英语语法01语法层次 69页

Unit1:LevelsofEnglishGrammarIssuesofthisunit:Levelsofgrammarunitsmorpheme,word,phrase,clauses 学习内容预告：本单元之后，请预习：第4、5讲：名词和名词词组、名词属格 Thesubjectofthiscourse:Languagesystem:Soundsystem,forphonology(音系学)Meaningsystem,forsemantics(语义学)Rulesystem,forgrammarstudyThiscoursestudiesthesyntacticrules. DifferentlevelsofformsinEnglish:（DiscourseText）SentenceClausePhraseWordMorpheme A）Morphemes(词素)EnglishmorphemeFreemorphemeBoundmorpheme(自由词素)(粘附词素)e.g.manfriende.g.im--ytakeluck…pre--ess…(asroots,stems，词根、词干)(asaffixes，词缀) Affixes：（词缀的结构分类）1prefix(前缀)：pre-war,antibody,impossible2suffix(后缀)：careful,farmer,nicely,homely3infix(中缀)：footfeet,statesman 词缀的功能分类：一些词缀是句法性的(syntactic)，如：-ed标示动词的过去时，-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等；它们被称为“Inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)；其他如：-s-ed-est”另一些词缀则是语义性的(semantic)，例如：-er作为名词词尾，表示“onewho…”的含义；它们通常被称为“Derivationalaffix(派生词缀)” Next,let’slookmorecloselyatsomeexamplesofstems,affixationsandtheirrolesinformingEnglishwords.（Ihavepreparedalistofthestems,prefixesandsuffixesofEnglishwords,whichisinaWordfile.Ifyouareinterested,youcancopyitafterclass.） 1）ExamplesofPrefixes:a-,an-/without,lacking,not/asymmetric,apolitical,asexual,anarchybi-/two/bicycle,bilateral,biped,bipolar,bivalence 形式有差异，但意义相同的词缀：（词缀变体，由不同的语音导致的变化）：com-,con-,col-,cor-,co-/together,with/combine,compassion,concentriccircle,contractcollaborate,colleaguecorrespond,correlationcooperation,coworker 形式相同，但意义不同的词缀：im-,in-,il-,ir-/in,into,on/immigrant,import,income,illustration,irrigation(通常为名词、动词)im-,in-,il-,ir-/not/impossible,immature,ineffectual,illegal,irresponsible（通常为形容词） 反义词缀：inter-/between/international,interpersonal,internet,intergroupintra-,intro-/within/intranet,intragroup,introduction,introspectionsub-/under/subject,submarine,subsonicsuper-/above,greater/supersonicsupermarket,superpower 反义词缀：macro-/big/macrocomputer,macrocontrol,macroeconomymicro-/small/microcomputer,microcontrol,microeconomy 同义、近义词缀：anti-/against/antibiotic,antibody,antisocial,antifascistcontra-/against/contradiction,contrastcounter-/against/counteract,counterpart,counterrevolution,counterclockwise 同义、近义词缀：demi-/ahalforapartof/demi-god,demilune,semi-/half,partly/semiconductor,semifinal,semicircle,hemispherefore-/before,infrontof/forehead,forestall,forefather,forerunnerpre-/before/prewar,prepare,preposition,preschool 2）ExamplesofSuffixes:有些后缀仅仅具有句法意义：-ness/addedtoadjectivestoformnouns/carelessness,goodness,laziness,drowsiness-sumption/nounformforverbsendedwith-ume/assumption,consumption,resumption[assumeassumption] 有些后缀则既有句法意义，也有语义意义：-able,-ible/adj.capableof,fitfor/eatable,workable,considerable,sizable,feasible-oid/n.like,resembling/asteroid,anthropoid,mongoloid 有些后缀具有不同的意义（例如相反意义）：-er,-or,-eer/n.onewho/worker,officer,operator,actor,engineer,profiteer-ee/n.onewho(usu.inpassivesense)/interviewee,testee,fiancee,employee 3）ExamplesofStems:-anim-/spirit/animal,unanimous,magnanimous-aqua-/water/aquaticsports,aquarium,aquanaut-auto-/self/autobiography,automation,automobile,autism -cap-,-capit-/head,chief/capital,captain,decapitation,percapitaincome-dict-/say,speak/dictation,dictionary,dictator,contradiction-son-/sound/subsonic,consonant,resonant,ultrasonic 小贴士：词根的典故：Cesar:"Veni,Vidi,Vinci!“-ven-,-vent-/come/intervene,prevent,convention-vid-,-vis-/see/video,visualize,vision,vista-vinc-,-van-/conquer/victory,invincible,vanquish,vanity Justasmallquiz,beforewegoon:Doyouknowthesewordsandifnot,canyoufigureouttheirmeanings:docudramanetizenultramodernhydrotherapyretrospecttransplantclockwise,counterclockwise→testwise Canyoumakeoutthemeaningofthisword：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 词中，词根词缀的含义：-pneumono-pneumonia,pneumaticgunultra-ultrasonic,ultravioletmicro-microcomputer,microphone-scop-telescope,microscopesilicon硅volcano火山-coni-ofcones-osis（病名后缀）tuberculosis,scoliosis Themeaningoftheword：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisisthisinChinese：硅酸盐沉淀病英语的大词比小词容易记。 Nowlet’sgotothenextlevelofgrammar：thewordlevel. B)Words:TypesofEnglishWordsIntermsoffunction（按功能分）Closedclasswords(封闭类词，虚词)Openclasswords(开放类词，实词) Closedclasswords(functionwords,封闭类词，虚词)这类词无词形变化，数量小Preposition,pronoun,determiner,conjunction,auxiliaryandinthetheyshall Openclasswords(contentwords,开放类词，实词)noun,adjective,adverb,mainverb,numerals(cardinal,ordinal)这类词有词形变化，数量很大boyboysgoodbestthreethirtyborrowborrowedborrowing TypesofEnglishWordsIntermsofstructure（按结构分）1）simplewords（简单词）2）derivativewords（派生词）3）compoundwords（复合词） 1)Simpleword（简单词）Alsocalled“morphemeword，单词素词”（不能再分为更小的词素）e.g.:foot,head,car,near,by,in… 2)Derivatives(派生词)：Formedby:stem+affixese.g.:uncover;harmless;education…【e--duc--at-ion】Review:Syntacticaffixes:worked,redden,gracefulSemanticaffixes:superman,cooker,antibody 须注意：syntactic和semantic的区分不是绝对的，句法性词缀也可能有语义价值：employervs.employeetrainervs.traineeinterviewervs.interviewee而有的语义性词缀也可以有不同的词性：beautifulvs.handfulpsychotic/neuroticantibiotic/armymedic 3)Compounds(复合词)：InEnglish,manywordsareformedbycombiningtwoormorewordstogetherandthesewordsarecalledcompoundwords.Contentwordssuchasnouns,verbsandadjectivescanallbeformedinthisfashion. Compounding:thecombinationofdifferentwordsorwordpartstoformanewword:A)CompoundNouns:n.+n.workshop,bookshelf,lifesaver,color-filmpron.+n.she-wolf,he-bear,he-mann.+v.sunrise,sunset,shoplift,power-cutv.+n.scarecrow,telltale,breakfast,turncoata.+n.greenhouse,red-tape,busybody,bluebook B)CompoundAdjectives:a.+n.+ed.smooth-tongued,cold-blooded,narrow-minded,high-nosedn.+v.+ed.heart-broken,weather-beaten,home-made,heartfelt n.+v.+ing.peace-keeping,law-abiding,time-saving,truth-telling,fact-findingn.+a.blood-thirsty,ice-free,snow-white,homesick a.+n.high-grade,first-class,long-range,new-type,second-handa.+a.bloody-red,bittersweet,dead-alive,white-hot v.+a.test-wise,failsafe,diehard,talk-bigprep.+n.indoor,overhead,aboveboard,onlinehyphenconj.out-of-door,life-and-death,wait-and-see C)CompoundVerbs:adv.+v.toovertake,touplift,touproot,tounderline,todownplay,touploadn.+n.tobrainstorm,tostreamline,todog-ear,towindsurf,toshowcase n.+v.toair-drop,toeavesdrop,tobreastfeed,tonose-dive,tomasterminda.+v.tosafeguard,towhitewash,toblindfold Justasmallquiz,beforewegoon:Canyoufigureoutthemeaningsofthesecompounds:think-tank,kill-joy,apple-polisherhalf-hearted,honey-mouthed,far-reaching,ill-fittingtocold-shoulder,tomass-produce Theanswertothequiz:think-tank(智库),kill-joy(扫兴的人/事),apple-polisher(马屁精)half-hearted(不热心的),honey-mouthed(甜言蜜语的),far-reaching(影响深远的),ill-fitting(不合身的)tocold-shoulder(让…吃闭门羹),tomass-produce(规模化生产/批量生产) Otherpatternsofwordformation：TherearealsootherwaystoformEnglishwords,whichconstituteseveralpatternsofEnglishword-formation.Next,let’stakealookatthesepatterns. PatternI.Phrase-hyphen,mostofthewordsformedthiswayareadjectives:adamned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-don’tchoiceanot-so-strongteam;theno-war,no-peacestalemate;thecards-on-the-tableapproach;theends-justify-meansphilosophy;Alsonouns,suchas：forget-me-not PatternII.Conversions,theshiftofthepartsofspeechofaword:n.→v.toknife,tohouse,towater,toeyeball,towineanddinev.→n.givesomebodyapush,thisyear’spick,acheat,togiveitarethinka.→n.theold,therich,theaccused,throughthickandthin,theillegal PatternIII.Blending,themergeofwordpartstoformanewword:head+ending:smog,motel,heliport,brunchword+ending:workaholic,netizen,lunarnauthead+word:medicare,psywar,telediagnosiscyberpolicehead+head:comsat,Amerind,memcom,telex PatternIV.Clipping,removingsomepartofawordtomakeitshorterwhilekeepingthemeaning:A:tail-clipping:ad,lab,heli(copter),math,gym,biz,bike,comfy,autoB:head-clipping:bus,shute,phone,(heli)copter,plane,quakeC:headandtailclipping:fridge,flu,tec PatternV.Acronym,theformationofanewwordfromtheinitiallettersofaphrase:radar:radiodetectingandranginglaser:light-waveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiationAIDS:acquiredimmunitydeficiencysyndrome知道这些词是哪些词的缩写吗：UFO,UNESCO,VIP,WHO,NATO,OPEC,ASEAN PatternVI.Formationofwordsfrompropernouns:roentgen,watt,hertz,volt,ampere,pasteurize,champagne,waterloo,water-gate,xerox,Marxism,Reaganomicstoclintontolewenski？ Next,let’sgotothenextlevelofgrammar：thephraselevel. C)Phrases(短语、词组)PhrasesofEnglishNPVPAdjPAdvPPrepP“P”means“phrase”. 1.NP(nounphrase名词短语)：中心语为名词(det.)+(modifier)+Noun+(modifier)e.g.:alazyboystillasleeptheearthquakeofRichtermagnitude8withtheepicenteratYingxiuthehottesthotpotthatIhaveevertastedsinceIcametoSichuan NPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：deadpresidentsweatwaterblinddatehandwritingonthewalldrygoods NPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：deadpresident：美钞sweatwater：淡水blinddate：男女初次会面（他人安排）handwritingonthewall：不祥之兆drygoods：(美)纺织品；(英)谷物 2.VP(verbphrase动词短语)：中心语为动词simpleVP:MainVerb+(modifier)e.g.:IhateEnglishgrammardeeply.complexVP:Auxiliary+MainVerb+(mod.)e.g.:Wearegoingtosleepawaytheclass.IwouldhavebeentoWenchuanasavolunteerworker,ifIhadnothadtogotoschoolnow. FiniteVP:(affectedbytense,orperson…)e.g.:Theboyeatsthestone.Theboyatethestone.Theboyshaveeatenthestone.InfiniteVP:(unaffectedbytense,orperson…)e.g.:YouarethelastpersonIwanttosee.Kissedbymosquitoes,Ifeel/feltitchy. VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：topullone’slegtobringdownthehousetopullupone’ssocksHeiseasilytakenin.Seethefollowingpagefortheanswers. VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：topullone’sleg：开某人的玩笑tobringdownthehouse：震耳欲聋的声响topullupone’ssocks：鼓起勇气Heiseasilytakenin.：他极易上当受骗。 3.AdjP(adjectivephrase形容词短语)：(modifier)+Adjective+(compliment)e.g.:TheCollegeEntranceExaminationsofthisyearwereextremelyeasy.Englishgrammarlearningistooboringtobeenjoyable.Iammorethanhappytoacceptyourinvitationtodinner. 4.AdvP(adverbphrase副词短语)：(modifier)+Adverb+(modifier)e.g.:WelivefarawayfromdowntownChengdu.Goodtablemannermeansthatyouhavetoeatinsuchawaythatnonoiseemits. 5.PrepP(prepositionalphrase介词短语)：(modifier)+preposition+complimente.g.:Don’tbeagiantofwords,butadwarfofdeeds.Boysrevolvearoundgirls,justliketheEartharoundtheSun. D)ClausesandSentences:Theoretically,asentence>aclause,becauseasentencecanbeformedbytwoormoreclauses.However,inmanycases,aclausecanbeasentence.Forinstance:“Iknowit”isanindependent,simpleclause,butitisalsoasimplesentence. Asentence(andclause)hasastructureof“subject+predicate”.Typesofclauses:1)IndependentClausevs.DependentClause:Iknowit.vs.YouknowthatIknowit.3)MainClausevs.SubordinateClause:ThepolicesaysthatthedriverlicenseIhaveisafake. 4)FiniteClause,Non-finiteClause,VerblessClauseNon-finitesarethosewithinfiniteVPs:RemembertotellanyvisitorthatI’mnotathome.DidyouremembertellinghimthatIwasn’tathome?Everyonecomesintotheworld,kickingandscreaming.Blinded,loversseeeachotherinrosyglasses.Verbless:Careless,Imissedmysteponthestairs. Sentencesaregenerallythehighestunitstudiedbygrammarians.Typesofsentences:1)Fullsentencevs.Minorsentence(不完全句)A:“Hi,how’sitgoing?”B:“Living!”Referee:“Onyourmarks!Ready!Go!” Simple,compound,complexsentences:Compoundsentence(复合句，并列句)：Idon’tagreewithyou,butI’llgivemylifetodefendyourrightofsayingit.Complexsentence(复杂句)：Whattheteacherstoldusinschoolisnotthesameaswhatitisinthesociety. 这个句子是什么句：Onemorestepforward,andyouaredead!Compound-complexsentence：Wedon’tcarewhatyoursay,butwhatyoudo. ThisistheendofLectureOne.Pleasepreview:第4、5讲：名词、名词属格