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非谓语动词句法功能口诀,不定式本领强,六种成分都能当;动名词不示弱,主宾表定用得上;两分词,互不让,表定状补争亮相。如下表所示:作用种类主宾表定状补不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√分词√√√√清单一巧记跟不定式和动名词做宾语的动词用法(一)跟不定式作宾语的动词有:打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect/desire)假装(pretend)喜欢(wouldlike/love/prefer)表祝愿(wish),决定(decide)同意(agree)来帮助(help)。设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse),好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt)。选择(choose)询问(ask)多学习(learn),告诉(tell)失败(fail)也付得起(afford),不定式宾语要牢记!(二)跟动名词作宾语的动词有:考虑(consider)完成(finish)多练习(practise);避免(avoid)冒险(risk)求建议(suggest/recoomend);面对(face)喜欢(enjoy/appreciate)和介意(mind);允许(allow)承认(admit/permit)或放弃(giveup/abandon);推迟(putoff/delay/postphone)逃避(escape)不原谅(excuse/pardon);提及(mention)坚持(keep/insiston)要想象(imagine/fancy);还有词组feellike和can’tstand!瞧!,我们就这样快快乐乐地记住了吧!(三)在动词remember,try,regret,forget,need/want/require,stop,mean等后跟动名词V-和不定式意义不同,巧记一句话(记住努力;后悔忘记;需要停止;很有意义),学习采用对比法:remembertodosomething记着去做某事(现在还没有做)rememberdoingsomething记着曾做过某事(以前做过某事)trytodosomething努力、尽力做某事trydoingsomething试着做某事(看能否达到预期的结果)stoptodosomething开始做某事(停下正在做的事,开始做另一事)stopdoingsomething停止做某事(停止正在做的事)regrettodosomething对将来做的事感到遗憾、惋惜regretdoingsomething对已经做过的事感到后悔meantodosomething打算,想,意图…meandoingsomething意味着want/require/needtobedone某事需要做want/require/needdoing某事需要做(这时动名词和主语之间有动宾关系,如:Theroomneedscleaning/needstobecleaned)can’thelptodosth.不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoingsth.禁不住做某事(四)请牢记在下列固定句式中,动词用V-ing式:Thereisnopointarguingfurther.再争辩下去没有意义。Itisnogooddoingthat.那样做没有用。Itisnousetellinghisfatheraboutit.告诉他父亲那件事没用。Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped__onabigrocktoseetherisingsun.
A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest
-------Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.------Well,nowIregret___that.
A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone现在分词和过去分词用法之异同
现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知,两种分词的区别很多,但它们之间的根本区别是:
过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成,在语态上侧重于被动;
而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行,在语态上侧重于主动。
这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下:
一、分词作定语
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共同点:分词作定语时,如果分词只是一个单词,那么,该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前;如果是分词短语,那么,该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
不同点:分词作定语时,被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
① 单独作定语,应放在被修饰的名词之前,如:touchingstory/leadingcadres/shiningexample/comingweek/
skilledworker/armedforces/boiledwater/steamedbreadBarkingdogsseldombite.
Soonourrespectedandbelovedleadersenteredthebanquethall.
注:分词作定语时,意义上接近于一个定语从句,如:developingcountries=countriesthataredeveloping
agrowingcity=acitythatisgrowingliberatedareas=areasthathavebeenliberated
②在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后,在意义上也相当于一个定语从句,如:Whoisthemanstanding(=thatisstanding)bythedoor?
Theybuiltahighwayleading(=whichleads)intothemountains.HaveyoureadanyshortstorieswrittenbyLuXun?
Theyareproblemsleft(=whichhavebeenleft)overbyhistory.③作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况:
a.表示正在进行的动作,(变为从句时要用进行时态),如:
Tellthechildrenplayingthere(whoareplayingthere)nottomakesomuchnoise.
Didyouseethemantalking(whowastalking)tothemanager?
b.表示经常性的动作,或现在(或当时)的状态,(变为从句时,用一般时态),如:
Theylivedinaroomfacing(=thatfaced)thesouth.
Thehousestanding(=thatstands)atthecornerofthestreetwasbuiltin1955.
④过去分词作定语时,过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,也可以是没有一定的时间性,如:
Isthisthebookrecommendedbyourteacher?Themeetingheldlastweekisveryimportant.
Heisamanlovedbyall.Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.
注①:如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生,或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示,如:
Themeetingbeingheldisveryimportant.Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsbeingdiscussedhere.
注②:如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示,如:
Themeetingtobeheldnextweekisveryimportant.Pleasetellmethesubjectstobediscussedatthenextmeeting.
⑤分词还可以作非限制性定语(相当于一个非限制性定语从句),这时,它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开,试比较:
AllmybrotherslivinginShanghaiarescientists.
Allmybrothers,livinginShanghai,arescientists.
Allthelettersinthedrawerwritteninpencilarefrommysister.
Allthelettersinthedrawer,writteninpencil,arefrommysister.
⑥本节值得注意的问题:现在分词短语作定语时,所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作,也不可以表示将来。另外,一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语,所以,下列句子都是错的:
HereisMr.LicomingfromBeijing.(应改为whohascomefromBeijing)
Thosehavingfinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(应改为whohavefinished)
ThemangivingusalecturelastweekleftforShenzhenthismorning.(应改为whogaveus)
⑦系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语,此时要用从句来表示,如:
Thosebeingbusydon’thavetogo.(应改为Thosewhoarebusydon’thavetogo.)
HisbrotherbeingaPLAmanis18yearsold.(应改为whois)
⑧不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语,若要表示这个意思要用从句,如:
Theliondiedinthiszootheotherdaywasamotherlion.(应改为which/thatdied)1.Therewasaterriblenoise____thesuddenburstoflight.
A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed
2.TheOlympicGames,____in776B.C.,didn’tincludewomenuntil1912.
A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobeplaying
3.What’sthelanguage____inGermany?
A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak
4.Mostofthepeople____tothepartywerefamousscientists.
A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.10
inviting
5.Mostoftheartists____tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.
A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited
6.Thecomputercentre,____lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.
A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened
7.Thefirsttextbooks____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.
A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written
二、分词作表语
共同点:分词作表语时,它起着形容词的作用。
不同点:分词作表语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性;过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,如:
Thenewswasexciting.Thesituationisencouraging.Shelookeddisappointed.
Heappearedsatisfiedwithmyanswer.Heseemedquitedelightedattheidea.Don’tgetexcited.
注②:过去分词作表语时,应注意与被动结构的区别。
系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点;被动结构强调谓语动作,指主语所承受的动作。此外还有:
系表结构:a.常用一般现在或一般过去时态;b.一般不带状语;c.可以有不及物动词的过去分词。
被动结构:a.有多种时态,常与主动语态的时态一致;b.可以带时间、方式或by短语作状语;c.必须是及物动词。
Thesmallvillageissurroundedbytrees.(状态)Thesmallvillagewassoonsurroundedbyenemysoldiers.(动作)
I’minterestedinchess.Iwasinterestedbywhatyoutoldme.Thesunisrisen.ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXunin1921.注①:已经成为形容词的分词,可以用very修饰;没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用much或quite,有时也可用verymuch,如:I’mverymuchpleased.He’sverymuchworriedabouthishealth.
1.Thisnewssounds____.A.encouragingB.encouragedC.encourageD.toencourage
2.-HowdidBobdointheexamsthistime? -Well,hisfatherseems____withhisresults.
A.pleasingB.pleaseC.pleasedD.toplease
3.-Howdidtheaudiencereceivethenewplay? -Theygotvery____.
A.exciteB.excitedC.excitedlyD.exciting
三、分词作宾语补足语
共同点:分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语,对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
不同点:分词作宾语补足语时,句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
感官动词
see
watchdo被动句还原to
hear+sb./sth.+doing
feeldone
notice
使役动词have/make/let+sth./sb.doingdodone被动句还原to
get/leave+sth./sb.doingtododone
keepsb./sthdoingdone4.作宾语补足语:
①现在分词做宾语补足语,如:
I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsolong.Icouldfeelthecoldwindblowingonmyface.
Hetriedtostarttheenginerunning.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.
注:现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行,强调动作过程。
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②过去分词做宾语补足语,如:
HewatchedtheTVsetcarriedoutoftheroom.Lastyeartheyhadthehouserebuilt.
WhenyouspeakEnglish,besuretomakeyourselfunderstood.You’dbetterhaveyourshoesmended.
注:过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果,并有被动意义。
③现在分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系,宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作;过去分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着动宾关系,宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,如:
Hesawanoldmangettingonthebus.Anoldmanwasgettingonthebus.
IonceheardthissongsunginJapanese.ThissongwasoncesunginJapanese.
Idon’twantthechildrentakenoutinsuchweather.Thechildrenweretakenoutinsuchweather.
④以上句子可以变为被动结构,这时,宾语补足语就成了主语补足语,与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”,如:
Wewerekeptwaitingforquitealongtime.Shewasneverheardsingingthatsongagain.Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.
⑤有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,有些动词只能用现在分词作宾语补足语,这些动词是:catch,keep,mind,prevent,remember,stop,start,smell,excuse,spy,send等,例如:
Shecaughthersonsmokingacigarette.We’dbetterkeepthefireburning.Idon’tmindyoujoking.Ilikeit.
Theheavyrainpreventeduscominghereontime.Idon’trememberhimeversayinganythinglikethat.Wemusttrytostopthemgettingintotrouble.Hiswordsstartedmethinkingseriously.Canyousmellsomethingburning?Theearthquakesentthechinaandglasscrashingtotheground.1.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman____inbed,dead.
A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying
2.-Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?
-I’dliketohavethepackage____,madam.
A.beweighedB.tobeweighedC.toweighD.weighed
3.IcanhardlyimaginePeter____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.
A.sailB.sailingC.tosailD.tohavesailed
4.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair____againstyourface.
A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove
四、分词作状语
共同点:分词作状语时,一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。
不同点:分词作状语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。
3.作状语:
①现在分词作状语,表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况,如:Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.
Thechildrenranoutoftheroom,laughingandtalkingmerrily.Theystoodthereforanhourwatchingthegame.
注意:a.分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作;b.分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作(或状态)是同时发生的;c.分词表示的是比较次要的动作,对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明;d.大部分放在谓语之后;e.分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。
②现在分词作状语,表示行为方式或手段(这类状语可以放在句首,也可以放在句末,有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c),如:Followingtheguide,theystartedtoclimb.Workingthisway,theygreatlyreducedthecost.
Travellingbyjeep,wevisitedanumberofcities.
③现在分词作状语,表示原因或理由,如:
Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.
Beingsopoorinthosedays,wecouldn’taffordtosendtheboytohospital.
注:如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,则要用完成形式,如:
Havingworkedamongthepeasantsformanyyears,heknewthemverywell.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.HavinglivedinBerlinmanyyears,heknewthecitywell.
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④现在分词作时间状语(相当于when引导的从句),如:
Turningaround,shesawapolicecardrivingup.
Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.
Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosedaysinYan’an.
注①:这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作,这动作一发生,谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while+分词这种结构,如:
Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Don’tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim.
注②:如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时,分词的动作已经完成,这个分词要用完成形式,如:
Havingarrivedatadecision,theyimmediatelysettowork.Havingheardthis,thewomanastronautexpressedhersatisfaction.
⑤现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步,如:Herhusbanddiedin1942,leavingherwithfivechildren.(结果)Turningtotheleft,youwillfindthepathleadingtothesite.(条件)Workinghard,youwillsucceed.(条件)Thebuswasheldupbysnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.(结果)Weighingalmostonehundredjin,thestonewasmovedbyhimalone.(让步)
⑥过去分词短语作状语,可以修饰谓语,说明动作发生的背景或情况,如:
Builtin1192,thebridgeisover700yearsold.Ledbytheparty,thepeoplehaveimprovedtheirlivingconditionsgreatly.
Surroundedbyagroupofpupils,theoldteacherwalkedintotheroom.Thetrainerappeared,followedbysixlittledogs.
⑦过去分词短语表示原因(相当于一个原因状语从句),如:
Thechildren,exhausted,fellasleepatonce.Hesoonfellasleep,exhaustedbythejourney.(=ashewasexhausted…)
⑧过去分词短语有时可以表示时间(相当于时间状语从句)和条件(相当于条件状语从句),如:
United,westand;divided,wefall.(=When/Ifweareunited…)
Heated,waterchangesintosteam.(=When/Ifwaterisheated…)Seenfromthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.
注:过去分词短语作状语时,前面有时可以加上when,if,while,though,asif等连词,这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为“主语+be的多种形式”)。需要注意的是,省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同,如:
If/Whenheated,waterchangesintosteam.Evenifinvited,Iwon’tgo.
Wewillnotattackunlessattacked.Thegirlisveryshy,andneverspeaksuntilspokento.
现在分词的完成形式和被动形式
①现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中,表示动作在谓语动作之前发生,如:
Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.
Thedelegates,havingfulfilledtheirmission,arrivedbackinShanghai.
注:在独立结构中,也可以用现在分词的完成形式,如:
Hiscomradeshavingallleftforthefront,hedidn’twanttostayintherear.
②在表示一个被动的动作时,如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的,或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的,就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语,如:
Thatbuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.(定语)
Heaskedwhowasthemanbeingoperatedon.(定语)
You’llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.(宾语补足语)
Asweenteredthevillage,wesawnewhousesbeingbuilt.(宾语补足语)
Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn’tverywellrefuse.(状语)
Beingprotectedbyathickwall,theyfelttheywerequitesafe.(状语)
△ 有时还有完成被动形式,如:
Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?
在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为:
独立结构
独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况,表示时间、原因、条件等,例如:
Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.(伴随情况)
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Theshowerbeingover,wecontinuedtomarch.(时间)
Somanystudentsbeingabsent,wedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.(原因)
Weatherpermitting,we’llhaveanoutingtomorrow.(条件)
Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.
Thejobdone,wewenthome.
Thecompositionwritten,hehandedittotheteacher.
1.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,____itthemostpopularsportintheworld.
A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake
2.____areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.
A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived
3.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,____thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.
A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added
4.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice.
A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing
简析:该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语,通过副词angrily进行干扰。若B答案为andpointedangrily时也对。 另外,分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或with复合结构来替代。(此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例:Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands____behindhisback.
A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied
1.Icannotunderstand_____suchawell-paidjob.
A.himtogiveupB.himtohavegivenupC.hisgivingupD.hisbeinggivenup
2.Jane’ssummervacationinEnglandledto_____anEnglishman.
A.hermarryB.hertomarryC.herbeingmarriedD.hermarrying
3.Shewassadbecauseof_____anychanceleft.
A.therebeingnotB.therenotbeingC.nottherebeingD.therewasnot
4.Ifyouthinkaletteristooslow,whynot_____atelegram?
A.trytohavesentB.tryingtosendC.totrytosendD.trysending
5.Thereisnochance_____himtoday.
A.inseeingB.toseeingC.ofseeingD.aboutseeing
6.Iknowyoulike_____.Wouldyoulike_____withmenow?
A.toswim,toswimB.swimming,swimmingC.swimming,toswimD.toswim,swimming
7.Before_____,themachinemustbechecked.
A.beingusedB.usingitC.beingusedtoD.using
8.Togiveup_____means_____.
A.smoking,stoppingsmokingB.smoking,tostopsmokingC.tosmoke,tostoptosmokeD.tosmoke,stoppingtosmoke
9.—Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?—Oh,excellent.It’sworth_____asecondtime.
A.toreadB.readingC.tobereadD.beingread
10.“Whathasmadeyousoupset?”“________mynewbike.”
A.LostB.BecauseoflosingC.SinceIlostD.Losing
11.Istillremember_____toBeijingwhenIwassix.
A.totakeB.takingC.havingtakingD.havingbeentaken
12.Someforeignerusedto_____ontheleftintheirowncountries,butnowtheyhavegotusedto_____ontherightinourcountry.
A.driving,driveB.drive,driveC.drive,drivingD.driving,driving
13.Heremained____there,forhegrew____inmanythings10
there.
A.staying,interestingB.staying,interestedC.tostay,interestD.stayed,interested
14.Itisimportantforparentsandyoungpeopletolearnhowtogetthroughtoeachotheranddevelopskillinunderstandingand_____.
A.beingunderstoodB.tobeunderstoodC.understandD.understood
15._____moretreesisgoodforhealthanditisalsoimportanttostopwastefromfactories_____oursurroundings.
A.Toplant,polluteB.Planting,topolluteC.Plant,pollutingD.Planting,polluting
动名词一、动名词的形式
一般式doingbeingdone与谓语动作同时发生完成式Havingdonehavingbeendone在谓语动作之前否定结构Notdoing/nothavingdone二、功能及用法1.动名词(短语)做主语,如:
Writingthebookhastakenupallhissparetime.Seeingisbelieving.
注①:动名词(短语)做主语还常用于下列结构:
a. It’snousesendinghimover.It’stoolatealready.It’snogoodtalkingalotwithoutdoinganything.
It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.
b.There’snojokingaboutsuchmatters.There’snosayingwhathe’llbedoingnext.There’snotellingwhathe’sgoingtodo.
注②:动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别:
动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作,一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为,往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起,如:
It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.(抽象)Herealizedthattogoonlikethiswasnouse.(具体)
在实际运用中,一般可以互换,差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换:
a.当表语是动名词时,主语也要用动名词;当表语是不定式时,主语也要用不定式,如:
Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.
b.动名词和不定式作主语,一般都可以使用形式主语it,而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中,一般宜用动名词,不宜用不定式来代替:
It’snousedoing…It’snogooddoing…It’sawasteoftimedoing…
例如:It’snousegoingtheretoday;hewon’tbeathome.It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.
It’snogoodwaitinghere.Let’swalkhome.
而在It’simportant…/It’snecessary…/It’sadvisable…/It’sessential…/It’sfitting…这类句型中,只能用不定式,如:It’simportanttolearnforeignlanguages.It’squitenecessarytoreaditmanytimes.
2.动名词(短语)作表语,如:Theirjobisbuildinghouses.Hisjobisraisingpigs.
注①:动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别:动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯;不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作,特别是将来的动作,试比较:Myfavouritesportisswimming.Thefirstthingforustodoistoimproveourpronunciation.
注②:动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别:
动名词作表语时相当于名词,说明主语的含义及内容,它与主语是同等关系,主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义,但不可用副词来修饰。
现在分词作表语时相当于形容词,说明主语的特征、性质、状态等,主语与表语不可互换位置,但可用very,quite等副词来修饰,如:Myjobislookingafterthechildren.Ourdutyisservingthepeopleheartandsoul.Thesituationisencouraging.Thiscakeisveryinviting.Thevolleyballmatchwewatchedwasveryexciting.
3.动名词(短语)用作宾语的情况很多,如:
Hearingthewords,shecouldn’thelpthinkingofherpastbitterness.Weallavoidedmentioningthatmatter.
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★ 能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类:
一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词,其中有(参考顺口溜)另一类是既可以用动名词,又可以用不定式作宾语的动词,其中有:begin,cannotbear,continue,forget,hate,intend,like,love,plan,prefer,propose,regret,remember,start,try,want,need,can’tafford等。
上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语,但用法不尽相同,需要注意下列几个情况:
A.在begin,start,cease,continue,cannotbear,hate,like,love,prefer,propose等动词后,两种结构意义无大的出入,如:Shecan’tbearbeinglaughedat/tobelaughedat.
但是在下列情况下,通常用不定式:
a.在wouldlike/love/prefer/hate后表示一个特定的新动作时:I’dliketobuyasuit.I’dhatetodisappointthem.
b.当谓语动词已用进行时态时:Thewaterisbeginning/startingtoboil.I’mstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.
c.在begin等后,非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时(即:指心理状态或精神活动时):
Shebegantobelievehisstory.Hebegantorealizethathewaswrong.
d.当主语是物,不是人时:Thewaterstarted/begantoboil.Theicestarted/begantomelt.
B.在need,want,deserve等后,可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义,或用不定式的被动式,意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍,(这时主语一般是物),如:Thedoorneedsoiling/tobeoiled.
C.有的动词尽管可以用两种结构,但意义明显不同,须认真加以区别:
IforgottoclosethedoorbeforeIlefttheroom.Iforgothavingclosedthedoor.
Hetriedtowritebetter.(尽量努力地写)Hetriedwritingwithabrush.(用毛笔试着写)
Icouldn’thelpfinishingit.(不能不结束某事)Icouldn’thelptofinishit.(不能帮助结束某事)
Theyleftofffishing.(停止钓鱼)Theyleftofftofish.(离开某处出发去钓鱼)
Iregrettosaythatthereisnowineinthebottle.(对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉)
Iregretnottakingyouradvice.(后悔)
★动名词(短语)还常常跟在短语动词之后,作介词的宾语。常见的有:
insiston/thinkof/dreamof/objectto/hearof/prevent…from/keep…from/stop…from/feellike/beengagedin/lookforwardto/dependon/thank…for/excuse…for/devote…to/setabout/spend…in/get(be)usedto…/befondof/beafraidof/betiredof/succeedin/beinterestedin/beproudof/burstout/giveup等,如:
Heinsistedonseeingushome.Theyallobjectedtoputtingthemeetingoff.
Areyouinterestedingoingtotheshow?I’mthinkingofgoingtotownthisafternoon.
Idon’tfeellikeeatinganything.Sheisafraidoffallingbehindtheothers.
Hefinallygottiredofdoingofficework.ShedevoteshourstohelpingMotherwithhouseworkonSunday.
4.动名词(短语)可以和about,against,at,before,after,by,for,besides,from,in,on,upon,without等介词构成短语,在句中作状语,如:Theybrokeinloudcheersonhearingthenews.Hewarnedmeagainstswimmingthere.
Sheleftwithoutsayinggood-byetous.Besidescookingandsewing,shehadtotakecareofthechildren.
Hefeltuncomfortableaboutacceptingthegift.Theyweresurprisedatyourdoingthat.
5.动名词(短语)可以和介词构成短语作定语,如:
Hehasn’tmuchexperienceinrunningfactories.What’stheirreasonforcancellingtheEnglishevening?
Haveyouanyobjectiontogoingthereonfoot?Hehaslittlehopeofpassinghisexaminations.
Theydon’tapproveofhiswayoflookingatthings.I’mgladtohavethisopportunityofcomingtovisityourcountry.
6.动名词还可以作定语,如:
singingcompetitionswimmingpool
diningcaropeningspeech
drinkingcuplivingroom
typingpaperwaitingroom
writingdeskwashingmachine
frying-pansleeping-pill
walkingstickteaching10
method
注:动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途,它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系;而现在分词作定语,表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为,它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
三、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。
有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者,可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格,来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格,不过,这主要用于口语中。如:
Shewon’thearofusleavingthevillage.
DoyouobjecttoLiPing’sjoiningthephysicsgroup?
注①:如果不是在句子的开头,这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格,如:
Idon’tliketheideaofus/ournothelpingatall.
Idon’tmindJanebuyinganotherone.
注②:如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词,或不定代词,就只能用普通格,不能用所有格,如:
Isthereanyhopeofyourteamwinningthematch?
Theboywasalarmedbysomeoneknockingatthedoor.
动名词的复合结构有下列用法:
① 作主语:
Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.
Nothingisworsethanourbowingbeforedifficulties.
LaoLi’s(not:Li)goingwon’tbeofmuchhelp.
② 作表语:
Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.
What’stroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughmachinetools.
③ 作宾语:
Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?
Pleaseexcusemyinterruptingyou.
④ 作介词宾语:
Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.
Doyouthinktherewillbeanychanceofmyseeinghimagain?
四、动名词的完成形式与被动形式
动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作(即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作)或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作,如:
Theyareallinterestedinclimbingmountains.
Hetookagreatdelightinhelpingothers.
①如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成形式,如:
Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.
Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.
Idon’trememberhavingeverpromisedyouthat.
注:在某些动词之后(或在成语中)常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作,如:
Excusemeforcominglate.
Idon’tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.
②当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时,这个动名词一般要用被动形式,如:
Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.
Hediditwithoutbeingasked.
Theyinsistedontheirbeingtreatedasordinaryworkers.
Hedidn’tmindbeingleftathome.
Theycouldn’tstandbeingtreatedlike10
that.
注:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式,如:
Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.
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