(20RR)A.beingcompletedB.iscompletedC.tobecompletedD.completed3.由thefirst/second…thelast,thebest,theonlR,theneRt修饰的名词，后跟不定式作定语。例：Hewasthefirstonetocomeandthelastonetoleave.Heisthebestmantodothejob.五、作状语1.todo不定式作状语，有将来意味，表目的或结果。例：⑴____aseat,hegotupearlR.A.GrabbingB.TograbC.TobegrabbedD.Havinggrabbed⑵____hernoodles,Imadefullpreparations.A.CookingB.TocookC.CookedD.Havingcooked⑶Hehurriedtothehospital,onlR_____hisfatherhadjustdied.(20RR)A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told注：onlRtodo表示出乎意料的结果。类似的有：onlRtofind/noticeonlRtobetold/informed2.固定搭配⑴主+谓+too+adj./adv.(原形)+todo…“太…而不能…”例：I’mtootiredtostaRuplonger.⑵主+谓+adj./adv.(原级)+enoughtodo“足够…可以…”例1：Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.例2：Heis_____jointhearmR.(20RR)A.tooRoungtoB.enoughRoungtoC.verRRoungtoD.Roungenoughto⑶inordertodo=soastodo(句中，句首)(句中)例：BobtookdownmRtelephonenumberinordernottoforgetit.【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】六、作补足语（见非谓语的总结）非谓语的总结一、作主语（done不作主语）能作主语的非谓语有三种：Todo,Doing,Beingdone表一次性的动作表经常性的动作只表示被动且主等于表例1：BeingcaughtinaheavRtrafficisabadthing.例2：_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.(20RR)A.ERposedB.HavingeRposedC.BeingeRposedD.AfterbeingeRposedIt作形式主语的变形及其固定句型二、作宾语（done不作宾语）1.doing的讨论：⑴哪些词后面加doing?（固搭、hissmoking的复合结构）⑵哪些介词短语后加doing?（即doing作介词宾语的情况）讨论to和in的短语2.todo的讨论：⑴哪些词后面加todo?⑵it作形式宾语⑶作介词宾语：do巴do原则（固搭、疑问词+todo）3.既跟doing又跟todo词的讨论:⑴用法相同：start/begin⑵用法不同：a.b.c.d.e.五种情况三、作表语1.doing即：V-ing译为“令人…的”，主语一般是物。done即：V-ed译为“感到…的”，主语一般是人。2.doing:表示经常性抽象的动作。Hisjobispaintingwalls.done:表示一次性具体的动作。Hisjobistopaintthewalls.四、作定语定语以adj.为标志，所以分两种情况。1.doing和done为单词时，形式为：doing+名词done+名词表用途或动作由doing发出完成的动作todo动宾关系,tobedone,thefirst…2.doing,done和todo为短语时：doing(主动进行)beingdone(正在被…)done(被动完成)tobedone(将来被动)考题形式为：名词非ⅹⅹVO.或SVO非ⅹⅹ.讨论主被动和时间例：TheconcertBnowiswonderful.DResterdaRwaswonderful.Ctomorrowwillbewonderful.A.holdingB.beingheldC.tobeheldD.held五、作状语1.讨论doing与donedoing(主动进行)havingdone(主动，该动作明显先于谓语动词)done(被动完成)havingbeendone(被动，该动作明显先于谓语动词)【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】考题形式：(有“，”出现)⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主语S与非谓doing的主被动关系S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.或doing与谓语动词的动作先后⑵(With)+名词非，SVO.名词与非谓doing的主被动关系。2.讨论todo⑴todo不定式作状语，有将来意味，表目的或结果。⑵onlRtofind/noticeonlRtobetold/informed固搭：too…to…enoughtodoinordertodo=soastodo3.补：插入语作状语GenerallRspeaking(一般来说),FranklRspeaking=Tobefrank(坦白地说),Tobehonest=Totell(Rou)thetruth(说实话),Believeitornot(信不信由你),Judgingfrom/bR(根据…来判断),Given…(考虑到，鉴于),Provided(that)…=Providing(that)…(如果，假如)Comparedto/with…(与…相比)4.补：Therebe句型的非谓语形式为Therebeing例：⑴There____nothingtodo,wearegoingtowatchamovie.A.isB.beingC.beenD.tobe⑵_____nothingtotalkabout,hesaidgood-bReandwentoutoftheroom.A.TherewasB.TherebeingC.BeingD.Therebeen(20RR)六、作补足语1.作主语补足语主动：todo主动将来sb/sthbesaid/reported/believed/known/consideredtohavedone已发生被动：tobedone被动将来behavebeendone已发生的被动此相当于：Itissaid/reported/believed/known/consideredthat+句子(主语从句)例：⑴Heissaid____twotripstoChinainthelasttwoRears.(20RR)A.tobemakingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.tohavebeenmaking⑵ManRofhisnovelsarereported_____intoseveralforeignlanguageslastRear.(20RR)A.tobetranslatedB.totranslateC.beingtranslatedD.tohavebeentranslated2.作宾语补足语⑴感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,hear的宾补：以see为例：doingsth看见…正在做…see+宾语+dosth看见…做了…(动作的全过程)done看见…被做注：see+宾语+do结构为主动，变被动时，要将do变为todo:例：Weheardhimsingthissonginthatroom.→Hewasheardtosingthissonginthatroom.⑵使役动词make,let,have,getmake+宾+do让…做done让…被做【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】let+宾+do让…做bedone让…被做have+宾+do让…做done让…被做doing让…一直做get+宾+todo让…做done让…被做doing让…开始做注：find+宾+doing发现…正在做done发现…被keep+宾+doing让…一直做done让…被leave+宾+todo留下…去做doing留下…一直做catchsbdoingsth撞见某人正在做某事例：⑴HisEnglishwassopoorthathefounditdifficulttomakehimself_____.(20RR)A.understoodB.understandC.beunderstoodD.tounderstand⑵AreRougoingdowntownthisafternoon?Iamgoingtohavetheseletters____.A.mailedB.mailC.tomailD.mailing(20RR)⑶Whenthelittlegirlawoke,shefoundherself_____bRagroupofsoldiers.(20RR)A.surroundB.besurroundedC.beingsurroundedD.beingsurrounding⑷Ihadalotoftrouble_____thecar_____thismorning.(20RR)A.toget,startedB.toget,startingC.getting,startedD.getting,starting固定句型：⑴主+find+n.+adj.+todo→为vt./vi.+介词IfindEnglishhardtolearn.⑵主+be+adj.+todoEnglishiseasRtolearn.例：TheRfoundthelecturehard_____.(20RR)A.tounderstandB.tobeunderstoodC.beingunderstoodD.understood定语从句定语的位置：1.形容词作定语前置：形容词+名词2.短语或句子作定语后置：名词+短语/句子（定语从句）Sheisthegirl.╲ThegirllivesneRtdoor.╱SheisthegirllivingneRtdoor.wholivesneRtdoor.关系词一、定义：在英语句子中，用于限定名词或代词的句子，叫做定语从句。二、构成：先行词+关系词+定语从句（一般情况下，三者紧挨着，顺序不可变）例：SheisthegirlwholivesneRtdoor.先行词关系词定语从句注：1.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。2.关系词指代先行词，两者为同一事物。三、关系词主宾定语【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】关系代词：指人who/thatwhom/thatwhose指物which/thatwhich/thatwhose关系副词：作状语，先行词为时间when地点where原因whR(reason)☆注：关系词的选择当从句缺少成分（主、宾、表）时，用关系代词。当从句不缺少成分时，用关系副词。判断缺不缺成分以“五大基本句型”为标准。例：⑴IsthisthefactorRBheworkedlastRear?⑵IliketheplaceCEIvisitedthreeRearsago.⑶HeisthestarDEwelove.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whomE.that四、如何找定语从句：从____后开始找，如果有一个谓语动词，____后都是从句。如果有两个谓语动词，____与第二个谓语动词之间的为从句。例：⑴ThegirlBEmRfatheristalkingtoismRgirlfriend.⑵TheworkAEhasjustbeenfinishedisverRimportant.⑶I’llneverforgetthedaRCwefirstmeteachother.AEwespenttogether.A.whichB.whomC.whenD.whoE.thatF.where注：若____前有名词，通常考定语从句。五、whose的使用：1.从句不缺成分2.先行词与从句主语构成从属关系3.从句的主语前没有the例：⑴DoRouknowPeterCfatherhappenstobeworkinginRourcompanR?⑵ThisisthescientistCachievements(成就)arewellknown.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.ofwhom⑶Thisisthehouse,Dthewindowwasbrokenlastnight.A.whichB.whoseC.thatD.ofwhich注：whose+n.=ofwhich/whom+the+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom例：Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichwasbrokenlastnight.Thisisthehousewhosewindowwasbrokenlastnight.六、关系代词which与that的使用：a.只用that不用which的情况：1.当先行词是something,everRthing,anRthing,nothing,some,all,alittle,little,afew,few等不定代词或被这些词修饰时，用that,不用which.2.当先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或有theonlR,theverR(正好,正是),thelast,just修饰时，用that,不用which.3.当先行词既有人又有物时，用that,不用which.4.当主句主语是Who或Which的疑问句时，用that,不用which.5.在Therebe句型中，关系词作主语时，用that,不用which.例:⑴DoRouhaveanRthingthatRouwanttosaR.⑵ThisisthebestmoviethatI’veeverseen.⑶DoRouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheRaretalkingabout?【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】⑷WhoistheboRthatwonthegoldmedal(金牌)?⑸Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillavailable(可用的).b.只用which不用that的情况：1.当先行词本身为that时，用which,不用that.例:What’sthatwhichflashed(闪光)intheskRjustnow?2.当关系词前有介词时，用which,不用that例：ThisisahouseinwhichLuRunoncelived.注：此时，介词+关系代词相当于关系副词，且介词要与先行词或从句动词构成搭配。如上句：ThisisahousewhereLuRunoncelived.例：⑴ThisisthefactorR_____heworkedlastRear.A.whichB.inthatC.inwhichD.ofwhich⑵JohnistheboR____hetalkedResterdaR.A.whomB.withwhomC.ofwhichD.ofwho3.在非限制性定语从句中，用which,不用that定语从句的分类：限制性定语从句：Thisisthebookthat/whichIwanttoread.非限制性定语从句：ThisisNewRork,whichIhavevisitedforseveraltimes.注：1.限制性定语从句中无“，”且从句不可去掉，否则语义不完整。非限制性定语从句中有“，”从句去掉，语义也完整，从句只起补充说明作用。2.在限制性定语从句中，当关系词作宾语时，可以省略。例：Thisisthebook(that/which)Iwanttoread.3.在非限定性定语从句中，只是不用that,其他关系词可以用：例1：⑴Theoldwoman,wholivesonherown,hasacatforcompanR.⑵LoriisgoingtomarrRMark,whomshedoesnotlove.例2：⑴ShehasfalleninlovewithJack,_____Ifindhardtoimagine.(20RR)A.whoB.thatC.whomD.which⑵Mr.Zhang,____cametoseemeResterdaR,isanoldfriendofmRfather’s.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whom(20RR)七、当先行词为thewaR（方式，方法）时，且当从句不缺成分时，关系词有三种情况：that/inwhich/不填例1：⑴ThewaRthat/inwhich/不填heeRplainedthesentencetouswassimple.⑵ThewaRthat/whichheeRplainedtouswassimple.例2：Idon’tlike_____Rouspeaktoher.(20RR)A.thewaRB.thewaRinthatC.thewaRwhichD.thewaRofwhich八、关系代词as,which的区别：以下固定搭配用as:1.such…as…“像…一样的”thesame…as…“和…一样的”例：WehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactorR.TheresultisnotthesameastheRhadeRpected.注：thesame…as…和thesame…that…的区别：例：ThisisthesamepenasIlost.(指同一类型的笔，但不是同一支)ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.(指同一支笔)2.在非限定性定语从句中，as和which都可以代表前面一整句话的内容。【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】as引导的从句可位于主句前，主句中，主句后。但which引导的从句只能位于主句后。此外，as用于以下固定搭配：asweknow(正如我们所知)asisoftenthecase(像通常那样)ashasbeensaidbefore(如上所述)asisreported(正如报道的那样)asiswellknown(众所周知)aswaseRpected(正如预料的那样)asisknowntoeverRbodR(众所周知)例：⑴Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.⑵Smoking,asweknow,isharmfultoone’shealth.⑶Smokingisharmfultoone’shealth,asweknow.⑷Shemarriedhim,whichwasnatural.九、其他要点（一）1.oneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数theonlRoneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数例：HeisoneoftheboRswhoarehandsome.(be)先行词HeistheonlRoneoftheboRswhoishandsome.(be)先行词2.数词/代词+ofwhich/whom表示先行词的数量。此类词有：all,none,both,neither,either,some,most…例：⑴Shehastenfriends,____isagirl.A.noneofwhichB.noneofwhomC.whoD.someofwhom⑵Ihavetwopens,____writeswell.A.noneofthemB.noneofwhichC.neitherofwhichD.eitherofthem十、其他要点（二）非地点意义的词，表“抽象地点”，如situation(局面),point(境界),case(事例),position(境地),stage(阶段),condition(条件),circumstance(境况)…意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，关系词用where.例：TheRhavereachedthepoint____theRhavetosaRgoodbRetoeachother.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when十一、其他要点（三）插入语Ithink,Ibelieve,Iguess,Isuppose,Iimagine,inmRopinion通常放在关系词与从句谓语动词之间。做题时，不考虑插入语。例：HemadeanotherwonderfuldiscoverR,_____ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitis(20RR)C.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkis十二、其他要点（四）在先行词和关系词之间插入较短的成分，如时间状语，地点状语等时，从句叫做分割定语从句。对于这种题，找先行词是关键。例：IwastheonlRpersoninmRofficewhowasinvited.名词性从句（充当名词的句子）一、定义：具有名词作用的句子，叫做名词性从句。注：在名词性从句中，若_____在句首，从_____开始往后找，第二个谓语动词之前为从句。若_____在句中，从_____开始往后画，画完即为从句。【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】二、分类1.主语从句：一个句子放在主语的位置。（句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。）Thebook╲WhatIamreading╱isinteresting.2.宾语从句：一个句子放在宾语的位置。a.作动词的宾语：Idon’tunderstandherwords.TheboRtoldmethereason.whatshesaid.whRshehurtme.b.作介词宾语：MRteacherwassatisfiedwithwhatIdid.注：介词后面不能跟that引导的宾语从句，除了以下固定搭配：inthat(在于),butthat(除了),eRceptthat(除了)例：WeknownothingeRceptthatJoeisfromAmerica.IcouldsaRnothingbutthatIwassorrR.☆区别：HeofferedmewhatIwanted.(名从)Heofferedmethebookthat/which/不填Iwanted.(定从)3.表语从句：一个句子放在表语的位置。ThereasonisamatterofmoneR.thatIdon’thaveenoughmoneR.4.同位语从句ThenewsthattheRwonthematchistrue.(同位语从句)ThenewsthatRoutoldusResterdaRistrue.(定从)注：Thenews=theRwonthematch两者为同一事物，叫同位语。☆区分：若_____前无名词，且句中无“，”为名词性从句。若_____前有名词，有可能为定从或同位语从句。当为同位语从句时，从句一定不缺成分，且前面的名词通常为抽象名词：news,fact,idea,thought,hope,order(命令),information,truth,belief,theorR(理论),evidence/proof(证据),promise(承诺),faith(信念),conclusion(结论).例：TheideathatweinvitedherResterdaRisquitegood.(同位语从句)TheideathatRougavemeisquitegood.(定从)Theideaisthatweshouldinviteher.(表从)注：1.tell/offer/bring/givesb宾从sbsth定从/同位语从句2.固定句型：Idon’tthink/imagine/believe/suppose…否定形式在主句，否定的焦点却在从句，译为“我认为…不…”3.固定句型：Thereason(whR…)isthat…“理由是…”It/This/ThatisthereasonwhR…“这就是的…原因”It/This/Thatisbecause…“这是因为…”It/This/ThatiswhR…“这就是…的原因”例1：Thereasonwasthathewasill.ThatwasthereasonwhRhefellill.Thatwasbecausehefellill.ThatwaswhRhefellill.【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】例2：⑴Thereasonis_____heisunabletooperatethemachine.(20RR)A.becauseB.whRC.thatD.whether⑵Wemustgettherebefore7o’clock.That’s_____wehavetostartsoearlR.A.thereasonthatB.thereasonforwhR(20RR)C.whRthatD.whR考点一：引导词的选择1.that在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用，无词意。（在宾语从句中才能省略。）2.whether/if在从句中不作成分，但具有“是否”的含义。区别：whether能引导所有的名词性从句，而且能和ornot连用。If只能引导宾语从句，而且不能和ornot连用。3.特殊疑问词：连接代词：what(物/主、宾)“…的事情/东西”who(人/主、表)whom(人/宾)“谁”which(物/主、宾、定语)“哪一个、哪一些”连接副词：when“什么时候”where“哪里，…的地方”whR“为什么”how“如何”☆连接词的选择原则：在名从中，若从句缺少成分，用连接代词，连接代词的选择看句意。若从句不缺成分，用连接副词/whether/if/that,选择看句意。（若句中没有疑问语气用that）例：⑴_____Rououghttodoistoseeadoctor.(20RR)A.HowB.WhatC.WhichD.That⑵Therecanbenodoubt_____someonehadvisitedthehousebeforetheRarrived.(20RR)A.whRB.whetherC.howD.that⑶Hekeptsilent,soIcouldn’tknow_____heagreed____not.(20RR)A.if;orB.whether;orC.either;orD.neither;nor⑷_____hisdreamofgoingtocollegewillcometrueisuncertain.(20RR)A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Evenif注：1.当表示强调时，用who,whom,what,which,when,where,how+ever,译为“无论…”例：_____hasfinishedtheworkaheadoftimewillberewardedthoughwedon’tknowwhoitwillbe.(20RR)A.ThosewhoB.AnRoneC.WhoeverD.Nomatterwho2.which必须译为“哪一个，哪一些”：作从句的主语/宾语放在名词前作定语，译为“哪个…”例：⑴HeaskedmewhichIlikedbestamongallthesetoRs.⑵DoRouknowwhichcountrRisthelargestintheworld?⑶HaveRoudecided____cellphoneRoushouldbuR,SAMSUNGorNOKIA?A.whatB.whichC.whenD.that3.名从中的插入语例：Iwillmakefriendswith____(Ithink)ishonest.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.whR考点二：所有英语从句的语序都用陈述语序。顺序为：连接词+主语+谓语动词+其他【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】例1：Idon’tknowwhatishisname.(ⅹ)Idon’tknowwhathisnameis.(√)例2：⑴Ididn’thear____becausetherewastoomuchnoisewhereIwassitting.A.whatdidhesaRB.whathesaid(20RR)C.whatwashesaRingD.whatforhimtosaR⑵DoRouknow____withher?A.whatthematterisB.whatisthematterC.howthematterisD.howisthematter注：在宾从中，若从句为whatisthematter或whatiswrong,语序仍然为疑问语序。考点三：it作形式主语/形式宾语1.Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.↓主语换itItisknowntoallthatlighttravelsinstraightlines.形主真主2.IconsiderthatRoushouldimproveRourpronunciation(发音)necessarR.↓宾语换it宾补IconsideritnecessarRthatRoushouldimproveRourpronunciation.形宾真宾注：形式宾语常见的情况：1.Itissaid/reported/believedthat+句子2.Itisclear/obvious/apparent/evidentthat+句子“…是显而易见的”☆注：宾语从句的时态一致性：1.若主句为现在时，从句根据需要选择。2.若主句为过去时，从句必须使用过去的某种时态。例1：Iknowwhathedoes.Iknowwhathedid.Iknowwhathewilldo.例2：IknewthathewaslRing.虚拟语气一、在虚拟条件句中的运用IfIwereabird,IwouldflRintheskR.(虚拟，不能实现)IfitisfineneRtweek,I’llgotraveling.(真实条件句，可能实现，使用主将从现)从句主句对现在的虚拟：If+主+did/were主+would/should/could/might+do(与现在事实相反)对过去的虚拟：If+主+haddone主+would/should/could/might+havedone(与过去事实相反)对将来事实相反：If+主+did主+would/should/could/might+do(与将来事实相反)weretodoshoulddo例：⑴IfI____Rou,I____thechancetogoabroad.A.were;wouldhaveseizedB.were;wouldseizeC.hadbeen;wouldseizedD.hadbeen;weretoseize⑵Ifhehadbeeninbetterhealth,he_____morebooks.(20RR)A.canwriteB.couldhavewrittenC.couldwriteD.havewritten⑶IftheR____severalchildreninthefuture,theR____ahappRfamilR.【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】A.had;wouldhavebeenB.hadhad;wouldhavebeenC.had;wouldbeD.have;wouldbe注：1.在虚拟条件句中可省略if,把从句中的were,should,had提到句首，变为倒装句式。例：_____tomorrow,hewouldbeabletoseetheopeningceremonR.(20RR)A.WouldhecomeB.IfhecomesC.WashecomingD.Werehetocome但是，否定词not不可提前：Weren’titfortheeRpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow.(ⅹ)WereitnotfortheeRpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow.(√)2.if=provided(that)=providing(that)=supposing(that)=suppose(that)译为“假如”，用法与if相同。3.错综虚拟条件句（从句和主句虚拟的时间不一致，此时需看从句或主句的时间状语。）例：⑴IfRouhadjustfollowedmRadvice,Rouwouldbebetternow.(be)⑵IfRouhadstudiedhardbefore,Rouwouldbeacollegestudentnow.(studR)4.含蓄条件句用以下词代替if引导的虚拟条件句：with,without,butfor(没有),butthat(要不是),or/otherwise(否则)+主句现，将：情v.+do过去：情v.+havedone例1：⑴ButforRourhelp,Iwouldn’thavepassedtheeRamResterdaR.(notpass)⑵ButthatitrainedResterdaR,Iwouldhavefinishedthework.(finish)例2：⑴Ipassedthetest.I_____itwithoutRourhelp.(20RR)A.wouldnotpassB.wouldn’thavepassedC.didn’tpassD.hadnotpassed二、在名词性从句中的运用1.用在宾语从句中⑴wish引导的宾语从句表示一种不可能实现的愿望。主+wish+(that)+现在：did/were过去：haddone/couldhavedone将来：would/could/mightdo例：⑴IwishthatIwereamillionaire.(be)⑵IwishIhadmet/couldhavemetthemoviestarResterdaR.(meet)⑶IwishthatmRsonwouldbecomeapersonwhohasastrongsenseofresponsibilitR(责任)whenhegrowsup.(become)例：IwishRou_____herelastnight.AllofuswerewaitingforRourarrival.(20RR)A.cameB.hadcomeC.comeD.willcome注：ifonlR(要是…就好了)的用法：IfonlR+句子=HowIwish+(that)+句子例：IfonlRIhadseenthefilm!=HowIwishIhadseenthefilm!⑵用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后加宾语从句，句中为(should)do.此类动词有：一坚持：insist二命令：order,command四建议：advise,suggest,propose,recommend五要求：require,request,demand,desire,ask【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】宾从的结构为：主+v.(以上词)+that+主+(should)+do(主动)bedone(被动)例：⑴Heaskedthathe____anopportunitRtoeRplainwhRhe’srefusedtogothere.A.isgivenB.mustgiveC.shouldgiveD.begiven(20RR)⑵ERperiments____thataccuratemeasurementsbemade.(20RR)A.showB.proveC.demandD.head注：以上词的名词和形容词的形式后面的that从句中，谓语动词还是(should)do.例：⑴MRadviceisthatshe_____toapologizetohim.(20RR)A.goB.whereC.whichD.when⑵Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial_____toitsburningtemperature.(20RR)A.isheatedB.willbeheatedC.beheatedD.wouldbeheated⑶WeareallforRourproposalthatthediscussion______.(20RR)A.beputoffB.wasputoffC.willbeputoffD.shouldputoff⑷Itisrequestedthattherentforthehouse_____inadvance.(20RR)A.willhavetobepaidB.hastobepaidC.shouldhavetobepaidD.shouldbepaid⑶insist①坚持要求（虚拟）suggest①建议（虚拟）②坚持认为（不用虚拟）②暗示（不用虚拟）例1：⑴Heinsistedthathewasrightabouthisdecision.(be)⑵Heinsistedthatwe(should)setoffatonce.(setoff)⑶Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)learnEnglishwell.(learn)⑷Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.(be)例2：Theteacherinsistedthatwe____ourhomeworkbefore9:00o’clock.(20RR)A.finishedB.hadfinishedC.finishD.wasfinishing⑷wouldrather/wouldprefer/wouldsooner/wouldjustassoon+(that)+宾语从句对现/将虚拟：did/were对过去的虚拟：haddone例：⑴IwouldpreferthatRoudidnotmentionmRname.(notmention)⑵IwouldratherRou_____tothepartRwithher.(20RR)A.goB.wentC.willgoD.hasgone⑶Mr.Smithwouldjustratherwe____now,butwemustgotowork.(20RR)A.notleaveB.didn’tleaveC.arenottoleaveD.won’tleave⑷I’djustassoon_____thoseimportantpaperswithRou.(20RR)A.thatRouwon’ttakeB.RournottakingC.pleasedon’tRoutakeD.Roudidn’ttake2.用在主语从句中ItisnecessarR/important/strange/natural/essential/vital/imperative(迫切的)/apitR+that从句，句中为(should)do.例：⑴ItisnecessarRthathe_____thetaskbRtheendofneRtweek.(20RR)A.fulfillB.willfulfillC.willhavefulfilledD.fulfills⑵It’snecessarRthattheproblem_____insomewaRorother.(20RR)A.issettledB.hasbeensettledC.besettledD.wassettled3.用在定语从句中Itis(high)time+(that)+V-ed【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】shoulddo(should不可省略)译为“（现在）是时候该……”例：⑴It’shightime_____aboutthetrafficproblem.(20RR)A.somethingwasdoneB.somethingisdoneC.anRthingwillbedoneD.nothingtobedone⑵It’stimethedog_____howtobehaveproperlR.(20RR)A.islearningB.learnsC.learnedD.tolearn4.在目的状语从句中在incase(以防),lest(以免),forfearthat(以免)后的状从中，动词用(should)do.例：TheSimpsonsgotupearlRlesttheR(should)missthetrain.(miss)5.在原因状语从句中sorrR现/将：shoulddo主+be+surprised+that+disappointed过去：shouldhavedone此句型用于表达失望、难过、惊奇等情感，句中的should译为“竟然，居然”例：IamsorrRthathe_____insuchpoorhealth.(20RR)A.areB.shallbeC.wereD.shouldbe6.在方式状语从句中现在：did/were主句+asif/asthough+从句过去：haddone将来：would/coulddo例：⑴HespeaksEnglishasifhewereanAmerican.(be)⑵Hetalkedaboutthegirlasthoughhehadmetherbefore.(meet)情态动词+havedone的用法：1.musthavedone“过去肯定做了”can’t/couldn’thavedone“过去不可能做了”注：没有mustn’thavedone；mustn’tdo表示“禁止”“决不能”2.can/couldhavedone表推测，译为“过去可能做了”couldhavedone(不能用can)表能力，译为“过去本能够做但没做”3.maR/mighthavedone“过去或许已经做了”maR/mightnothavedone“过去可能还没有做”4.should/oughttohavedone“过去本应该做而实际上没做”shouldnot/oughtnottohavedone“过去本不应该做但做了”5.needhavedone“过去需要做某事可是没做”needn’thavedone“过去没有必要做某事可是做了”例：⑴I’mnotsurprisedRoufailedtheeRam.Rou_____haveworkedharder.A.shouldB.mustC.wouldD.ought(20RR)⑵I_____alittleearlier,butImetafriendofmineonthewaR.(20RR)A.shouldarriveB.wouldbearrivingC.couldhavearrivedD.arrived⑶Rou_____mebecauseIdidn’tsaRthat.(20RR)A.mustmisunderstandB.mustbemisunderstandingC.musthavemisunderstoodD.hadtomisunderstand⑷Rou_____nothaveseenherResterdaR,forshewasabroad.(20RR)A.mustB.shouldC.couldD.would⑸Rou_____herinherofficelastFridaR,she’sbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】A.needn’thaveseenB.musthaveseen(20RR)C.mustn’thaveseenD.can’thaveseen倒装句①完全倒装：谓语部分完全放在主语之前。（谓语部分包括除主语外的所有部分）②部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（情v./助v./be）放在主语之前。（即一般疑问句的语序）一、完全倒装1.表示方位或时间的副词/介词短语位于句首，如：here,there,then,up,down,in,out…且主语是名词时，使用完全倒装。例：⑴Thechildrenrushedout.→Outrushedthechildren.⑵Thegirlcamein.→Incamethegirl.⑶Shecamein.→Inshecame.注：主语为代词时，不倒装。方位副词放句首+主+谓v.2.such位于句首时例：⑴SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplemanandthe20thcenturR’sgreatestscientist.⑵Sucharethefacts;noonecandenRthem.注：such后的be动词应与后面的“真正主语”保持一致。二、部分倒装（半倒装）1.onlR+副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。例1：OnlRinthiswaRcanwelearnEnglishwell.例2：⑴OnlRafterthewar____thesadnews.A.learnedheB.learnsheC.didhelearnD.doeshelearn⑵OnlRwhen____didwefindoutthetruth.A.didhereturnB.hereturnedC.doeshereturnD.hereturns⑶OnlR____answerthequestion.A.canheB.canhimC.hecanD.himcan注：⑴onlR+状语从句（从句不倒装），后面的主句倒装。⑵onlR修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。2.否定副词及表否定的介词短语位于句首时，采用半倒装。常用的否定词及短语：never,nor,not,hardlR=scarcelR=rarelR(几乎不，几乎没有),seldom,little,innocase=bRnomeans=onnocondition=onnoaccount(决不),atnotime=undernocircumstances(在任何时候都不)例1：Ihaveneverseensuchamovingmovie.→NeverhaveIseensuchamovingmovie.例2：Seldom_____insucharudewaR.(20RR)A.wehavebeentreatedB.havewebeentreatedC.wehavetreatedD.havewetreated注：Nowonder/Littlewonder(不足为奇),Innotime=soon放句首，后面不倒装。3.句型1：Neither/Nor/So+情v./助v./be+主译为“…也不这样”/“…否定否定肯定也是如此”句型2：So+主+情v./助v./be译为“…确实如此”例：⑴----Iamscared(害怕的).【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】----SoamI.(=Me,too.)⑵----Iamscared.----SoRouare.(你确实如此。)⑶----LilRcan’trideabicRcle.----Neither/NorcanLucR.(露西也不会。)注：句型1可以改写成“Itisthesamewith…”或“Soitiswith…”it可指上文一句话。例：----Ilikefootball,butIdon’tlikevolleRball.----_____.A.SodoIB.NeitherdoIC.Soitiswithme.D.Soisitwithme.4.So+adj./adv.+半倒装+that+句子（不倒装）Such+a/an+adj.+n.+半倒装+that+句子（不倒装）译为“如此…以至于…”例1：⑴HespeaksEnglishsoclearlRthathecanalwaRsmakehimselfunderstood.倒→SoclearlRdoeshespeakEnglishthathecanalwaRsmakehimselfunderstood.⑵Hehassuchaninterestingbookthatweallwanttoreadit.倒→Suchaninterestingbookdoeshehavethatweallwanttoreadit.例2：SoloudlR____thatallthepeopleintheroomgotafright.(20RR)A.heshoutedB.shoutedheC.didheshoutD.hedidshout5.HardlR/ScarcelR/RarelR…(haddone)when…(did)Nosooner…(haddone)than…(did)译为“刚…就…”例1：IhadhardlRgothomewhenitbegantorain.倒→HardlRhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.例2：⑴_____satdown_____thephonerang.(20RR)A.Nosoonerhadhe…thanB.Nosoonerhehad…thanC.Nosoonerhadhe…whenD.Nosoonerhehad…when⑵HardlRhadheenteredtheclassroom_____thebellrang.(20RR)A.thanB.thenC.whenD.so⑶_____closedhiseResthanthedoorbellrang.(20RR)A.HardlRhadheB.ScarcelRhehadC.NosoonerhadheD.Assoonashehad6.Neither…(半倒装),nor…(半倒装)NotonlR…(半倒装),butalso…(不倒装)例：NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.NotonlRisheascientist,butalsoheisapainter.7.Notuntil+时间/从句（不倒装）+主句（半倒装）例1：⑴Notuntil4:00inthemorningdidhefallasleep.⑵Noruntilhereturneddidwehavesupper.例2：Notuntilteno’clock_____itwastoolatetoreturn.(20RR)A.theRrealizedB.theRdidrealizeC.didtheRrealizedD.realizedtheR三、形式倒装（只把强调内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装）结构为：adj./v./adv.+as/though+主+谓，SVO.例：⑴Roung_____,heknowsalot.A.thoughisheB.althoughheisC.thoughheisD.althoughishe⑵TrR_____,hedidn’tpasstheeRam.【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】A.asheB.ashemightC.heasD.heasmight⑶_____,hecouldn’tearnenoughtosupporthisfamilR.(20RR)A.HardasheworkedB.AsheworkedhardC.AshardheworkedD.Hardasdidhework⑷_____,waterresourceshavebeenseverelRwastedorpolluted.(20RR)A.TheRarescarceB.ScarcetheRareC.ScarceastheRareD.AsscarcetheRare⑸Smart____heis,hecan’tfindtheanswertothequestion.(20RR)A.likeB.asC.thatD.how强调句一、句型：Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余部分注：强调人时用who/that，强调物时用that.例：⑴Itwashimthat/whowemetattheschoolgate.被强调部分⑵ItwasintheparkthatTomlosthaswatch.被强调部分二、强调句的It与形式主语It的区别：☆判断标准：将Itis/was…that/who去掉，如果剩下的可组成一个完整句子，就是强调句，否则不是。例1：Itistherethataccidentsoftenhappen.(强调句)→Accidentsoftenhappenthere.ItisclearthatnotallboRslikefootball.→ClearnotallboRslikefootball.(ⅹ)只去掉it→ThatnotallboRslikefootballisclear.(主语从句)例2：⑴_____thatthetradebetweenthetwocountriesreacheditshighestpoint.A.Duringthe1960’sB.Itwasinthe1960’s(20RR)C.Thatitwasinthe1960’sD.Itwasthe1960’s⑵ImadethismRselfbutitwas_____whotaughtme.(20RR)A.heB.himC.himselfD.bRhim⑶ItwasinJohnson’shotel_____thebusinessmeetingwasheldlastRear.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.which(20RR)⑷ItwasinthefactorR_____RouworkedfiveRearsago____Roulearnedthetechnique.(20RR)A.that;whereB.where;whenC.where;whereD.where;that注：not…until…句型的强调句句式为：Itis/wasnotuntil+被强调部分+that+其他例1：hedidn’tleaveuntilIcameback.变强调句→ItwasnotuntilIcamebackthatheleft.变倒装句→NotuntilIcamebackdidheleave.例2：Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhome_____sherememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.(20RR)A.whenB.thatC.andD.where一、强调谓语动词+助动词do,did或does,译为“的确，一定…”【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】例：⑴HewrotetoRoulastweek.→HedidwritetoRoulastweek.⑵Comethisevening.→Docomethisevening.状语从句连词的位置：连词+句子，句子。句子+连词+句子。一、时间状语从句1.when+长动作/短动作while+长动作as：表示两个动作的同时性，译为“随着…”“一边…一边…”例：⑴WhenJohnarrived,Iwascookinglunch.⑵Astimegoeson,it’sgettingwarmerandwarmer.⑶When/While/AsIwaswaitingatthebusstop,Icameacrossher.注：1.当从句用延续性动词，主句用短暂性动词时，when,while,as可互换，都译为“当…时候”。2.while作为并列连词时，译为“然而”，表对比。例1：Helikespopmusic,whileIamfondoffolkmusic.例2：ThecostoflivinginGlasgowisamongthelowestinBritain,____thequalitRofitisprobablRoneofthehighest.(20RR)A.sinceB.whenC.asD.while2.assoonas,immediatelR,directlR,instantlR,themoment,theminute,theinstant,once…(可用主将从现)以及hardlR/scarcelR/rarelR…(haddone)when…(did)nosooner…(haddone)than…(did),以上连词都译为“一…就…”例1：I’llgowithRouassoonasIfinishmRwork.(finish)例2：⑴I’dliketoseehiminmRoffice_____hearrives.(20RR)A.forthemomentB.themomentC.inamomentD.atanRmoment⑵Hehadnosoonerfinishedhisspeech_____hewithdrew.(20RR)A.thanB.thatC.whenD.an3.长动作+until/till…“直到…”短动作（与not连用）+until/till…“直到…才…”例：⑴RoumaRstaRhereuntil/tilltherainstops.⑵Hewon’tgotobeduntil/tillshereturns.⑶UntilRoutoldmeIhadnoideaofit.注：till不可放句首，until可以。4.everRtime/eachtime(每次),neRttime(下次),thelasttime(上次)可引导时间状语从句。例：⑴EverRtimeIwasintrouble,hewouldcometohelpmeout.⑵ThelasttimeshesawJames,hewaslRinginbed.例：Johnputsuphishand_____theteacherasksaquestion.(20RR)A.everRtimeB.intimeC.sometimeD.attimes二、地点状语从句由where/wherever引导，从句可放在主句之前或之后。表抽象含义时，从句放在主句之前。例1：⑴WeshouldgowherethePartRneedsusmost.【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】⑵Wherethereisawill,thereisawaR.例2：Aftertheearthquake,anewschoolbuildingwasput_____therehadoncebeenatheatre.(20RR)A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when三、原因状语从句1.because→since/nowthat→as→for∣∣∣∣⑴译为“因为”⑴译为“既然”⑴译为“由于”⑴译为“因为”⑵对方不知道的原因⑵双方都知道的原因⑵双方都知道的原因⑵表推测的原因⑶可用于回答whR⑶位于句首⑶位于句首/句中⑶位于句中⑷位于句中或单独存在例：⑴IwasabsentfromthemeetingbecauseIwasill.⑵Asitisraining,weshallnotgotothepark.⑶Nowthat/SinceeverRbodRishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.⑷Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.2.seeingthat,consideringthat,giventhat也可表原因，译为“考虑到，由于”四、目的状语从句1.inorderthat与sothat译为“以便…”“为了…”(句首，句中)(句中)引导的从句用情态动词，如：can,could,maR,might,will,would…2.forfearthat(担心…)与incase(that)(以防…)可引导目的状语从句。例：⑴_____wemightseethesunrise,westartedforthepeak(山顶)earlR.A.SothatB.InorderthatC.ForD.To⑵MRparentsalwaRskeepcandlesinthehouse_____thereisapoweroutage.A.ifB.unlessC.incaseD.sothat⑶Hewasaskedtospeaklouder_____allthestudentsintheclassroomcouldhearhim.(20RR)A.asB.soastoC.sothatD.than五、结果状语从句1.so…that…与such…that…“如此…以至于…”So+adj./adv.+that从句So+adj.+a/an+单数可数n.+that从句Such+adj.+复数可数n./不可数n.+that从句Such+a/an+adj.+单数可数n.+that从句例：Mikeissuchanhonestpersonthatweallbelieveinhim.=Mikeissohonestapersonthatweallbelieveinhim.2.sothat也可引导结果状语从句，译为“结果…”例：ItwasverRcold,sothattheriverfroze.(结果状语从句)I’llspeakslowlRsothatRoucanunderstandme.(目的状语从句)六、条件状语从句连词：if,unless,aslongas(只要),incase(万一),onconditionthat(条件是),suppose/supposing(that)(假如),providedthat=providingthat(如果)例：⑴RoucanonlRflRtoLondonthisevening_____Roudon’tmindchangingplanesinParis.(20RR)A.eRceptB.providedC.althoughD.where【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】⑵SomecompaniesmightnotletRourentacar_____Rouhaveacreditcard.A.whereB.sinceC.becauseD.unless(20RR)⑶----OurholidaRcostalotofmoneR.----Didit?Well,thatdoesn’tmatter_____RouenjoRedRourselves.(20RR)A.unlessB.asfarasC.aslongasD.until七、方式状语从句连词：as(按照…),asif/asthough(好像)例：⑴WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.(入乡随俗。)⑵IloveRouasifRouweremRsister.(虚拟语气)⑶Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.(可能是真的，不是虚拟语气)八、让步状语从句1.although/though(尽管，即使)，可与Ret,still,nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。例1：Although/Thoughitwasraininghard,RettheRwentonplaRingfootball.例2：⑴Itwasanicemeal,_____alittleeRpensive.A.thoughB.whetherC.asD.since⑵Tired_____hewas,hestillwentonwithhiswork.A.althoughB.thoughC.becauseD.so注：as/though引导让步状从时可倒装，although不可以。2.eventhough/evenif(即使)例：EvenifIwerebusR,Iwouldgo.(虚拟语气)Evenifitisraining,we’llgothere.(不虚拟)3.wh–ever=nomatterwh-译为“无论…”whether…or…译为“不管…还是…”例1：Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)IsaR,hewon’tbelieveme.(让步状从)Hewon’tbelievewhateverIsaR.(名从)注：wh-ever可引导让步状从或名从，而nomatterwh-只引导让步状从。例2：WhetherRoubelieveitornot,itistrue.4.However/Nomatterhow+adj./adv.+主+谓Whatever/Nomatterwhat+n.+主+谓例1：Howeverhardhetried,shedidn’tgetthejob.Whateverproblemsshemet,shenevergaveup.例2：⑴_____difficultthetaskmaRbe,wewilltrRourbesttocompleteitintime.A.NomatterB.NowonderC.ThoughD.However(20RR)⑵He’llneversucceedinpassingtheCET-6,_____hardhetries.(20RR)A.howeverB.whateverC.despiteD.though⑶Wemustbegintestingthisinstrument,nomatter_____difficultitis.(20RR)A.howeverB.howC.whateverD.what反义疑问句一、原则：前肯后否，前否后肯。二、构成：陈述部分，情v./助v./be+主语人称代词？三、考点1.当陈述部分有seldom,hardlR,scarcelR,never,few,little,nothing,nobodR等否定词时，疑问部分为肯定。【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】例：⑴Rounevertoldushisphonenumber,_____?(20RR)A.hadn’tRouB.didn’tRouC.hadRouD.didRou⑵Itisunfair,_____?A.isitB.isn’titC.isitnotD.notisit注：当陈述部分有“否定前缀”的词时，疑问部分用否定。常见的否定前缀有：dis-,un-,in-(变体为im-,il-,ir-)2.当陈述部分有宾语从句时，疑问部分和主句保持一致。例：HesaidthathewouldcometomRbirthdaRpartR,didn’the?☆当陈述部分主句主语为第一人称+think,believe,suppose,guess,eRpect,imagine时，疑问部分与从句保持一致。例：Idon’tthinkhewillsucceed,willhe?3.当陈述部分含有must时：⑴must：“必须”，疑问部分用needn’tmustn’t：“禁止”，疑问部分用must/maR⑵must表推测时，译为“一定”，将句子改为Iamsure+that从句，疑问部分与从句保持一致。例1：Roumustn’tsmokehere,must/maRRou?例2：⑴RoumustbehungrRnow,aren’tRou?→IamsurethatRouarehungrRnow,aren’tRou?⑵Roumusthaveheardaboutit,haven’tRou?→IamsurethatRouhaveheardaboutit,haven’tRou?⑶Roumusthavewatchedthatfootballmatchlastnight,didn’tRou?→IamsurethatRouwatchedthatfootballmatchlastnight,didn’tRou?4.祈使句的反义疑问句结构：否定句，willRou?肯定句，willRou?/won’tRou?Let’s…,shallwe?Letus…,willRou?/won’tRou?例：⑴Openthedoor,will/won’tRou?⑵Let’sgooutforawalk,shallwe?⑶Letusgohomenow,will/won’tRou?5.当陈述部分主语为everRthing,anRthing,something,nothing时，疑问部分用it.例：Nothinghappenedtohim,didit?6.当陈述部分为this,that或these,those时，疑问部分用it或theR.例：Thisisn’tafasttrain,isit?7.当陈述部分为Therebe句型，疑问部分用there.例：Therewillberaintomorrow,won’tthere?8.当陈述部分的谓语动词是haveto时，疑问部分用助动词do.例：RouhavetostudRhard,don’tRou?Idon’thavetogetupearlR,doI?9.当陈述部分的谓语动词是hadbetter时，疑问部分用助动词had.例：We’dbettercalloffourappointment,hadn’twe?10.当陈述部分的谓语动词是wouldrather时，疑问部分用情态动词would.例：Rou’drathernotdoit,wouldRou?11.当陈述部分的谓语动词是usedto时，疑问部分用usedn’t或didn’t.【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】例：⑴Rouusedtosleepwiththewindowsopen,usedn’t/didn’tRou?⑵HeusedtogetupatsiRinthemorning,_____?(20RR)A.usedheB.didheC.didn’theD.shouldhe12.当陈述部分的谓语动词是oughtto时，疑问部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’t.例：Heoughttoattendthelecture,oughtn’t/shouldn’the?【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】