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Unit1:LevelsofEnglishGrammarIssuesofthisunit:Levelsofgrammarunitsmorpheme,word,phrase,clauses
学习内容预告:本单元之后,请预习:第4、5讲:名词和名词词组、名词属格
Thesubjectofthiscourse:Languagesystem:Soundsystem,forphonology(音系学)Meaningsystem,forsemantics(语义学)Rulesystem,forgrammarstudyThiscoursestudiesthesyntacticrules.
DifferentlevelsofformsinEnglish:(DiscourseText)SentenceClausePhraseWordMorpheme
A)Morphemes(词素)EnglishmorphemeFreemorphemeBoundmorpheme(自由词素)(粘附词素)e.g.manfriende.g.im--ytakeluck…pre--ess…(asroots,stems,词根、词干)(asaffixes,词缀)
Affixes:(词缀的结构分类)1prefix(前缀):pre-war,antibody,impossible2suffix(后缀):careful,farmer,nicely,homely3infix(中缀):footfeet,statesman
词缀的功能分类:一些词缀是句法性的(syntactic),如:-ed标示动词的过去时,-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等;它们被称为“Inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀);其他如:-s-ed-est”另一些词缀则是语义性的(semantic),例如:-er作为名词词尾,表示“onewho…”的含义;它们通常被称为“Derivationalaffix(派生词缀)”
Next,let’slookmorecloselyatsomeexamplesofstems,affixationsandtheirrolesinformingEnglishwords.(Ihavepreparedalistofthestems,prefixesandsuffixesofEnglishwords,whichisinaWordfile.Ifyouareinterested,youcancopyitafterclass.)
1)ExamplesofPrefixes:a-,an-/without,lacking,not/asymmetric,apolitical,asexual,anarchybi-/two/bicycle,bilateral,biped,bipolar,bivalence
形式有差异,但意义相同的词缀:(词缀变体,由不同的语音导致的变化):com-,con-,col-,cor-,co-/together,with/combine,compassion,concentriccircle,contractcollaborate,colleaguecorrespond,correlationcooperation,coworker
形式相同,但意义不同的词缀:im-,in-,il-,ir-/in,into,on/immigrant,import,income,illustration,irrigation(通常为名词、动词)im-,in-,il-,ir-/not/impossible,immature,ineffectual,illegal,irresponsible(通常为形容词)
反义词缀:inter-/between/international,interpersonal,internet,intergroupintra-,intro-/within/intranet,intragroup,introduction,introspectionsub-/under/subject,submarine,subsonicsuper-/above,greater/supersonicsupermarket,superpower
反义词缀:macro-/big/macrocomputer,macrocontrol,macroeconomymicro-/small/microcomputer,microcontrol,microeconomy
同义、近义词缀:anti-/against/antibiotic,antibody,antisocial,antifascistcontra-/against/contradiction,contrastcounter-/against/counteract,counterpart,counterrevolution,counterclockwise
同义、近义词缀:demi-/ahalforapartof/demi-god,demilune,semi-/half,partly/semiconductor,semifinal,semicircle,hemispherefore-/before,infrontof/forehead,forestall,forefather,forerunnerpre-/before/prewar,prepare,preposition,preschool
2)ExamplesofSuffixes:有些后缀仅仅具有句法意义:-ness/addedtoadjectivestoformnouns/carelessness,goodness,laziness,drowsiness-sumption/nounformforverbsendedwith-ume/assumption,consumption,resumption[assumeassumption]
有些后缀则既有句法意义,也有语义意义:-able,-ible/adj.capableof,fitfor/eatable,workable,considerable,sizable,feasible-oid/n.like,resembling/asteroid,anthropoid,mongoloid
有些后缀具有不同的意义(例如相反意义):-er,-or,-eer/n.onewho/worker,officer,operator,actor,engineer,profiteer-ee/n.onewho(usu.inpassivesense)/interviewee,testee,fiancee,employee
3)ExamplesofStems:-anim-/spirit/animal,unanimous,magnanimous-aqua-/water/aquaticsports,aquarium,aquanaut-auto-/self/autobiography,automation,automobile,autism
-cap-,-capit-/head,chief/capital,captain,decapitation,percapitaincome-dict-/say,speak/dictation,dictionary,dictator,contradiction-son-/sound/subsonic,consonant,resonant,ultrasonic
小贴士:词根的典故:Cesar:"Veni,Vidi,Vinci!“-ven-,-vent-/come/intervene,prevent,convention-vid-,-vis-/see/video,visualize,vision,vista-vinc-,-van-/conquer/victory,invincible,vanquish,vanity
Justasmallquiz,beforewegoon:Doyouknowthesewordsandifnot,canyoufigureouttheirmeanings:docudramanetizenultramodernhydrotherapyretrospecttransplantclockwise,counterclockwise→testwise
Canyoumakeoutthemeaningofthisword:pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
词中,词根词缀的含义:-pneumono-pneumonia,pneumaticgunultra-ultrasonic,ultravioletmicro-microcomputer,microphone-scop-telescope,microscopesilicon硅volcano火山-coni-ofcones-osis(病名后缀)tuberculosis,scoliosis
Themeaningoftheword:pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisisthisinChinese:硅酸盐沉淀病英语的大词比小词容易记。
Nowlet’sgotothenextlevelofgrammar:thewordlevel.
B)Words:TypesofEnglishWordsIntermsoffunction(按功能分)Closedclasswords(封闭类词,虚词)Openclasswords(开放类词,实词)
Closedclasswords(functionwords,封闭类词,虚词)这类词无词形变化,数量小Preposition,pronoun,determiner,conjunction,auxiliaryandinthetheyshall
Openclasswords(contentwords,开放类词,实词)noun,adjective,adverb,mainverb,numerals(cardinal,ordinal)这类词有词形变化,数量很大boyboysgoodbestthreethirtyborrowborrowedborrowing
TypesofEnglishWordsIntermsofstructure(按结构分)1)simplewords(简单词)2)derivativewords(派生词)3)compoundwords(复合词)
1)Simpleword(简单词)Alsocalled“morphemeword,单词素词”(不能再分为更小的词素)e.g.:foot,head,car,near,by,in…
2)Derivatives(派生词):Formedby:stem+affixese.g.:uncover;harmless;education…【e--duc--at-ion】Review:Syntacticaffixes:worked,redden,gracefulSemanticaffixes:superman,cooker,antibody
须注意:syntactic和semantic的区分不是绝对的,句法性词缀也可能有语义价值:employervs.employeetrainervs.traineeinterviewervs.interviewee而有的语义性词缀也可以有不同的词性:beautifulvs.handfulpsychotic/neuroticantibiotic/armymedic
3)Compounds(复合词):InEnglish,manywordsareformedbycombiningtwoormorewordstogetherandthesewordsarecalledcompoundwords.Contentwordssuchasnouns,verbsandadjectivescanallbeformedinthisfashion.
Compounding:thecombinationofdifferentwordsorwordpartstoformanewword:A)CompoundNouns:n.+n.workshop,bookshelf,lifesaver,color-filmpron.+n.she-wolf,he-bear,he-mann.+v.sunrise,sunset,shoplift,power-cutv.+n.scarecrow,telltale,breakfast,turncoata.+n.greenhouse,red-tape,busybody,bluebook
B)CompoundAdjectives:a.+n.+ed.smooth-tongued,cold-blooded,narrow-minded,high-nosedn.+v.+ed.heart-broken,weather-beaten,home-made,heartfelt
n.+v.+ing.peace-keeping,law-abiding,time-saving,truth-telling,fact-findingn.+a.blood-thirsty,ice-free,snow-white,homesick
a.+n.high-grade,first-class,long-range,new-type,second-handa.+a.bloody-red,bittersweet,dead-alive,white-hot
v.+a.test-wise,failsafe,diehard,talk-bigprep.+n.indoor,overhead,aboveboard,onlinehyphenconj.out-of-door,life-and-death,wait-and-see
C)CompoundVerbs:adv.+v.toovertake,touplift,touproot,tounderline,todownplay,touploadn.+n.tobrainstorm,tostreamline,todog-ear,towindsurf,toshowcase
n.+v.toair-drop,toeavesdrop,tobreastfeed,tonose-dive,tomasterminda.+v.tosafeguard,towhitewash,toblindfold
Justasmallquiz,beforewegoon:Canyoufigureoutthemeaningsofthesecompounds:think-tank,kill-joy,apple-polisherhalf-hearted,honey-mouthed,far-reaching,ill-fittingtocold-shoulder,tomass-produce
Theanswertothequiz:think-tank(智库),kill-joy(扫兴的人/事),apple-polisher(马屁精)half-hearted(不热心的),honey-mouthed(甜言蜜语的),far-reaching(影响深远的),ill-fitting(不合身的)tocold-shoulder(让…吃闭门羹),tomass-produce(规模化生产/批量生产)
Otherpatternsofwordformation:TherearealsootherwaystoformEnglishwords,whichconstituteseveralpatternsofEnglishword-formation.Next,let’stakealookatthesepatterns.
PatternI.Phrase-hyphen,mostofthewordsformedthiswayareadjectives:adamned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-don’tchoiceanot-so-strongteam;theno-war,no-peacestalemate;thecards-on-the-tableapproach;theends-justify-meansphilosophy;Alsonouns,suchas:forget-me-not
PatternII.Conversions,theshiftofthepartsofspeechofaword:n.→v.toknife,tohouse,towater,toeyeball,towineanddinev.→n.givesomebodyapush,thisyear’spick,acheat,togiveitarethinka.→n.theold,therich,theaccused,throughthickandthin,theillegal
PatternIII.Blending,themergeofwordpartstoformanewword:head+ending:smog,motel,heliport,brunchword+ending:workaholic,netizen,lunarnauthead+word:medicare,psywar,telediagnosiscyberpolicehead+head:comsat,Amerind,memcom,telex
PatternIV.Clipping,removingsomepartofawordtomakeitshorterwhilekeepingthemeaning:A:tail-clipping:ad,lab,heli(copter),math,gym,biz,bike,comfy,autoB:head-clipping:bus,shute,phone,(heli)copter,plane,quakeC:headandtailclipping:fridge,flu,tec
PatternV.Acronym,theformationofanewwordfromtheinitiallettersofaphrase:radar:radiodetectingandranginglaser:light-waveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiationAIDS:acquiredimmunitydeficiencysyndrome知道这些词是哪些词的缩写吗:UFO,UNESCO,VIP,WHO,NATO,OPEC,ASEAN
PatternVI.Formationofwordsfrompropernouns:roentgen,watt,hertz,volt,ampere,pasteurize,champagne,waterloo,water-gate,xerox,Marxism,Reaganomicstoclintontolewenski?
Next,let’sgotothenextlevelofgrammar:thephraselevel.
C)Phrases(短语、词组)PhrasesofEnglishNPVPAdjPAdvPPrepP“P”means“phrase”.
1.NP(nounphrase名词短语):中心语为名词(det.)+(modifier)+Noun+(modifier)e.g.:alazyboystillasleeptheearthquakeofRichtermagnitude8withtheepicenteratYingxiuthehottesthotpotthatIhaveevertastedsinceIcametoSichuan
NPsthatmightbemisinterpreted:deadpresidentsweatwaterblinddatehandwritingonthewalldrygoods
NPsthatmightbemisinterpreted:deadpresident:美钞sweatwater:淡水blinddate:男女初次会面(他人安排)handwritingonthewall:不祥之兆drygoods:(美)纺织品;(英)谷物
2.VP(verbphrase动词短语):中心语为动词simpleVP:MainVerb+(modifier)e.g.:IhateEnglishgrammardeeply.complexVP:Auxiliary+MainVerb+(mod.)e.g.:Wearegoingtosleepawaytheclass.IwouldhavebeentoWenchuanasavolunteerworker,ifIhadnothadtogotoschoolnow.
FiniteVP:(affectedbytense,orperson…)e.g.:Theboyeatsthestone.Theboyatethestone.Theboyshaveeatenthestone.InfiniteVP:(unaffectedbytense,orperson…)e.g.:YouarethelastpersonIwanttosee.Kissedbymosquitoes,Ifeel/feltitchy.
VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted:topullone’slegtobringdownthehousetopullupone’ssocksHeiseasilytakenin.Seethefollowingpagefortheanswers.
VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted:topullone’sleg:开某人的玩笑tobringdownthehouse:震耳欲聋的声响topullupone’ssocks:鼓起勇气Heiseasilytakenin.:他极易上当受骗。
3.AdjP(adjectivephrase形容词短语):(modifier)+Adjective+(compliment)e.g.:TheCollegeEntranceExaminationsofthisyearwereextremelyeasy.Englishgrammarlearningistooboringtobeenjoyable.Iammorethanhappytoacceptyourinvitationtodinner.
4.AdvP(adverbphrase副词短语):(modifier)+Adverb+(modifier)e.g.:WelivefarawayfromdowntownChengdu.Goodtablemannermeansthatyouhavetoeatinsuchawaythatnonoiseemits.
5.PrepP(prepositionalphrase介词短语):(modifier)+preposition+complimente.g.:Don’tbeagiantofwords,butadwarfofdeeds.Boysrevolvearoundgirls,justliketheEartharoundtheSun.
D)ClausesandSentences:Theoretically,asentence>aclause,becauseasentencecanbeformedbytwoormoreclauses.However,inmanycases,aclausecanbeasentence.Forinstance:“Iknowit”isanindependent,simpleclause,butitisalsoasimplesentence.
Asentence(andclause)hasastructureof“subject+predicate”.Typesofclauses:1)IndependentClausevs.DependentClause:Iknowit.vs.YouknowthatIknowit.3)MainClausevs.SubordinateClause:ThepolicesaysthatthedriverlicenseIhaveisafake.
4)FiniteClause,Non-finiteClause,VerblessClauseNon-finitesarethosewithinfiniteVPs:RemembertotellanyvisitorthatI’mnotathome.DidyouremembertellinghimthatIwasn’tathome?Everyonecomesintotheworld,kickingandscreaming.Blinded,loversseeeachotherinrosyglasses.Verbless:Careless,Imissedmysteponthestairs.
Sentencesaregenerallythehighestunitstudiedbygrammarians.Typesofsentences:1)Fullsentencevs.Minorsentence(不完全句)A:“Hi,how’sitgoing?”B:“Living!”Referee:“Onyourmarks!Ready!Go!”
Simple,compound,complexsentences:Compoundsentence(复合句,并列句):Idon’tagreewithyou,butI’llgivemylifetodefendyourrightofsayingit.Complexsentence(复杂句):Whattheteacherstoldusinschoolisnotthesameaswhatitisinthesociety.
这个句子是什么句:Onemorestepforward,andyouaredead!Compound-complexsentence:Wedon’tcarewhatyoursay,butwhatyoudo.
ThisistheendofLectureOne.Pleasepreview:第4、5讲:名词、名词属格