大学英语语法讲解 76页

大学英语语法讲解 情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法)must+have+过去分词（用于肯定句）一定已经…….Thelightisstillon.Theymusthaveforgottentoturnitoffwhentheylefttheroom.注:mustn’thavedone× can’t(couldn’t)+have+过去分词（用于否定或疑问句）不可能……..HecannothavebeentothattownforIsawhimjustnow. should/oughtto+have+过去分词本应该做(却没有做)…….Ashisbestfriend,youshould/oughttohavehelpedhim.(butinfact,youdidn’t.) shouldn’t/oughtnotto+have+过去分词本不应该做(却做了)…….Youshouldn’thaveparkedyourcarhere,forit’sapublicplace. needn’t+have+过去分词本不必做……Youneedn’thavewaitedforme.ItoldyouyesterdayIwouldoverwork. withwith+doneWiththehomeworkfinished,theboywentout.with+doingWiththeoldmanleadingtheway,wefinallyfindthehouse. with+prepWiththelighton,allthestudentswentoutoftheclassroom. 虚拟语气的用法概念：表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句(1)与过去事实相反If…had+done,…would(should,could,might)+have+doneIfyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’thavefailedintheexam. 与现在事实相反If+did(be→were)，…would(should,could,might)+doIfhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish. 与将来事实相反If+did(be—were)/wereto/should+do,…would(should,could,might)+doIfyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面的宾语从句中用(should)+do。如:advise,suggest,propose,request,require,insist,demand,order,command,desireWesuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.Weinsistedthatthemeeting(should)becancelled. 注意：suggest作“暗示，表明”解时，insist作“坚决认为”解时不用虚拟语气，而用一般的时态。Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Hersun-tannedfacesuggestedthatshewasinexcellenthealth. 虚拟语气用于主语从句Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,essential,etc.)thatsb(should)+动词原形Thisisaverydifficultoperation.Itisessentialthatyoubepreparedforemergency. Itisbesuggested(desired,ordered,proposed,advised,etc.)thatsb(should)+do 虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request，wish等名词的表语从句、同位语从句。其谓语动词用(should)+动词原形Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing. itis(high)timesb+didItis(high)timeweleft. 虚拟语气用于ifonly引导的感叹句中(要是…就好了)IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice. accountfor:解释某事物的原因Pleaseaccountforyourrudebehavior.bringup:抚养Shewasbroughtupbyheraunt.getthrough:(设法)完成;(使)通过Thereisalotofworktogetthrough.Shegotallherpupilsthroughthetest. trytodo:设法做某事Wetrytofinishtheworkontime.endeavor(fml.)todo:设法做某事Weendeavortofinishtheworkontime.succeed(in)doing成功做某事Wesucceedinfinishingtheworkontime. asaresult:结果Asaresult,twopeoplewerekilledintheaccident.bytheway:顺便Bytheway,pleasegiveittoMary.onthecontrary:与此相反Itdoesn’tseemuglytome;onthecontrary,Ithinkit’sratherbeautiful. pickout:挑出Hepickedouttheripepeach.makeout:辨认Canyoumakeoutwhatthatsignsays?giveoff:发出(蒸汽,光等)Thefoodgaveoffabadsmell. separate:分开separate…fromcompare:比较compare…to/with…contrast:contrast(to/with)…对比，相比 comeupwith:提出Hecameupanewideaforincreasingsales.catchupwith:赶上Afteraterm,shecaughtupwiththeotherstudentsinherclass.keepupwith:跟上Weshouldkeepupwiththepaceofthemodernsociety. 定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等和关系副词when,where,why等。他们在定语从句中担任句子成分。 who（代替人）:Iknowthemanwho/thatisstandingunderthetreeoverthere.whom:Thedoctor(whom)youarelookingforisintheroom.Whostandsneartheriverisourschool. whose（可代替人和物）DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?Iliveinaroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.which（代替物）Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool. that(可代替人和物)Theletter(that)Ireceivedwasfrommyfather.注意:在下面几种情况下必须用“that”1.先行词是不定代词：all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anythingAllthat(what)wehavetodoistopractiseeveryday. 2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。Thefirstlesson(that)Ilearnedwillneverbeforgotten.3.先行词被all,anyevery,few,little,no,some等修饰。Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme. whenIwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetMr.Liu.whereThisistheplacewherewelivedfor5years.whyIknowthereasonwhyhecamelate. 限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。 非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能省略，不用that。Ihavetwosisters,whoarebothstudents.关系代词which，as可指代前面整句话的内容。Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.[P184第49题] 倒装句英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象叫做倒装。 全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。以out,in,up,down,away,here,there,等副词开头的句子里。Herecomesthebus. 部分倒装：把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前否定副词提前的句型中，否定副词有hardly,not,nowhere,seldom,notonly,scarcely,never,little,atnotime,innocircumstance.Ishallneverdothisagain.NevershallIdothisagain.如：[P184第52、53题]、[P206第48题]、[P230第47题] relieve:解除或减轻(痛苦、忧虑等)relate:relate…to/with…把…和…联系起来retain:保持；保留 ignore:忽视；忽略neglect:忽视；忽略refuse:拒绝 asfor(sb./sth.):至于Asforyou,youshouldbeashamedofyourself.besides:除了Besidesme,theyallwenttotheSummerPalace.except:除了Exceptme,theyallwenttotheSummerPalace. sufficient:充足的，充分的effective:有效的efficient:有能力的，有效率的respective:各自的，分别的 progress:进步，进展proceed:继续前进，继续下去promote:推销propose:建议，计划 分词做状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原因，行为方式，伴随状况等。1.现在分词有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为，完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。 主动被动一般式doingbeing+done完成式having+donehaving+been+done Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.(原因)Havingbeenexaminedbythedoctor,thepatientwenthome. 注意：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.[P195第46、47题]、[P219第53题]、[P231第52题] 过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudents.Helayhalfdead,withallhisfibsbroken.[P172第49题] represent:代表；描绘，塑造；陈述present:将某物赠予或交给某人supply:供应supplysb.withsth.Supplysth.tosb. explode:爆炸expand:扩大expose:暴露expose…to…将…暴露于…explore:开发 spread:展开display:展示，陈列locate:位于，坐落于belocatedin instance:事例character:性格；人物item:条款，项目detail:细节 lookout:小心；向外看lookafter:照顾lookinto:调查lookon:旁观 occasion:时刻，场合situation:状况，处境ina…situationcondition:条件under/in…conditionenvironment:环境 Icoulddonothingbutacceptit.Icouldsaynothingbuttoacceptit. exceptthat:除了Sherememberednothingaboutherexceptthatherhairisblack.exceptfor:除了Itisagoodarticleexceptforsomespellingmistakes.butfor:要不是Butfortherain,wewouldhavehadaniceholiday. Itis….before…Itis….since…Itisfiveyearssinceweleftschool. contain:包含，包括Thestorycontains3parts.secure:保护，使某物安全Thelawcansecurethecivilrightstheoldpeople.reserve:保留Theseseatsarereservedforthespecialguests.maintain:保持 sufficiently:充足地approximately:大概地considerably:很，相当地properly:正确地 comeacross:碰巧遇到comeup:长出地面Thegrassarejustbeginningtocomeup.cometo:到达；等于某数Thebillcomesto$30.Whenwecametotheroom,noonewereinit. comeover:从一地来到另一地Whydon’tyoucomeovertoEnglandforaholiday? impression:印象Hisspeechmadeastrongimpressiononus.reaction:反应comment:评论Doyouhaveanycommentonthismatter? other:另外的Somepeoplearesinging,andotherpeoplearedancing. benefit:使(某人)受好处Thepolicywillbenefitallthepeople.affect:影响Smokingwillaffectyouhealth.guide:指导，引导Heguidedmetomyseat.effect:使发生，引起effectachange… inrelationto:与…有关Thismatterisinrelationtomanypeople.incontrastto:与…对比Herwhitehairisinsharpcontrasttoherdarkskin.inexcessof:过度…Hewasinexcessofalcohol.infavorof:支持… atheart:内心里;基本上I’macountrygirlatheart.inperson:亲身，亲自Youmustcomehereinperson.onpurpose:故意的Hedidthatonpurpose.bynature:天生的 祈使句,＋and….If……,….Ifwehadhadfiveminutesearlier,wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain. can’thelpbutdo禁不住做某事can’thelpdoing禁不住做某事Wecan’thelplaughing. Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth.做…没有什么意义/作用 turnover:(使…)翻身或翻转Sheturnedoverandslept.turnup:(声音)调大;出现turnon:打开;PleaseturnontheTV. turndown:(声音)调低;拒绝It’stoonoisy;pleaseturndowntheradio.Myadviceisturneddown. contributeto:捐助；贡献promote:提升，提高；推销refer:referto:提起，说到Don’trefertothemanagain.matter:关系重大；要紧Itdoesn’tmatter. cultivate:耕作；陶冶Readingisthebestwaytocultivateone’smind.raise:举起；提升；抚养Pleaseraiseyourhand.adopt:收养acquire:获得HestudiedhardandacquiredagoodknowledgeofEnglish. apply:applyto…for…向…申请…Heappliedtothegovernmentforapassport.demand:要求Theworkersaredemandingabetterpay. anticipate:期望，预料suppose:以为，料想Whatdoyousupposehewants? sensible:明智的，通情达理的sensitive:易受伤害的；敏感的severe:严格的，严厉的；非常恶劣的solemn:严肃的，庄重的 obviously:显而易见地surprisingly:令人吃惊地particularly:特别地，尤其地normally:正常地 affair:事情，事件accident:事故incident:小事emergency:紧急事件，紧急情况