高中英语语法一点通——时态 23页

老屮英得得依一直通——时态一、时总的足丈及今类1、定义：英语中的时态表示一个动作发牛的时间及动作发牛时的状态，不同的时态对应不同的动词形式。2、分类：时态由动作发生的“时间"以及发生时的“状态”组合而来，英语中的时间可以分为四大类：现在、过去、将来、过去将来；动作发生时的状态也可以分为四大类：一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式。四个时间和四个动作组成了英语中十六种时态（如下表所示）。时间連行宪啟連行work/worksam/is/areworkinghas/haveworkedhas/havebeenworking一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时址去workedwas/wereworkinghadworkedhadbeenworking一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时shall/willwork一般将来时shall/willbeworking将来进行时shall/willhaveworked将来完成时shall/willhavebeenworking将来完成进行时 过去should/wouldshould/wouldbeshould/wouldhaveshould/wouldhavebeenworkworkingworkedworking将耒般过去将来过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时时注：高中阶段需要掌握16种时态中的12种时态（除上表中加了下划线的四种时态）1、一般现在时的用法①表示现在经常性、习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。Wehavemealsthreetimesaday.Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.②表示客观真理、科学事实或者客观时刻表。Thesunrisesintheeast.Theflighttakesoffatteno^clock・③用在时间状语从句和条件状语从句屮，表示将來，即所谓的“主将从现SIfitdoesn^traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark・Iwon"tleaveuntilthelectureisover.2、一般过去时的用法①表示过去经常性、习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。Hesmokedalotwhenhewasyoung・Thetownwasoldandpoorinthepast. ①表示过去发生的事情，暗含现在已经不再这样了。 —ComeinPete匚Iwanttoshowyousomething.—Oh,howniceofyou!Ineverthoughtyouweregoingtobringmeagift.3、一般将来的用法①“will+动词原形"表示将来必然会发生的事实，强调事物的属性或者必然趋势，也可以表示愿意、乐意去做某事，而且没有事先准备地即兴去做某事。Fishwilldieoutofwater.—Itisalittlecoldintheroom.—Iwillclosethewindowforyou.②-begoingto"表示“打算、计划要做某事=另外，还可以表示根据客观迹象，推测未来可能发生的事情。Ourschoolisgoingtoholdasportsmeetingnextweek・Lookatthedarkclouds.Itisgoingtorain.③“beabouttodo"表示即可将要发生的动作，该结构不与具体的将来时间状语连用，常同when连用。Thetrainisabouttostart.Iamabouttoleavethehousewhenthetelephonerings.④表示位置移动性的动词,女n：come,go,leave,fly,arrive,begin,start等，常用现在进行时表示将来。Heiscomingheretonight.TheyareleavingforBeijing・⑤“betodo”表示打算、计划要做某事或者表示命令，强调应该或者必须做某事。 Sheistobemarriednextmonth. Youaretoreportittothepolice.①“onthepointofdoin『表示“即将做某事"。Thiskindofrareanimalsisonthepointofdyingout.4、过去将来的用法①过去将来时表示从过去看将要发生的动作或状态。Theysaidtheywouldbuildanotherschoolnextyea匸②表示过去习惯性或者经常性发生的动作。Whentheoldmanlivedinthevillage,hewouldwalkhisdoginthemorning.1、现在进行时的用法①表示现在正在进行的动作。Theworkersarepaintingtheroomnow・②常与always,constantly,forever,continually连用，表示反复发生的动作，含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等感情色彩。Heisalwaysthinkingofothersfirst.Heisalwaysmakingthesamemistake.2、过去进行时的用法①表示过去某个具体的时刻止在发生的动作，常与具体的过去时间点连用，或者用于when和while引导的时间状语从句中。Whatwereyoudoingatninelastnight?ThereportersaidthattheUFOwastravellingfromeasttowestwhenhesawit. ②常与always,constantly,forever,continually连用，表示反复发生的动作,含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等感情色彩。Hewasalwaysmakingtroubleswhenhewasinprimaryschool.3、将来进行时的用法将来进行时表示在将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或存在的状态。—Canyougotothecinemawithmethisafternoon?—Iamsorry.Iwillbewritingmyreportthewholeafternoon.1、现在完成时的用法①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，常与already,yet,just,ever,never,before等时间状语连用。Ihavealreadyreadthisnovel.Hehasjustturnedoffthelight.②表示一个动作开始于过去，一直延续到现在，还可能继续下去。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的时间状语有:lately,recently,inthepast/lastfewdays/years,uptonow,bynow,sofar,untilnow,since,for等。Inthepastthreeyears,thecooperationbetweenthetwocountrieshasbeensuccessfulHehasworkedinthiscompanysincehegraduatedfromcollege・③瞬间性动作又称为非延续性动词或者短暂性动词，瞬间性动词可以用于完成时态屮，但不可以接一段吋间状语，若接一段吋间状语，瞬间性动词必须转换为延续性动词。HehascometoBeijingsincelastyea匚（x）HehasbeeninBeijingsincelastyear.（、"） Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears・(x)Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears・(P)常见的瞬间性动词变为延续性动词come/arrive/get/reach-bein/atleave-beaway(from)buy-haveborrow-keepopen-beopenclose・beclosedjoin-bcin/bcamemberofbcgin/start-bconbccomc-bcdie-bedeadfinish/end-beovermarry/getmarried-bemarried①This/That/Itisthefirst/second...time+that从句。that从句用现在完成时。ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavecomehere.②This/That/Itis+形容词最高级+that定语从句，定语从句用现在完成时。Itisthemostinterestingfilmthat1haveeverseen.2、过去完成时的用法①一件事情发生在过去，另一件事情先于它之前发生(即“过去的过去发生在先的动作用过去完成时。Hesaidthathehadbeenabroadforthreeyears.Beforehecamebackhome,hisparentshadcookedthedinne匚②表示在过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，常用的吋间状语有：bythen,bythattime,untilthen,bytheendoflastyear,bythetime+过去时的句子等。Untilthenhehadknownnothingaboutit.Bytheendoflastyear,hehadlearnt3000words. ①This/That/Itwasthefirst/sccond...timc+that从句。that从句用过去完成时。ItwasthesecondtimethathehadbeentoYunnan.②This/That/Itwas+形容词最高级+that定语从句,定语从句用过去完成时。ThatwasthebiggestelephantthatIhadseen.③表示“愿望、打算"的动词，如hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等，其过去时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或者意图。Ihadmeanttohelpyou,butIwastoobusyatthatmoment.Ihadthoughtyouwouldcometomorrow.3、将来完成时的用法将来完成时表示到将来某一个时间，某一个动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by+将来某个时间”。Bythistimeofnextyear,allofyouwillhavebecomecollegestudents.4、过去将来完成时的用法过去将来完成时常用于虚拟语气中，表示对过去情况的虚拟。Ifyouhadfollowedhisadvice,youwouldhavesolvedtheproblem.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn"thavemadesuchgreatprogress.A.完紙建行式i＞现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，而且还要继续下去，还可以表示一个动作在一段时间内反复进行。完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合体。HehasbeenlearningEnglishfor6years-Ithasbeenrainingforthreedays. 难点突破一、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别一般过去时所表示的动作或者状态纯属过去，与现在没有关系；现在完成时虽然动作发生在过去，但是与现在有关系（强调对现在造成的影响）或者过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。Hecleanedthefloorlastweek・Thefloorisclean,forhehascleanedit.Thefamilylivedinthevillagethreeyearsago.Thefamilyhaslivedinthevillageforthreeyears.二、一般过去时和过去完成时的区别一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态；过去完成时表示在过去一个动作或者时间之前发生的动作或者状态。Helearned3000wordsatthisschool.Hehadlearned3000wordsbeforehecametothisschool.三、现在完成时和过去完成时的区别现在完成时与现在时间有关系，句屮可以不出现现在时间为参照点（说话的时间总是现在，拥有天然的现在吋间作为参照）；过去完成吋与过去吋间或者动作有关系，因此句中必须岀现表示过去的参照点。Ihavefinishedmyhomework.Ihadfinishedmyhomework,（x）IhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwenttobed. a1、时态按照参照点可以分为两大类，即现在时间范畴时态和过去时间范畴时态，现在时间范畴时态包括：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般将来时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、将來完成时、将来进行时；过去吋间范畴吋态包括：一般过去时、过去进行吋、过去将来吋、过去完成时、过去将来完成时。通常情况下，在解决时态问题时，需要遵从“时态一致原则”，即在同一个语境中，通常用同一种时间范畴时态，尤其是过去时间范畴时态。当然会存在一些特殊情况，需要特殊对待。2、时态考查的一大特点是巧设语境，在具体语境中考查动词的时态，因此，要学会利用语境,准确理解各种常用时态的基本特征、内在联系以及区别，不断总结经验，提高应变能力。()1.WhenNancywasatcollege,shethreeforeignlanguages,butIamsurprisedtofindthatsheallexceptafewwordsofeach・A.spoke;hadforgottenB.hadspoken;hadforgottenC.spoke;hasforgottenD.hadspoken;hasforgotten()2.1wonderwhyJennyusrecently.Weshouldhaveheardfromherbynow.A.hasntwr计伽B.doesntwriteC.wontwriteD.hadntwritten ()3.—Whenwillyoucometoseeme,Dad?—Iwillgotoseeyouwhenyouthetrainingcourse・A.finishedB.willfinishC.arefinishingD.finish()4.Thelittlegirlherheartoutbecauseshehertoybearandbelievedshewasn"tevergoingtofindit.A.hadcried;lostB.cried;hadlostC.hascried;haslostD.cries;haslost()5.—Excuseme,sir.Wouldyoudomeafavor?—Ofcourse.Whatis计？—Iifyoucouldtellmehowtofilloutthisform.A.hadwonderedB.waswonderingC.wouldwonderb.didwonder()6・BytheendofnextJulythisbuilding.A.willbecompletedB.willhavecompletedC.willhavebeencompletedD・hasbeencompleted()7.Hehasbeenwritingthecompositionthewholemorningandhestill.A.hasbeenB.doesC.hasD.is()8・Sorry,Ican"topenthedoor,forIthekeytoit.A.lostB.loseC.hadlostD.havelost()9•—Itlsgoodtoseeyouagain,Agnes.—ThishasbeenourfirstchancetovisitsincefromIran.A.youreturnB.youreturnedC.youhavereturnedD.returning()10.—DidyouexpectFranktocometotheparty?—No,butIhadhoped. A.himcomingB.himtocome C.thathecomesD.thathewouldcome()11•—Bobmustbeverywealthy.—Yes,hemoreinonedaythanIdoinaweek.A.hasbeenearnedB.hadearnedC.earnsD・hasearned()12.—WhatwereyoudoingwhenIphonedyouyesterdayevening?—IjustfinishedmyhomeworkandItowatchTV.A.have;amgoingB.have;wasgoingC.had;wasgoingD・had;amgoing()13.1firstmetLisathreeyearsago.Sheataradioshopatthetime・A.hasworkedB.wasworkingC.hadbeenworkingD.hadworked()14.ThereportersaidthattheUFOeasttowestwhenhesawitA.wastravelingB.traveledC.hadbeentravelingD・wastotravel()15."What"sthematter,Ali?Youlooksad.11uOh,notKingmuch.Asamatteroffact,Iofmyfriendsbackhome."A.justthoughtB.havejustbeentKinkingC.wasjustthinkingD・havejustthought()16.WhenLiMinghurriedhome,hefoundthathismotheralreadytohospital.A.has;beensentBhad;sentChas;sentD.had;beensent()17.Sheherkeysintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusbandhome・Ahasleft;comesBhadleft;wouldcomeChadleft;camebleft;hadcomeB.will；study()18・ZhaoLanalreadyin thisschoolfortwoyears.A.was;studyingC.has;studiedD.are;studying()19.HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.Iittwice・A.willseeB.haveseenC.sawD・see()20.Thehousebelongstomyauntbutshehereanymore.A.hasn"tlivedB.didn"tliveC.hadn"tlivedD.doesn"tlive()21.・—Yourjobopenforyourreturn.—-Thanks.A.willbekeptB.willkeepC.hadkeptD.hadbeenkept()22.Theyounggirlsittingnexttomeontheplanewasverynervous.Shebefore.A.hasn"tflownB.didn"tflyC.hadn"tflownD.wasrftflying()23.—MrGordenaskedmetoremindyouofthemeetingthisafternoon.Don,tforgetit!—OK.I.A.won"tB.don"tC.willD.do()24.Mrs.Wutoldmethathersister.A.IeftabouttwohoursbeforeB.wouldleaveabouttwohoursbeforeC.hasleftabouttwohoursagoD.hadleftabouttwohoursbefore()25.WhenIreachedhome,myparentstheirsupper・A.arehavingB.havealreadyhadC.havehadD.hadalreadyhad()26.Sheinthisschoolthepasttenyears. A.wasteaching,sinceB.hadbeenteaching,sinceC.wouldteach,forD.hasbeenteaching,for ()27.—IsobusilyrecentlythatInotimetohelpyouwithyourmath.—ThcrfsOK・Icanmanageitbymyself.A.havebeenworking;haveB・haveworked;hadC.amworking;willhaveD・hadbeenworking;hadhad()28.Remembertosendmeaphotoofusnexttimeyoutome.A.arewritingB.willwriteC.haswritten0.write()29•…Ibegyourpardon,butIdidn"tquitecatchyou.—Oh,Imyself.A.amtalkingtoB.talkedaboutC.havetalkedtoD・wastalkingto()30.Iping-pongquitewell,butIhaven11hadtimetoplaysincetheNewYear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD・play()31・IfirstmetTom10yearsago.Heinaradiofactoryatthattime.A.hadworkedB.hasworkedC・wasworkingD.hasbeenworking()32.—WhatwhenIphonedyou?…Imywork,andIwantedtogoout.A.haveyoudone;finishedB.wereyoudoing;havefinishedC.didyoudo;hadjustfinishedD.wereyoudoing;hadjustfinished ()33.Theywon"tbuynewclothesbecausetheymoneytobuyanewhouse. A.saveA.aresavingC.havesavedD.weresaving()34.Thetrafficinourcityisalreadygoodanditevenbetter.A.getsB.gotC.hasgotD.isgetting()35.1usedtodrinkalotofteabutthesedaysIcoffee.A.preferB.preferredC.hadpreferredD・ampreferring()36.Thevegetablesdidn"ttasteverygood.Theytoolong.A.hadbeencookedB.werecookedB.havecooked0.cooked()37.―Rememberthefirsttimewemet,Jim?OfcourseIdo.Youinthelibrary.A.werereadingB.hadreadC.havereadD.read()38.1wanttobuythatkindofclothbecauseItheclothwell.A.havetold;washesB.havebeentold;washesC.wastold;washedD.havebeentold;iswashed()39.Jimtalkedforabouthalfanhouryesterday.Neverhimtalksomuch.A.IheardB.didIhearC.IhadheardD.hadIheard()40.Hearticlesforourwall-newspaperthesethreeyears,andheaboutfortyarticles.A.hasbeenwriting;haswrittenB.hasbeenwriting;wroteC.iswriting;hasbeenwritingD.haswritten;haswritten()41.Whenhewasalive,theoldscientistusedtosaythatknowledgefrompracticeandhegainedhisexperiencebydoingalotofpracticalwork.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.comesb.wouldcome()42.—HowareyouplanningtotraveltoShanghai? —Iyet,butItakingatrain・A.didn11decide;amconsideringB.haven"tdecided;considerC.haven11decided;amconsidering0.hadn*tdecided;haveconsidered)43・―Excuseme,sir・Wouldyoudomeafavour?■一Ofcourse.Whatis计?—Iifyoucouldtakemetothestation.A.wouldwonderB.didwonderC.waswonderingD.hadwondered)44・…Gotyourdrivinglicense?—No.Itoobusytohaveenoughpractice,soIdidn"ttakethedrivingtestlastweek・I*mgoingtonextweek.A.wasB.havebeenC.amD・hadbeen)45.Withthedevelopmentofscience,morenewtechnologytothefieldofIT.A.hasintroducedB・isbeingintroducedC.isintroducedD.wasintroduced)46・Aswestoodonthetopofthehill,wecouldseethebeautifulscenethatbeforeus.A.hadspreadB.hasspreadC.spreadD・spreads)47.―Idroppedinatyourhouseatabouttenlastnight,butyouweren"tin. A.did—Iregularexercisesattheclub.A.wasdoing C.haddoneA.havebeendoing()48.―Eachofthestuderrts,workinghardattheirlessons,thebook.SohaveA.isreadingB.hasreadC.readingD.reads()49.―I"msorry,butthere"snosmokingonthisflight.—OhzIthat.Sorry,Iworftagain.A.don"tknowB.didn"tknowA.won1+knowD.haverf十known()50.1thoughtJimwouldsaysomethingabouthisschoolreport,butheit.A.doesn11mentionB.hadn"tmentionedC.didn"tmentionD.hasn"tmentioned