初中英语语法,宾语定语状语从句,讲解+练习 11页

中考英语宾语从句考点扫描一，引导词A，由that引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say，think，wish，hope，see，believe，agree，expect，hear，feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：Itoldhimthathewaswrong.l在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。例：Idon’tthinkyouareright.(我认为你做的不对)l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。例：Wethinkitwrongthathetoldalietoeveryone(我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)B，由连词if、whether引导的表示是否的宾语从句。Whether，if在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if可以替换。例：Idon’tknowif/whetherhewillcometomorrow.Theteacheraskedif/whetherwehadfinishedtheexperiment.l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例：Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney。l宾语从句中有ornot时不用if引导.例：Idon’tknowwhetherthemoviestarwillcomeornot.l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例：Whethertogothereornothasn’tbeendecided.C，由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，和连接副词when，where，why，how等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Doyouknowwhichfilmtheyaretalkingabout?(which做定语)Idon’tknowwherehelives.(where做地点状语)二，宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.三，宾语从句的时态。 宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:1)Shesaysthatsheisastudent.Shesaidthatshewasastudent.2)ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.3)Shesaysthatshehasfinishedherhomeworkalready.Shesaidthatshehadfinishedherhomeworkalready.4)ShesaysthatshecansingasonginEnglish.ShesaidthatshecouldsingasonginEnglish.如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例：Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.HetoldmethatJapanisanislandcountry.Couldyoutellme是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：CouldyoutellmewhenwewillvisittheHistoryMuseum?注意事项：由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：Shesaid:IhavebeentoEnglandbefore.ShesaidthatshehadbeentoEnglandbefore.Sheaskedme:Doyoulikemaths?SheaskedmeifIlikedmaths.宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用疑问词+不定式做宾语的简单句结构。例：Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.Icon’tknowwhattodonext.Hedidn’tknowwherehewouldlive.Hedidn’tknowwhere中考英语定语从句考点扫描在主从复合句中充当定语的句子是定语从句，它在句中修饰名词或代词。定语从句一般由关系代词that,which,who(m),whose和关系副词when,where,why等引导。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句通常放在先行词的后面作后置定语。在中考试题中，主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。一、一般情况下，当先行词指人时，用that,who或whom引导。如：Iknowtheyoungmanthat/whoisreadingunderthetree.我认识在树下读书的那个年轻人。Thegirlwhomyoutalkedaboutamomentagoismydaughter.你们刚才谈论的女孩是我的女儿。【温馨提示】 当指人的先行词后有介词时，关系代词不用that,而要用whom。如：Jimisthepersonforwhomyouarelooking.吉姆是你在寻找的人。二、当先行词指物时，用which或that引导。当关系代词在从句中作宾语时常可省略。如：Givemethepenthat/whichisonthedesk.把桌子上的钢笔给我。【温馨提示】一)当先行词指物时只能用that而不能用which的几种常见情况：1.先行词为all,anything,everything,nothing,much,none,little等不定代词时。如：Thereisnothingthatcanstophimfromdoingit.没有什么能阻止他做这件事。2.先行词前有last,next,only，very及序数词、最高级等修饰时。如：Thisisthemostinterestingfilmthatwasshownlastweek.这是上周所放映的影片中最有趣的一部。Theonlythingthattheycandoistowait.他们唯一能做的事就是等待。3.先行词前有序数词或最高级等修饰时。如：Thisisthesecondcomputerthatfatherhasjustbought.这是爸爸刚刚买的第二台电脑。Thisistheverypen(that)youboughtyesterday.这正是你昨天买的笔。4.当先行词既有人，又有物时。如：Sallyistalkingaboutthewriterandhisbookthatinterestsher.萨丽在谈论这位作家及能使她感兴趣的这位作家的书。　5.当主语是who的疑问句。如：Whoistheboythatisplayingcomputergames?在玩电脑游戏的男孩是谁？二)当先行词指物时，只能用which而不能用that的场合1.关系代词前有介词时。如：ThisisthehouseinwhichTomoncelived.这是汤姆曾经住过的房子。2.在非限定性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开，如果去掉逗号，整个句子仍能表达完整的意义的定语从句)中。如：TheyaretalkingabouttheTVplay,whichtheysawlastnight.他们正在谈论昨晚看的电视剧。三、whose在定语从句中作定语，修饰它后面的名词。如：DoyouknowthegirlwhosenameisLily?你认识名叫莉莉的女孩吗？四、当引导词在句中作状语时，应用适当的关系副词。表示时间用when，表示地点用where，表示原因用why。但这些关系副词通常可转换成“介词+关系代词”形式。如：Thehotelwhere/atwhichthevisitorsarestayingisveryexpensive.这些参观者呆的旅馆很贵。2008年中考定语从句真题精选1.Doyouknowthescientist_______gaveusatalkjustnow?(天津市)A.whoB.whomC.whichD.whose 2.Thisisthedictionary_______Mumgavemeformybirthday.(河北省)A.whichB.whatC.whoseD.whom3.ShaolinTemple_______liesinthewestofZhengzhouwelcomesthevisitorsbothathomeandabroad.(河南省)A.whereB.whichC.whoD.what4.—Doyouknowthegirl_______isstandingunderthetree?—Sheismylittlesister.(福州市)A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.which5.Thisisthequestion_______wearetalkingaboutnow.(吉林省)A.thatB.whoC.whereD.when6.—Whatareyoulookingfor?—Iamlookingforthebook_______Iboughtyesterday.(长沙市)A.whoB.whichC.whose7.Jack,thereissomeoneintheoffice_______wouldliketospeakwithyou.(厦门市)A.whoB.whichC.whom8.Ifabagisfilledwithbooksandpens,itmustbelongtosomeone_______workshard.(临沂市)A.whichB./C.whomD.who9.Manyyoungpeoplepreferthesongs_______havegreatlyrics.(泰安市)A.whichB.whoC.whereD.whom10.Eventeacherscan’tunderstandsomeexpressions_______theirstudentsuseindailylife.(绍兴市)A.whoseB.whoC.thatD.whom11.Beijingisthe29thcity_______holdstheOlympicGames.(芜湖市)A.whereB.thatC.whichD.what12.Haveyoureadthebook_______Igaveyouyesterday?(茂名市)A.thatB.whenC.where13.Theman_______cametoourpartywithapresentismyoldfriend.(茂名市)A.whenB.whichC.what14.Ilikewriters_______writeshortstories.(襄樊市)A.whichB.whatC.whomD.who15.—Therearemanyvolunteers_______arehelpingthechildreninSichuan.—Andmostofthemarecollegestudents.(咸宁市)A.whichB.whenC.whoseD.who16.WeknowJackieChan_______moviesareverypopularwiththeyoung.(恩施自治州)A.whoseB.thatC.whoD.which17.Theboy_______Italkedwithjustnowismybestfriend.(南充市)A.whoB.whichC.where18.—Whatkindofmusicdoyoulike?—Ilikemusic_______Icansingalongwith.(自贡市) A.whoB.thatC.what19.Heistheonlystudent_______playstabletennisbetterthanJim.(南宁市)A.whyB.whereC.whoD.which20.—ThedutyofProjectHopeistohelppoorchildren,isn’tit?—Yes,ithasbuiltmanyschools_______thosechildrencanstudyhappily.(哈尔滨市)A.whereB.whenC.which附：2008年中考定语从句真题精选答案1—5AABAA6—10BADAC11—15BACDD16—20AABCA中考英语定语从句考点扫描由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。（一）时间状语从句表示时间的状语从句可由when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas(或themoment),bythetime,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when,everytime等引导。e.g.WhenIcameintotheoffice,theteacherswerehavingameeting.Hestartedassoonashereceivedthenews.Onceyouseehim,youwillneverforgethim.NosoonerhadIgonetobedthanIwenttosleep.（二）原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because,since,as,nowthat（既然）等，for表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。e.g.Heisdisappointedbecausehedidn"tgettheposition.  Asitisraining,Iwillnotgoout.  Nowthatyoumentionit,Idoremember.（三）地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。e.g.Sitwhereveryoulike.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.（四）目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so,sothat（从句谓语常有情态动词）,inorderthat,incase（以防，以免）等。e.g.Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.ShehasboughtthebookinorderthatshecouldfollowtheTVlessons.Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.（五）结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由sothat（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that,such…that等引导。e.g.Shewasill,sothatshedidn’tattendthemeeting.  Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotsayaword.  Sheissuchagoodteacherthateveryoneadmiresher.（六）条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)。注意：条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。e.g.Ifheisnotintheoffice,hemustbeoutforlunch.  Youmayborrowthebooksolongasyoukeepitclean.  SofarasIknow（据我所知）,hewillbeawayforthreemonths.  Youcangoswimmingonconditionthat(=if)youdon’tgotoofarawayfromtheriverbank.  Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.（七）让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,nomatterwho(when,what,…)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。e.g.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.  Childasheis,heknowsalot.  Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,I’llneverchangemymind.（八）方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等引导。e.g.YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.  Heactedasifnothinghadhappened.（九）比较状语从句比较状语从句常用than,so(as)…as,themore…themore等引导。e.g.Ihavemadealotmoremistakesthanyouhave.  Hesmokescigarettesasexpensiveashecanafford.  Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。e.g.We’llgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.  I’llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。 e.g.When(hewas)stillaboyoften,hehadtoworkdayandnight.  If(youare)askedyoumaycomein.  If(itis)necessaryI’llexplaintoyouagain.3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。e.g.Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.（地点状语从句）  Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）  Idon’tknowwherehecamefrom.（宾语从句）  Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.（主语从句）  Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.（表语从句）练习、状语从句一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：1.Childassheis,sheknowsalotofthings.2.ThemoreIcandofortheclass,thehappierI’llbe.3.Hetalksasif(asthough)heknewallaboutit.4.Heissuchagoodteacherthatthestudentsloveandrespecthim.5.Ishallgototheparkunlessitrains.6.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.7.Wherethereiswater,thereislife.8.Hestudiedhardsothathecouldcatchupwithhisclassmates.9.Sinceyouareverybusy,Iwon"ttroubleyou.10.Evenif(though)Ifail.I’llneverloseheart.11.Onceyoubeginthework,youmustcontinue.12.Iwillfindherwherevershemaybe.13.Nowthatyou"vecome,you"dbetterhavedinnerwithus.14.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn"tfallasleep.15.Wemustdoeverythingashetellsus.16.IndiaismuchbiggerthanJapan.17.Nomatterwhenyoucome,youarewarmlywelcome.18.As(So)longasyouworkhard,youcancatchupwiththeotherclassmates.二、用适当的连词填空：1.Dr.Bethune(白求恩)cametoChina__________hewasfifty.2.Hebegantowork__________hegotthere.3.Let"sbeginourmeeting__________everyoneishere.4.IliketheEnglishpeople,__________Idon"tliketheirfood.5.__________yougoinChina,youcanseesmilingfaces.6.Hedidn"tcometothelecture,__________hewasverybusy.7.__________wehadenoughtime,wewalkedtothecinema.8.Theywillhelpyou__________youmeetwithdifficulty.9._________wecametotheuniversity,wehavelearntquitealot.10.Ididn"tjointhemyesterdayevening__________Ihadtogotoanimportantmeeting.11.Wewouldtrytogetacar__________wecouldalltraveltogethermoreeasily.12.Shewouldn"tforgethermother"sbirthday__________sheseldomwrotetoherfamily. 13.We"redoingeverythingwecantomakethingsaseasyforyou___________wecan.14.Themeetingbecamesodisorderly__________thespeakerhadtoshouttheaudiencedown.15.Hewasangrier__________everbefore.16.__________youlockallthedoors,hecanstillmanagetogetin.17.Theboywassotired__________hefellasleeponthebus.18.Hard_________hetried,hecouldn’tforcethedooropen.三、选择填空：1.I’llletyouknow____hecomesback.A.before   B.because  C.assoonas  D.although2.Shewillsingasong____sheisasked.A.if    B.unless   C.for   D.since3.Wewillwork____weareneeded.A.whenever  B.because  C.since   D.wherever4.Readitaloud_____theclasscanhearyou.A.sothat  B.if    C.when      D.although5._____yougo,don"tforgetyourpeople.A.Whenever    B.However  C.Wherever  D.Whichever6.Itisabouttenyears_____Imetyoulast.A.since        B.for   C.when      D.as7.Theywillneversucceed,_____hardtheytry.A.because      B.however  C.when   D.since8._____stillhalfdrunk,hemadehiswayhome.A.When       B.Because  C.Though  D.As9._____shewasverytired,shewentonworking.A.As          B.Although  C.Even   D.Inspiteof10.Busy_____hewas,hetriedhisbesttohelpyou.A.as          B.when   C.since   D.for11.IlearnedalittleRussian_____Iwasatmiddleschool.A.though       B.although  C.asif   D.when12._____wegottothestation,thetrainhadleftalready.A.If           B.Unless   C.Since   D.When13._____therainstops,we"11setoffforthestation.A.Before  B.Unless   C.Assoonas  D.Though14.Shewas_____tired_____shecouldnotmoveaninch.A.so,that      B.such,that  C.very,that  D.so,as15.Wedidn’tgohome_____wefinishedthework.A.since        B.until   C.because  D.though16.I"llstayhere_____everyoneelsecomesback.A.evenif       B.asthough  C.because  D.until17.Althoughit"sraining,_____arestillworkinginthefield.A.they         B.butthey  C.andthey  D.sothey18.Speaktohimslowly_____hemayunderstandyoubetter. A.since        B.sothat   C.for   D.because19.You"llmissthetrain______youhurryup.A.unless       B.as   C.if    D.until20.Whenyoureadthebook,you"dbettermakeamark_____youhaveanyquestions.A.atwhich   B.atwhere  C.theplace  D.where21.We"dbetterhurry______itisgettingdark.A.and       B.but   C.as   D.unless22.Ididn"tmanagetodoit_____youhadexplainedhow.A.until   B.unless   C.when   D.before23._____hecomes,wewon"tbeabletogo.A.Without  B.Unless   C.Except   D.Even24.Ihurried_____Iwouldn"tbelateforclass.A.since   B.sothat  C.asif   D.unless25._____Icatchacold,Ihavepaininmyback.A.Everytime  B.Though  C.Even   D.Where26.What"sthematter_____theystillhaven"tansweredthetelegram?A.when      B.that   C.though   D.however27.Bringitnearer_____Imayseeitbetter.A.although  B.eventhoughC.sothat   D.since28.YoumayarriveinBeijingearly_____youmindtakingthenighttrain.A.that   B.though   C.unless   D.if29.Helenlistenedcarefully_____shemightdiscoverexactlywhatsheneeded.A.inthat   B.inorderthatC.incase   D.eventhough30.Morepeoplewilleatoutinrestaurants_____theydotoday.A.than   B.when   C.while   D.as31._____hardshetries,shecanhardlyavoidmakingmistakesinherhomework.A.Much     B.However  C.As   D.Although32.Poor_____itmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome,_____youmaygo.A.as;whereverB.though;wheneverC.inspiteof;whenD.that;wherever33.Thechildwas__immediatelyaftersupper.A.enoughtiredtogotobed  B.tootiredtogotobedC.sotiredthathewenttobed  D.verytired,hewenttobed34.Thehistoryofnursing__thehistoryofman.A.asoldas  B.isoldthan  C.thatisasoldas   D.isasoldas35._____borninChicago,theauthorwasfamousforhisstoriesaboutNewYork.A.Since   B.Once   C.When        D.Although36._____westoodatthetopofthebuilding,thepeoplebelowwerehardlyvisible.A.As        B.Although  C.Unless    D.Inspiteof37.ScarcelywasGeorgeWashingtoninhisteens_____hisfatherdied.A.than   B.as   C.while    D.when38._____Davidgoes,heiswelcome.A.Whichever  B.However  C.Wherever  D.Whatever39.Thehousestood_____therehadbeenarock.A.which   B.atwhich  C.when   D.where 40.Small_____itis,thepenisamostusefultool.A.because  B.so   C.if    D.as41.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced_____tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanytwiceC.twiceasmanyD.twicemanyas42.Thepianointheothershopwillbe_____,but_____.A.cheaper;notasbetter   B.morecheap;notasbetterC.cheaper;notasgood   D.morecheap;notasgood43.Johnplaysfootball_____,ifnotbetterthan,David.A.aswell  B.aswellas  C.sowell  D.sowellas44.Althoughheisconsideredagreatwriter,A.hisworksarenotwidelyread    B.buthisworksarenotwidelyreadC.howeverhisworksarenotwidelyread  D.stillhisworksarenotwidelyread45.___thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.With  B.Since    C.While  D.As46.—Whatwasthepartylike?—Wonderful.It"syears_____Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch.A.after   B.when   C.before   D.since47.Itwasnot_____shetookoffherdarkglasses_____Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when;that  B.until;that  C.until;when  D.when;then48.Ifweworkwithastrongwill,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,_____greatitis.A.what   B.how   C.however  D.whatever49.Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup_____therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.that   B.where   C.which   D.when50._____,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.A.Howeverlateishe   B.HoweverheislateC.Howeverishelate   D.Howeverlateheis51.Hewillcometocallonyouthemomenthe____hispainting.A.willfinish  B.finished  C.hasfinished  D.hadfinished52.____difficultthetaskmaybe,wewilltryourbesttocompleteitintime.A.Nomatter  B.Nowonder  C.Though  D.However53.Itwas____thatshecouldn’tfinishitbyherself.A.sodifficultaworkB.suchadifficultworkC.sodifficultworkD.suchdifficultwork参考答案语法复习六：状语从句一、1.Childassheis,sheknowsalotofthings.让步2.ThemoreIcandofortheclass,thehappierI’llbe.比较3.Hetalksasif(asthough)heknewallaboutit.方式4.Heissuchagoodteacherthatthestudentsloveandrespecthim.结果5.Ishallgototheparkunlessitrains.条件6.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.时间 7.Wherethereiswater,thereislife.地点8.Hestudiedhardsothathecouldcatchupwithhisclassmates.目的9.Sinceyouareverybusy,Iwon"ttroubleyou.原因10.Evenif(though)Ifail,I’llneverloseheart.让步11.Onceyoubeginthework,youmustcontinue.时间12.Iwillfindherwherevershemaybe.让步13.Nowthatyou"vecome,you"dbetterhavedinnerwithus.原因14.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn"tfallasleep.结果15.Wemustdoeverythingashetellsus.方式16.IndiaismuchbiggerthanJapan.比较17.Nomatterwhenyoucome,youarewarmlywelcome.让步18.As(So)longasyouworkhard,youcancatchupwiththeotherclassmates.条件二、1.when;2.assoonas;3.as;4.though;5.Whwerever;6.because;7.Since;8.whenever;9.Since;10.because;11.sothat;12.though;13.as;14.that;15.than;16.Evenif;17.that;18.as三、1~5CADAC6~10ABCBA11~15DDCAB16~20DABAD21~25CABBA26~30BCCBD31~35BACDD36~40ADCDD41~45CCBAD46~50DBCBD51~53CDD