初中英语语法--形容词和副词 10页

形容词(Adjectives)i.定义及分类形容词是用来说明或描述人或事物的性质、状态等的词。就其构成形式而言，形容词町以分为单词形容词和复合形容词。单词形容词：由一个词构成，可以带前缀或者后缀。bigdiligentpalesquaredishonestimpatient复合形容词：由两个或更多的词构成。名词+形容词：sea-sick晕船的air-sick晕飞机的ice-cold冰冷的duty-free免税的snow-white雪白的bloodthirsty残忍的world-wide卅界性的shake-proof防震的water-tight不漏水的kncc-dccp及膝的toll-free免利息的top-heavy头重脚轻的名诃+名i»1-ed：iron-willed意"忐坚强的ox-eyed大眼睛的honey-mouthed甜言蜜语的apple-shaped苹果形状;的lion-hearted勇敢的silver-haired银发的hook-nosed勾鼻子的名词+现在分词：law-abiding守法的time-consuming耗费吋间的self-sacrificing自我牺牲的peace-loving爱好和平的face-saving顾面子的English-speaking讲英语的pleasure-seeking寻欢作乐的heart-rending令人心碎的soul-stirring感人肺腑的epoch-making划时代的man-eating吃人的fault-finding喜欢挑剔的labor-saving节省劳力的mouth-watering令人垂涎的名词+过去分词：weather-beaten饱经风霜的heart-felt衷心的heart-broken伤心的hand-made手工的home-made木国造的state-owned国冇的sugar-coated糖衣的tongue-tied结结巴巴的形容词（数词）+名词：long-distance长途的fine-manner举止优雅的present-day当前的five-year五年的bare-foot赤脚的first-rate一流的second-rate二流的first-class头等的deep-sea深海的half-price半价的one-way单向（通行）的part-time兼职的形容词（数词）+名词-ed：white-haired口发的round-faced圆脸的double-faced两面派的teen-aged十几岁的good-mannered有礼貌的bad-tempered坏脾气的narrow-minded心胸狭窄的noble-minded品格高尚的kind-hearted心地善良的absent-minded心不在焉的smooth-tongued花言巧语的short-sighted目光短浅的near-sighted近视的simple-minded头脑简单的tight-fisted吝啬的far-sighted眼光远大的warm-hearted热心的形容词+现在分词：good-looking好看的sweet-smelling好闻的easy-going随和的thorough-going彻底的fine-sounding好听的形容词+过去分词：high-born出身高贵的ready-made现成的ready-cooked烧好的native-born木地生的new-built重建的副词+形容词:cvcr-grccn常青的all-round全能的，全面的over-busy太忙的over-credulous过于轻信的ove.critical过于挑剔的（=hypercritical）副词+名词：off-hour休息时间的off-guard失去警惕的off・campus校园外的off・key不协调的off・budget预算外的on-line在线的副词+现在分词：ever-lasting持久的on・coming迎血‘而来的lip-coming即将來临的well-meaning善意的far-reaching深远的ever-increasing不断增加的never-ending不断的high-ranking高级的副词+过去分词：well-known著名的illmannered举止粗鲁的well-behaved表现好的well-informed消息灵通的well-balanced平衡的well-dressed穿着时髦的 badly-wounded重伤的wide-spread广泛流传的newly-built新建的widely-used广泛使用的well-equipped装备精良的newly・married新婚的形容词+形容词：red-hot炽热的dark-green深绿的bloody-red血红的过去分词+介词：unthought・of没有想到的unpaid-for没付款的undreamed-of连做梦也没想到的longed・for渴望的uncalled-for未被请求的unlooked-for非期待的most-talked-about谈得最多的yet-unheard-of诡未听说过的(unheard-of=unprecedented)动诃(过去分词)+副诃：carry-on随身携帯的built-in嵌入的cast-off丢弃的ckive-in开车进去的unlived-in没人住的具他类型：heart-to-heart推心證腹的well-to-do富裕的well-off富裕的down-to-earth讲究实际的life・and・dea(h生死攸关的根据英句法功能可以分为定语形容词，表语形容词和通用形容词:定语形容词：1.起强调作用或特指作用的形容词：actualagechiefcausemainideamerechildonlyreasonprincipalfoodsheernonsensesolepurposetotalnumber2.山名词转化而来的形容词：atomicenergy,criminallawgoldenopportunitymedicalcollege表语形容词：1.某些以a■开头的形容词：afraidalertalikealivealonealoofashamedasleepastirawakeaware2.表示健康状况的形容词：faintillwellunwell注：ill作定语时，意为"坏的，邪恶的，恶为的”如：illluck/namc/ncws/tcmpcr/wound等。Illnewsspreadsfast.Anillwoundiscured,notanillname.重伤易治，恶名难除。通用形容词：英语中大部分形容词属于此类。用作形容词的分词：convincing常用作形容词的-ing分词：amusingannoyingboringcharmingstrikingsurprisingtemptingthreateningdisappointingdiscouragingembarrassingencouragingexcitingfascinatingfrighteninginterestingpleasingpressingpromisingpuzzlingshocking常用作形容词的・ed分词：amazedamusedannoyedastonishedboredconceitedcontenteddisappointeddividededucatedembarrassedexcitedexhaustedfrightenedinterestedlimitedirritatedpleasedpuzzledrelaxedsatisfiedshockedunexpectedunpreparedworriedII.形容词的位置形容词可用作定语、表语、补语和状语。用作定语时，人部分形容词是放在所修饰的词前面的，但是，冇些形容词既可置于所修饰的词Z前，也可置于所修饰的词Z后，而冇些则只能置于所修饰的词之后。当两个或两个以上的形容词连在一起共同修饰一个名词时，其位置应遵循一定的规律。1)需后置的形容词①当所修饰的词是以-thing,-one,-body等结尾的复合不定代词时，形容词需示置。IshallmeetyouonFridayunlessanythingspecialturnsup.如果没有任何特殊发生，我将于星期五和你会面。Anyoneintelligentcandoit.任何有头脑的人都会做的。Ihavesomethingveryparticulartoaskyou.我有些特别的事要问你。②形容词短语常后置，在意义上相当于一个定语从句。Amansodifficulttopleasemustbehardtoworkwith•一个难以収悦的人一定难以与之共事。Theteacheraskedmeaquestiontoodifficulttoanswer.老师问了我一个太难回答的问题。 ①成对的形容词作定语，可以后置。Therewasahugeroom,simpleandbeautiful.有一个大房间，简朴而美丽。Shehasmanypencils,blueandred.她冇许多铅笔，冇蓝的，冇红的。2)两个或两个以上的形容词在修饰同一个名词时，应遵循以卜•顺序：限定词+—般描绘性形容词+表示人小、长短、高低的形容词+表示形状的形容词+表示年龄、新旧的形容词+表示颜色的形容词+表示国籍、地区、出处、产地的形容词+表示物质、材料的形容词+表示用途、类别的形容词+被修饰的名词IgotacquaintedwithasmarttallyoungBritishofficerduringmystayinLondon.我在伦敦逗留期间，结识了一个身材高大，年轻精明的英国军官。OndisplaywasanicelittlegreenVenclianglassashtray.展览的有一只小巧榕致的绿色的威尼斯玻璃烟灰缸。III.形容词的比较等级形容词有三个比较等级：原级(PositiveDegree)、比较级(ComparativeDegree)和最高级(SuperlativeDegree)o从形式上来说，原级就是形容词本身，那么怎样构成形容词的比较级和最高级呢？1.一般情况下，在形容词后面加-C1•构成其比较级，加-cst构成其最高级。long---longer---longeststrong---stronger---strongest2.以不发音的e字母结尾的形容词，直接加构成比较级，加・st构成最高级。nice■一nicer—nicestfine■—finer—finestlarge■一larger—largest3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词，须先变y为i,再加构成比较级，加・est构成最高级。heavy---heavier-一heaviestpretty---prettier---prettiest4.以由“一个元音字母+—个辅音字母”构成的重读闭音节结尾的形容词，双写该辅音字母，加构成比较级，加构成最高级。big■一bigger—biggestthin■一thinner■一thinnest5.部分双咅节词和多咅节词前面加more构成比较级，加most构成最高级。outgoing---moreoutgoing—mostoutgoingimportant---moreimportant…mostimportant6.不规则变化：many/much一-more—mostgood/well■一better■一bestbad/badly/ill■一worse-worstfar—farther/further—farthest/furthestold…older/elder…oldest/eldestIittle(少)…less•一least原级的用法：1.肯定句：as+原级形容词+asHenryisaworkerasgoodasPeter(is).=HenryisasgoodaworkerasPeter(is).Thisapartmentisaslargeasthatone.Amanisasoldashefeels;awomanisasoldasshelooks.男人的年龄凭感觉,女人的年龄看相貌。TheclimateinFloridaisasmildasthatofCalifornia.佛罗里达州的气候和加利福尼亚州的一样温和。Wehavegotasmanybooksasweneed.我们买了尽我们所需的很多书。 HeisaspooraspeakerasI.他跟我一样是一个不善言谈的人。Sheisasbusyasanythingwithanewbaby,ajob,andahousetorun.她忙得不可开交，要照看一个新牛儿，乂要上班，还要管家务。Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingisasmuchanartasitisascience・人们普遍认为，教学是一门科学，同时也是一门艺术。Ourneighborhasours・A.asabighouseasB.asbigahouseasC.thesamebighouseasD.ahousethesamebigas1.否定句：not+so/as+原级形容词+asHedoesnothaveso/asmanybooksasIhave.他的书没有我的多。Heisnotso/ascleverasI.他不如我聪明。Sheisnotsoactiveasshewas.她不像以前那么活跃。2.常见的固定搭配：asbraveasalionasbusyasabccascunningasafoxaseasyasABCasfirmasarockasfreeasabirdasgreedyasawolfasobstinateasamuleaspoorasachurchmouseasproudasapeacockasstrongasahorseasstupidasadonkeyasprettyasapictureasuglyasatoadaswiseasSolomon3.as+形容词+as+数量词=数虽词+形容词Thebuildingisastallas100meters.=Thebuildingis100meterstall.Thewellisasdeepas130meters-=Thewellis130metersdeep.4.貌似原级比较的一些固定习惯用语：as/solongas只要asfaras据…asfarassth.isconcerned就…而言assoonas一.••和i…・aswellas和…asgoodas与…几乎一样，几乎,简直IwillworkaslongasIlive.AsfarasIknow,heisareliableperson.Hehasexperienceaswellasknowledge.他既有知识，乂有经验。（注意翻译顺序）Heasgoodascalledmeacoward.他就差说我是懦夫了。Heisasgoodashisword・他说话算话。比较级的用法1.比较级+thanThisnovelismoreinterestingthanthatone.Thomasistallerthanhiselderbrother,butshorterthanhisyoungerbrother.Mentalillnessisoftenhardertocurethanbodilyillness.精神上的疾病往往比身体上的疾病难治。Someone"seyesarebiggerthanhisbelly.有的人眼馋肚饱。2.形容词的比较级前面可以用far,even,much,rather,slightly,still,alittle,abit,agreatdeal,alot,byfar,twice,threetimes,any（川于否定句或疑问句）等修饰，表示程度。 Workismuchmorefunthanfun.工作比娱乐更有趣。Modernschoolsarefarbetterthanthoseofacenturyago.现代的学校比一百年前的好多了。Thestudentsstudyevenharderthanbefore.学生们学习比以前更加努力了。1.“ihe+比较级the+比较级...”结构意为“越......,越......"Themoreticketsyousell,themoremoneyyouwillget.Themoreyoutalked,thelessattentionhepaidtoyou.Thelongeryoustay,thebetter(itwillbe).Thecalmerhewas(Themorehewascalm),themoreenragedhismotherbecame・他越平静，他的母亲越生气。Theclosertheairistotheearth,thegreaterisitsdensity.越靠近地面，空气的密度越大。Themorealternatives,themoredifficultthechoice.选择余地越大，选择便越闲难。2.“比较级+and+比较级”结构意为“越來越......”Thestormgrewworseandworse.Shefeltherselfbecomingmoreandmorenervous・Thenewcityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.3.当有of短语表范围时，比较级前面需加the。Ofthetwobrothers,Jimisthetaller.4.比较的对象不能相互包容，常见的旬型如下：比较级+than+anyother+单数名词比较级+than+alltheother+复数名词比较级+than+anyoneelse比较级+than+anyoftheother+复数名词比较级+than+therestof+复数名词或不可数名词TheMississippiRiverislongerthananyotherriverintheUnitedStates.ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.=ChinaislargerthanalltheothercountriesinAsia.：ChinaislargerthananycountryinAfrica.=ChinaislargerthanallthecountriesinAfrica.5.比较的对象应具冇可比性。TheclimatehereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.Theradiosmadeinourfactoryarebetterthanthose(made)inyourfactory.ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofanyothercountryintheworld.=Chinahasalargerpopulationthananyothercountryintheworld・6.nomorethan=onlynotmorethan=atmostnolessthan=asmuchasnotlessthan=atleastHeisnomorethanapuppet.他只是个傀儡罢了。Ihavenotmorethantendollarswithme. Hewillhavetostayherefornolessthanamonth.Notlessthan200studentswillattendthelecture・1.noricherthanVSnotricherthanJimisnoricherthanTim.Jim和Tim一样的穷。JimisnotricherthanTim.Jim没冇Tim富裕。2.noless...than（和―样）VSnotless...than（也许比更）Wemustbedoingsomethingtobehappy・Actionisnolessnecessarytousthanthought.要快乐我们必须做点什么。行动和思想对我们是同样必要的。Heisnotlessbusythanhissister.他也许比他姐姐更忙。3.morethan的特殊意义：Morethan1000studentsvolunteertoparticipateinthisprogram・（=oveQIammorethanhappytoseeyou.（=very）Theyweremorethanslightlywounded.（二notjust）Ascienceismorethanalargeamountofinformationonsomesubject.（=notjust）That"smorethanIcanhelp.（=notwhat）Hisimpolitenessismorethanwecanstand.（=notwhat）4.moreAthanB=lessBthanA=notsomuchBasA与具说B,不如说AHewasmorebravethanwise.他有勇无谋□Beatingachildwilldomoreharmthangood.打孩了弊多利少。Heisnotsomuchascholarthanawriter.与其他是个学者，不如说他是个作家。=Heismoreawriterthanascholar.=Heislessascholarthanawriter.5.better...than...宁可不可Betterlatethannever.迟做总比不做好。Bettersaynothingthannothingtothepurpose.与其言而不得要领,不如不说为妙。6.nomore...than=not...anymorethan...不正女口不Awhaleisnomoreafishthanahorseis.鲸和马都不是鱼类。Afoolcanseenomorehisfollythanhecanseehisears・，愚人不见其愚，正如人不能臼见其耳。7.英语中有一些含比较意义的形容词，后面不用than,而要用to。如:junior（年幼）,senior（年长）,inferior（次于）,superior（优于）,preferable（令人更喜欢）,prior（先于）,previous（先前的）,subsequent（随后的）‘posterior（后于）,anterior（先于）等。Wcarcinferiortoothersinmanyaspects.我们在许多方|fl］不如人家。Silenceissometimespreferabletotalk.沉默有时胜于说话。最高级的用法：1.the+最高级+范围（of/in短语）Sheisthemostsensibleofthethreegirls.Thetongueisthemostmobilestructureofthehumanbody.舌头是人体中蚁灵活的构造。TaiyuanisthelargestcityinShanxiprovince・2.oneof/among+the+最高级+复数名词 MarkTwainwasoneof/amongthemostfamoushumoristsintheworld・1.the+序数词+最高级TheChangjiangRiveristhethirdlongestriverintheworld.2.最高级前面可以被byfar,nearly,almost,bynomeans,notreally等修饰语修饰。ThebridgebeingbuiltnowisbyfarthelongestacrosstheYellowRiver・3.否定词语用在原级或比较级结构屮有时可以表示最高级的意义。NootherriverinChinaisaslongastheChangjiangRiver.Nothingissopreciousastime.Nothingismoreexcitingthantogosightseeingwithhim. 副词(Adverbs)i.副词的定义及分类副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，有时也可用来修饰一个短语、分句或整个句To根据词的意义，副词可以分为时间副词、地点副词、程度副词、方式副词。时间副词(AdverbsofTime):ago,alwaysbefore,early,frequently,hardly,immediately,late,lately,now,never,often,recently,seldom,sometimes,soon,today,tomorrow,usually,then等地点副词(AdverbsofPlace):above,across,along,anywhere,around,below,down,everywhere,here,in,inside,near,nowhere,out,outside,over,round,somewhere,there,up等程度副诃(AdverbsofDegree):almost,awfully,completely,deeply,definitely,greatly,little,much,nearly,scarcely,slightly,terribly等方式副词(AdverbsofManner):angrily,badly,bravely,calmly,carefully,intentionally,loudly,mildly,nervously,quickly,slowly,softly,warmly等根据句法功能可以分为：疑问副词：how,when,where,whereby,whereupon,whether,why等。关系副词：when,where,why连接副词：when,where,why,how感叹副词：how,what解说制词：like,as,namely句子副诃：actually,fortunately,frankly,luckily,obviously,surely等°II.副词与形容词的关系人部分副词是由形容词+ly构成的，但也有部分副词和形容词同形，还有部分副词有两个形式。1)与形容词同形的副词:early,enough,far,fast,hard,late,long,low,only,straight,well等。Springmaycomeearlythisyear,(adv.)Theearlybirdgets/catchestheworm.捷足先登。(adj.)2)具有两个形式的副词：close/closely:close作"接近"解；closely作"密切地，仔细地"Hecameveryclosetome.Thetwomattersarccloselyrelated.ForthesakeofthemincTspeace,oneoughtnottoinquireintosuchthingstooclosely.为了思想的宁静，人们不应过细地问询这些事情。direct/directly:direct作"径直地”解；directly作"直接地”解。TheplanegoesdirectfromLondontoHoustonwithoutstopping.Itisameasurewhichwilldirectlybenefitthemassofthepeople.easy/easily:easy作为副词，常用于一些习语中;而easily作“容易地，轻易地”。Takeiteasy.别着急。Goeasy.从容不迫。Easycome,easygo.來得容易去得快。Theywon"tgiveupsoeasily.free/freely:free作"免费地”解；freely作"自由地，无限制地”。Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike・ Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike・你可以无拘无束地说话，随便你说什么。high/highly:high指高度;highly指程度很高。Throwitashighasyoucan.Theyspokeveryhighlyofhim.loud/loudly:两个词可以交替使用，在非正式场合卜，多用loud.Don"ttalksoloud■一you"llwakethewholestreet.“Thepointis/5hesaidloudlytome,"thatwhathesayscan^tbetrue/^pretty/prettily:pretty作“相当"解；prettily作“漂亮地"解。Pmgettingprettyfedupwiththewholething.Thegirlwasprettilydressed・quick/quickly:在非正式文体中常用quick.FllgetbackasquickasIcan.Howquicklytimepassed!Itmighthavehappenedyesterday.吋间过得真快呀！这事就像昨天发生的一样。widc/widcly:wide作"宽地，敞开地”解；widely作"广泛地，大大地”解。Heopenedthedoorwidesothattheroomwaslighter.Hehastraveledwidely.Wedifferedwidelyonmanyquestions・III.副词的位置1.程度副词一般要放在所修饰的动词、形容词、副词的前面，但是如果实意动词前面冇助动词或情态动词，程度副词要放在二者Z间；如果是动词be,程度副词要放在其后。Iamveiyhappytobewithyou.HespeaksEnglishprettywell.Henearlygotrunoverbyacar.Icanhardlybelievewhathesaid・Itisdreadfullycoldtoday・程度副词放在notZ前或Z后都可以，但是意义不同。Idon"treallylikehim.我不是真的喜欢他。Ireallydon^tlikehim.我的确不喜欢他。Iquitedon"tunderstandhim.我相当地不了解他。Idon"quiteunderstandhim.我不十分了解他。2.频度副词需放在实意动词之前，但是助动词、情态动词、动词be之后。Ioftenseehimwalkinthepark・Wemustalwaysrememberthis.(Wealwaysmustrememberthis.)Bealwaysontime.(Alwaysbeontime.)Losttimeisneverfoundagain.3.方式副词一般放在地点副词之前，最后是时间副词。时间副词也可放在句首。 Tomisdoinghisassignmentcarefullyintheclassroomnow.Sheplayedbeautifullyinthemusichalllastnight.IV.副词的比较等级（参考形容词的比较等级）