初中英语语法（完整版） 47页

初中英语语法（完整版）・名词名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽彖名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后而加・s或・cs。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加・smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加・esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以・f或|fe结尾的词变・f和・fe为v再加・esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves加・schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加・esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加・stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Heniy-Henrys6以辅音字母加-0结尾的名词一般加・esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加结尾的名词加・Sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以结尾的名词加・struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词攵数：英语里有些名词的攵数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuanJin, 3只有SZ数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪），drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）7表示“某国人”加・sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以・man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIll.名词的所有格：名词在句屮表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加"S构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1."s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加theboy"sfather,Jack"sbook,herson-inJaw"sphoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers"room,thetwins"mother,不规则复数名词后加"Sthechildrerfstoys,women"srights,以S结尾的人名所有格加或者’Dickens"novels,Charles"sjob,theSmiths9house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加1Japan"sandAmerica"sproblems,JanetandMary"sbikes表示共有的所有关系吋在最后一词末加"SJapanandAmericansproblems,JaneandMary9sfather表示”某人家””店铺”，所有格后名词省略thedoctor"s,thebarber"s,thetailor"s,myuncle"s2.1所有格的用法:1表不时间today"snewspaper,fiveweeks"holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree^sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry"splan,theworldspopulation,China"sindustry 4表示工作群体theship"screw,majority"sview,theteam5svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile"sjourney,fivedollars"worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife"stime,theplay9splot7某些固定词组abird"seyeview,astonersthrow,atone，swiTsend（不矢口所措）3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东酋：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：lheclassroomsoflhefirsl-yearsludcnls用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事,相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示每相当于every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng・6用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so（as,too,how）+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.IL定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyof 岛的名词前China,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina・10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代inthe1990"s11用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.IIL零冠词的用法:1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone・/Whosepurseisthis?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐刖March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica・5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess・6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.三.代词:L代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不泄代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点:1・one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为onesosome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和 否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers-Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idorfthaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.1)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?2)some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine・Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.3)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary・/Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints・3.none和no：no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None・Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties・4.other和another:1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用,如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个,复数为theothers。如:Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:Idon,likethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball・5.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none・ AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish. Bothofusarenotteachers・/Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四.形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3）复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副here,nearby,outside,6疑问副词how,where,when,why 词upwards,above3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加・er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1.同级比较时常常用as...as…以及notso(as)...as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用"themore...themore…"句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比较级来表达最尚级的意思。如I：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下儿种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect«五.介词I.介词分类:1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分词转化成的介词considering（就而论），including6形容词转化成的介词like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in,on,at“t表示片刻的吋间，in表示一段的吋间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in,afterin指在一段时间Z后‘after表示某一具体时间点Z后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范|韦|内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围Z外 5表示“在…上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through,through表示从内部通过，与in有关,across表示在表血上通过，across与on有关7表示“关于”的about,onabout指涉及到，on指专1」论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首10表示用的in,withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六.动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedsh汕/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/vvouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言Z,利用过去，说明现在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言Z,仅谈过去，不关现在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一 般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将來时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It"sgoingtoclearup.We"regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We"retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon・6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在吋表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo"clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.动词的被动语态:常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1—般现在吋am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked注思事项被动语态的否定式是在笫一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：Itisbelievedthat...Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...Itissaidthat...Itiswellknownthat...Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat...Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat...Itishopedthat...下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice・Thedoorwon"tshut./Theplaywon"tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious・/Waterfeelsverycold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七•情态动词情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，押力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）cannot/cannot/can^tdoCm.・do…？Yes,...can.No,…cantcouldcouldn^tdomay可以（问句屮表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）maynotdoMay…do…？Yes,...may.No,…mustn""cantmightmightnotdoMight...do•…?Yes,...mightNo,•..mightnot.must必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）mustnot/mustn"tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,・・.neediVt/donlhaveto.haveto只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）don^thavetodoDo…havetodo...?Yes,・・・do.No,…don"t. oughtto应当（表示义务责任，口语屮多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn^ttodoOught…todo...?Yes,...ought.No,...oughtn^t. shall将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于一=人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shallnot/shan^tdoShall...do...?Yes,...shall.No,...shan"t・should应X,应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）shouldnot/shouldn9tdoShould...do...?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉willnot/won4doWill...do...?Yes,...will.No,…wont.wouldwouldnot/wouldn"tdodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）darenot/daren^tdoDare・・・do・・・?Yes,...dare.No,...daren^t.need需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句小）neednot/needn^tdoNeed...do...?Yes,...must.No,...needn^t・usedto过去常常（现在己不再）usednot/usedrTt/userfttododidn’tusetodoUsed...todo...?Yes,...used・No,…use(d)rft.Did.••usetodo…？Yes,...did・No,…didrf匸II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:以must为例。must+do（be）是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+havedone是推测可能己经发生过的事情。1.must"肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could"可能”,could表示可疑的可能性，不及can"t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.（推测某事本來可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan"tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.（语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句屮）III•情态动词注意点：1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn"t/daren^do；Need/dare...do...? 做实义动词时可用于肯泄句，否左句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don"t(doesn"t/didn"t)need/daretodo八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone具有副词和形容词的作用在句屮做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb"sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan^thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stoptodo停止手屮事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo（指动作尚未goontodo（接着做另外一件发生）事） remember/forget/regretdoing（指动作已经goondoing（接着做同一件事）发生）trytodo（设法，努力去做，尽力）trydoing（试试去做，看有何结果）meantodo（打算做,企图做）meandoing（意识是,意味着）can"thelptodo（不能帮忙做）can"thelpdoing（忍不住要做）HL非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage上谓关系。强调动作将发生或C经完成Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes・have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged・IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped・动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?现在分词与被修饰词之问是主谓关系，表不动作与谓语动作同时发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作Z前，现已经完成V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有吋可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。Mydreamistobecomeateacher・Toobeythelawisimportant,（dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语吋常用）动名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽彖，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob. Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。分词现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句屮担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate・that人，物主语，宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语，宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible・as人，物主语，宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasbom.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican"imaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich II.that与which,who,whom的用法区别:情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.先行词既指人又指物时5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6.句中已经有who或which吋，为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread・4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered・5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用Which指代物，用who/whom指人2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as与which的区别:定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don"treadsuchbooksasyoucan"tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadnXexpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft. 密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之1"可用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.十・名词性从句种类作川常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,whereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesiftmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.卜一。状语从句种类连接词注意点吋间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly•…when,nosooner...than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将來意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句屮主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语where,wherever原因状语because,as,since,nowthatbecause语气最强,since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。条件状语if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat从句中动词吋态不可用将来吋，常用一般时代替目的状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so...that,such...that 比较状语than,as…as,notso/as...as,themore…themore方式状语asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状语从句屮常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序,可和yet连用，但不可和but连用十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish・notonly...butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither...nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so...that,such...that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用丁-表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与过去事实从句动词：had+过去分词IfIhadbeenfree,I 相反主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+过去分词wouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping・其它状语从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears・inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind・wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.主语从句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat...,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat...等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat...句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形Ifshightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!十四。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome! 7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes・8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience・9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead・10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists・12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn"thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadheamvedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom・17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp・21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagairu23.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24・"Heworksparticularlyhard："Sohedoes：andsodoyou•”25・NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26・SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements・十五。动词搭配 1.addto增加，增进add...to把…加进…add叩相加addupto总计，所有这一切说明1)Idon"tthinkthesefactswillanything.2)Fiftynewbookshavebeenthelibrary・3)Themusicourenjoymentofthefilm・4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyouthebill(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉breakdown出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开breakoff暂停，中断breakin强行进入，插话breakinto闯入breakintopieces成为碎片breakout爆发breakup捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散breakthrough突破1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreakthepoliceandranintothewoods.2)Whenheheardthenews,hebrokeandcried.3)Don"tbreakwhileothersarespeaking.4)Whydorftyoubreakforafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?5)Whendoesschoolbreak? 1)Afterharvestwebreakthesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)1.bringup抚养，呕吐,提出bringabout造成bringout拿出，出版bringin引入，引进，挣钱bringback使回想起bringdown使F降，使倒F1)Theshopkeeperbroughthispricetoonlyfivedollars.2)TheschoolhasbroughtnewforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.3)Thesongbroughthappymemoriesofourschooldays.4)Doyouknowwhatbroughtthismisunderstanding?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobringtheyoungorphan・6)Wedecidedtobringthematteratthenextmeeting.7)Thewindbroughtalotoftreeslastnight.8)Nextmonththeywillbringaneweditionofthebook・(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)2.callon号召，拜访(某人)callat拜访、参观（某地）callfor去叫某人,要求，需要callup使冋忆起，征召入伍callin召集，请某人来callout大喊，高叫calloff取消，不举行 1)Doctorsareoftencalledinthemiddleofthewar.2)Pleasewaitformeathome・Illcallyouatyourhouseatseventonight.3)ThetrainscallsseveralbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.4)Hecalledhername.butshedidn"tanswer.5)Thesportsmeetwascalledonaccountoftherain.(in,for,at,out,off)1.comeabout发生，出现comedownF跌，落，降，传下来comein进来comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)comeon来临/快点comeout出版，结果是comealong一道來，赶快cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒，合计，总共是comeover走过來come叩发芽，走近comeacross偶然碰到comeback冋想起comefrom来自，源自1)IcomethebookIlentyoulastmonth.2)Howdiditcomethatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.3)ItsuddenlycametomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.4)Comenow,orelseweshallbelate・5)Hecamemelikeatiger. 1)Thepriceofpetrolhascomesincethebeginningofthisyear・2)Thewordcameusemanyyearsago.3)Whentheexaminationresultcame,hehadalreadygotajob・4)Thebillcameoverathousanddollars・5)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven"tcomeyet.(for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up)1.cutacross抄近路cutdown砍倒，削减cutoff切断，割掉，断绝关系cutup连根拔除，切碎through剪断，凿穿cutout删(省)掉，戒掉cutin插嘴1)Don"tcutthistree・Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.2)Youmustcutthenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness.3)Wedecidedtocutthemoor(旷野)tothevillage・4)Cuttingthetreemeanscuttingthetreeintopieces.5)Theelectricitywascutwhentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut.(down,down,across,up,off,in)2.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于(疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因)diefrom死于(意外事故、情形)dieaway渐渐消逝dieout绝种 diedown(炉火)渐熄dieoff逐一死去1.fallbehind落后falloverone"sfeet跌跤falldown掉下,跌倒fallback撤退，后退1)Babiesoftenfallwhentheyarelearningtowalk.2)Ourteamseemstohavefallentheothers.3)Assoonastheenemiesfell,thepeopleretuniedtotheirvillage.4)Shefellthebenchandhadherlegbroken.(down,behind,back,over)2.goinfor从事，喜爱，参加gothrough通过，经受goover复习，检查go叩(价格)上涨，建造起来goafter追捕，追赶goagainst违反goahead先彳亍，开始吧，问吧,说吧goaway离开goby时间过去godown下沉，降低，(口、月)西沉goon(with)继续进行gowith相配,陪同gowithout没有，缺少 goout外出,熄灭goallout全力以赴gooff爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应gobackon背约，食言gobeyond超出1)Manynewfactorieshavegone_inthepastfewyears・2)Rentshavegonegreatlyrecently.3)Manyyearshavegonesincewefirstmet.4)Letscontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes・5)Hisactionswentthewillofthepeople,6)Ican"tdoit,foritgoesmyduty.7)Over100studentswentthisentraneeexamination.8)Thebombwentandkilledtenpeople・9)Thebuyerwentthecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.10)Thistiedoesn"tgomyblueshirt・11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go・12)Manystudentswentplayingbasketball.(up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)1.getdown下来,记下，使沮丧getdownto致力于，专心于geton进展，进步，穿上，上车getoff脱下，下车getin收集，插(话) getaway逃跑，逃脱，去休假getover忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复getalongwith进展,相处getup起床getthrough打通电话,完成，通过getround消息传开getclosetosth.接近，几乎getinto(trouble)getto(know)getback取回，收回getout1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldnftgetwhathesaid・2)Wewillfindwaystogetdifficulties・3)Thestoryhasgot,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.4)WhenIgetwiththereport,Ellgotothecinema.5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengottobusiness・6)Don"talwaysgetawordwhenothersarespeaking・7)Ittookmealongtimetogetsuchanunpleasantexperience.(down,over,round,through,down,in,over)1.giveaway赠送，泄露,出卖giveout发出，疲劳，分发，公布giveoff发出(光、热、气体)givein(tosb.)屈服 giveup放弃，让(座位)1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim・2)Theliquidgaveastrongsmell.3)Theheadmastergavethenamesoftheprize-winners・4)Thesoldiersgavethetowntotheenemies・5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks?6)Donrtbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends・7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave・(away,off,out,up,out,away,out)1.handin交上,提交handout分发handdown流传，遗传2.hangabout闲逛hangup挂电话3.holdback阻止，隐瞒holdup举起，使停顿holdon别挂电话，等，坚持holdout持续，坚持，伸出holddown控制，镇压1)Fmsureheisholdingsomething・2)Shemanagedtoholdheremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.3)Tellhimtoholdamoment.Fllcomesoon・4)Ourfoodsupplywonrtholdformorethanafewdays・5)Thetrainwasheldasaresultofthefloods.6)Thesemeasureshelpedtoholdthecity"spopulation. 1)Holdyourleftarm,please・(back,back,on,out,up,down,up)1.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持，keepupwith跟上keepoff(grass)不接近，离开keepawayfrom避开，不接近，离…远远的keepoutofkeepto(rules,promise)坚持，遵守keepon继续，坚持下来keepback阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keepfrom克制，阻止1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeepfromher.2)Icanhardlykeepmytearsafterhearinghiswords.3)Onlypridekeptherburstingintotears.4)Icanscarcelykeepaskinghimwhathehasdone・5)”Donitouchme,”screamedthewoman,"Keep6)Keepuntilyousucceed・7)Keepyourcourage,andyou"llsucceedintheend・8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold・9)Alwaystrytokeeptheruleswhenyouplayagame・10)Ican"tkeepwitheverythingyouTedoing・(away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)2.knockat/on敲 knockinto撞到某人身上knockdown撞倒knockoutof把…敲出knockove「撞倒knockoff停止工作，休息1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent•2)Theofficestuffknocksatsixeveryday.3)Tryknockingthewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknockedthecarparkedthere.(down,off,on,into)1.leavefoi•离开前往leaveout删去，遗漏leavebehind遗留，忘记拿走leaveto留给，遗嘱赠于leaveover遗留，剩卜，延期1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft?Mdemandedtheteacher.2)Whenhedied,heleftallhispropertyhisniece・3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella.4)Don"tleavethismatteruntiltomorrow.5)Leavesomemeatfortomorrow.6)Thosearequestionsleftbyhistory. (out,to,behind,over,over,over)1.look叩查找，向上看lookthrough翻阅，浏览lookon旁观lookon...as看作lookinto调查lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找lookout(for)当心lookabout/around/round四卜查看lookdownupon瞧不起lookbackupon冋忆，冋顾lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人lookabintheface/eyes直视某人1)Ispenttwohourslookingthestudents1papers・2)Look!Thereisabigholeinfront.3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlookedandcheeredforhim.4)Theoldmanlookeduponthedaysofhisyouth・5)Shewassosnobbish(势利)thatshelookeduponallhisneighbours.6)Thepolicepromisedtolookthecaseassoonaspossible.7)Helookedbutsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing.(through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round)2.makeup编造，配制，打扮，组成makeupfor弥补makeinto/of/from制成 makeout弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列(清单)makefor走向，驶往，促使1)Canyoumakethislengthofclothasuit?2)IaskedthedriverifhewasmakingLondon?3)Myfathermadeacheckformetobuythecamera・4)Wemustmakethelossnextweek./Hetriedhardtomakeforthedamagehehaddone・5)Hemadeastory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve・6)Someoneiscoming,butIcarflmakewhoitis.(into,for,out,up/up,up,out)1.passaway去世passby经过passdown(on)...to传给passthrough经历passover漠视，忽视1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassedtomefrommygrandfather"sgrandfather.2)Themanpassedlastweekinpeace.3)Wearepassingdifficulttimes.4)Thesecretarypassedthedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.(down,away,through,over)2.payback还钱，报复payfor付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应payoff还清 1)Howmuchdidyoupaythedictionary?2)Youshouldpaythemoneyyouborrowedfromme.3)Fllpayhimforallhiscrimes(罪彳亍)againstme.4)Someday,you"llpaywhatyouhavedonetoday.5)Hasshepaythedebtyet?(for,back,back,for,off)1.pickup拾起,获得(information),接人，站起,收听，自然习得(language/knowledge),恢复重获(pickuphealth)pickout挑选，辨认，看出1)Ipickedtheinformationwhilewaitinginthequeue.2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickmeat6:00.3)Thepatienthaspickedhealthduringthelasttwoweeks.4)Shepickedthemostexpensivepairofshoes・5)Ican"tpickJohninthecrowd・6)CanIpickVOAwiththisshort-waveradio?7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimselfquickly.(up,up,up,out,out,up,up)pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词23.put叩搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下putupwith忍受putout伸出，扑灭putoff推迟putinto放进，翻译putaway放好，存钱 putdown记下,平息puton穿戴,上映,增加(putonweight/speed)putforward提出，提前putthrough接通电话putaside放到一边putback放回1)Heputhalfhiswageeveryweek.2)Thegovernmentsoonputtherevolt(暴舌L).3)Putyourwatch.It"sslow.4)Heputhishandformetoshake.5).PleaseputmetoExtension(分机)2.6)Weputfornightatthevillageinn.7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenputairs.(摆架子)8)Wehadatelephoneputinouroffice.9)Ican"tputwithyourlaziness.(away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up)23.pulldown拆掉，推翻pullon匆匆穿上/off脱pullin进站pullout取出,(火车)离站pulldown往下拉，拆毁pullover驶到一边pullthrough恢复健康，渡过难关，脱离险境pullup(使)停住 1)Thetrainslowlypulledanddisappearedinthedistance.2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled,andnewonesaretobebuilt.3)ThecarpulledwhenIblewthehoni・4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull•5)Thedriverpulledatthetrafficlights.(out,down,over,through,up)23.pushovei•推倒，刮倒pushahead(on,forward)继续前进，坚持卜去pushthrough排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1)We"vedecidedtopushwithourplantobuildanewroad2)Manytreeswerepushedinthehuiricane.3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrulesatanycost..4)Takecarenottopushthebaby.5)Theypushedthecrowdandatlastreachedus.(on,over,through,over,through)24.runacross偶然碰到runafter追逐，追捕runaway逃跑runfor竞选runinto偶然碰到(困难)遇见(人)，相撞runoutof用完1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you"llrunsomeonesomeday.2)Iranafriendofmineintheexhibition.3)Ourwaterhasrun.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles?4)Whydoyoualwaysrunadventure? 1)Hedidn"twanttorunpresidentthatyear・2)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrundifficulties.(into,across/into,out,after,for,into)23.seeoff送行seethrough看透，识破seeto照料，照管24.sendfor派人去请sendoff送行1sendout发出（光亮）等sendup发射25.set叩建立setoff出发，触发，引起setout动身，着手(todo),陈述setabout开始着手(doing)settowork(n.)开始做setback拨冋，使推迟1)Ishallsetmywatchbyfiveminutes.2)Wesetreadingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.3)Wesetatdaybreakyesterdayandwe"vebeentravellingeversincethen.4)Isettoadvisehimnottodrink.5)Whatwerethereasonshesetinhisreport?6)Thepresidentsetaspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.7)Theunpopularlawsetaseriesofprotests.(J/t议)(back,about,offVout,out,out,up,off)26.takeoff脱掉，起飞takeon呈现雇佣 takeaway拿走takein吸收,领会takeup从事，占用(吋间空间)takedown记录，取下takeback收回takefor误认为takealong随身带takeover接管takeout1)ItakeallIsaidabouthisdishonesty.2)Hewenttotheshelfandtookabookofpoems.3)AtfirstItookhimadoctor.4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetakeneverythingthattheteachertaught.5)Billhasnowtakenhisfather"sbusiness.6)Myjobtakesmostofmytime.7)Thebosstooktwentypeopleforhisnewcompany.(back,down,for,in,over,up,on)为自takechargeof负责，takesth.forgranted想当然，takeholdof抓住，takepridein以豪，taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做，takeoffice就职23.thinkof想起thinkof...as把…看作thinkout想出thinkup想出thinkabout考虑thinkovei•仔细考虑thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好24.turnoff/on打开 turnover翻身，反复考虑，翻(书页),翻转turnout证明为，结果，制造成品turnto转向,求助turndown调低，拒绝turncigainst变得敌视，反对turnaway打发走，驱逐，转过脸去(uniback返回，转回去turnround转过身来turn叩向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turnin上缴turnupsidedown把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1)Thechildturneditsmotherforcomfort・2)Turnandletmeseeyourface.3)Howevermuchheturnedtheprobleminmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturnedagreatsuccess.5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned・6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned.7)Thearmyturnedhimonaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth.8)Sheturnedthewholehouseinhersearchforhermissingpurse・9)Wheredidyourpurseturn?Ifounditinthesnow・10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturnedtheforeignerswholivednearby・11)Thefactoryturns2000newcarslastyear.(to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out) I•爱不释手fondleadmiringly.2.百闻不女LI一见（眼见为实）Seeingisbelieving.3•比上不足比下有余worseoffthansome,betteroffthanmany;tofallshortofthebest,butbebetterthantheworst.4•笨鸟先飞Aslowsparrowshouldmakeanearlystart.5.不眠之夜whitenight6•不以物喜不以己悲notpleasedbyexternalgains,notsaddenedbypersonnallosses7•不遗余力sparenoeffort;goallout;doone"sbest&不打不成交Nodiscord,noconcord.9.拆东墙补四墙robPetertopayPaul10•辞旧迎新bidfarewelltotheoldandusherinthenew;ringouttheoldyearandringinthenewII•大事化小小事化了tryfirsttomaketheirmistakesoundlessseriousandthentoreduceittonothingatall12•大开眼界openone"seyes;broadenone"shorizon;beaneye-opener13•国泰民安Thecountryflourishesandpeopleliveinpeace.14•过犹不及goingtoofarisasbadasnotgoingfarenough;beyondisaswrongasfallingshort;toomuchisasbadastoolittle15•功夫不负有心人Everythingcomestohimwhowaits.16•好了伤疤忘了疼onceonshore,onepraysnomore17•好事不岀门恶事传千里Goodnewsnevergoesbeyondthegate,whilebadnewsspreadfarandwide.18.和气生财Harmonybringswealth.19•活到老学到老Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.20.既往不咎letbygonesbebygones21•金无足赤人无完人Goldcan"tbepureandmancan"tbeperfect.22.金玉满堂Treasuresfillthehome.23.脚踏实地bedown-to-earth24.脚踩两只船sitonthefence25•君子之交淡女口水thefiiendshipbetweengentlemenisaspureascrystal;ahedgebetweenkeepsfriendshipgreen26.老牛常谈陈词滥调cutanddried,cliche27•礼尚往来Courtesycallsforreciprocity.28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧Wherethereislife,thereishope.29•马至成功achieveimmediatevictory;wininstantsuccess30.名利双收gaininbothfameandwealth31•茅塞顿开besuddenlyenlightened32•没有规矩不成方圆Nothingcanbeaccomplishedwithoutnormsorstandards.33•每逢佳节倍，岂亲Onfestiveoccasionsmorethaneveronethinksofone"sdearonesfaraway.Itisonthefestivaloccasionswhenonemisseshisdearmost.34•谋事在人成事在天Theplanninglieswithman,theoutcomewithHeaven.Manproposes,Goddisposes.35•弄巧成扌出betoosmartbyhalf;Cunningoutwitsitself36•拿手好戏masterpiece 37.赔了夫人乂折兵throwgoodmoneyafterbad38抛砖弓I玉amodestspurtoinduceotherstocomeforwardwithvaluablecontributions;throwasprattocatchawhale39•破釜沉舟cutoffallmeansofretreat；burnone"sownwayofretreatandbedeterminedtofighttotheend40•抢得先机takethepreemptiveopportunities41•巧妇难为无米之炊Ifyouhavenohandyoucan"tmakeafist.Onecan"tmakebrickswithoutstraw.42.T•里之行始于足卜athousand-lijourneybeginswiththefirststep—thehighesteminenceistobegainedstepbystep43•前事不忘后事之师Pastexperience,讦notforgotten,isaguideforthefuture.44.前人栽树后人乘凉Onegenerationplantsthetreesinwhoseshadeanothergenerationrests.Onesowsandanotherreaps.45•前怕狼后怕虎fearthewolfinfrontandthetigerbehindhesitateindoingsomething46•强龙难压地头蛇Evenadragon(fromtheoutside)findsithardtocontrolasnakeinitsoldhaunt・Powerfuloutsiderscanhardlyaffordtoneglectlocalbullies.47•强强联手win-winco-operation48•于福雪》匕丰年Atimelysnowpromisesagoodharvest.49.人之初性本善Man"snatureatbirthisgood.50.人逢喜事精神爽Joyputsheartintoaman.51•人海战术huge-crowdstrategy52.世上无难事只要肯攀登Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.53.世夕卜桃源afictitiouslandofpeaceawayfromtheturmoiloftheworld;54•死而后己untilmyheartstopsbeating55.岁岁平安Peaceallyearround.56•上有天堂下有苏杭Justasthereisparadiseinheaven,whilethereareSuzhouandHangzhouonearth57.塞翁失马焉知非福Misfortunemaybeanactualblessing.5&三十而立Amanshouldbeindependentattheageofthirty.Atthirty,amanshouldbeabletothinkforhimself.59.升级换代updatingandupgrading(ofproducts)60.四十不惑Lifebeginsatforty.61•谁言寸草心报得三春晖Suchkindnessofwarmsun,can"tberepaidbygrass.62.水涨船高Whentheriverrises,theboatfloatshigh.63•时不我待Timeandtidewaitfornoman.64.杀鸡用牛刀breakabutterflyonthewheel65•实事求是seektruthfromfacts;bepracticalandrealistic;betruetofacts66.说曹操,曹操到Talkofthedevilandhecomes.67•实话实说speaktheplaintruth;callaspadeaspade;tellitasitis68.实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practiceisthesolecriterionfortestingtruth.69•山不在高，有仙则名Nomatterhowhighthemountainis,itsnamewillspreadfarandwideifthereisafairy;"70•寺舀光养晦hideone"scapacitiesandbideone"stime71.糖衣炮弹sugar-coatedbullets 72•天有不测风云Anythingunexpectedmayhappen,aboltfromtheblue73.团结就是力量Unityisstrength.74•"跳进黄河洗不清”eveifonejumpedintotheYellowRiver,onecannotwashoneselfclean—there"snothingonecandotoclearone"sname.75•歪风邪气unhealthypracticesandevilphenomena76.物以类聚，人以群分Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.77•往事女口风Thepasthasvanished(frommemory)likewind.;Whatinpast,ispas78.望子成龙holdhighhopesforone"schild79•屋漏又逢连阴雨Misfortunesnevercomesingly.Whenitrainsitpours.80•文韬武略militaryexpertise;militarystrategy81•唯利是图drawwatertoone"smill82•无源之水，无本之木waterwithoutasource,andatreewithoutroots83•无中生有makecreatesomethingoutofnothing84•无风不起浪Therearenowaveswithoutwind.There!snosmokewithoutfire.85•徇私枉法bendthelawforthebenefitofrelativesorfriends86•新官上任三把火anewbroomsweepsclean87•虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind・8&蓄势而发accumulatestrengthforatake-off89•心想事成Mayallyourwishcometrue90•心、照彳心宣haveatacitunderstanding;givetacitconsent;tacitunderstanding91•先入为主Firstimpressionsarefirmlyentrenched.92.先卜手为强catchtheballbeforethebound93.像热锅上的蚂蚁likeanantonahotpan94•现身说法warnpeoplebytakingoneselfasanexample95•息事宁人pouroilontroubledwaters96.喜忧参半mingledhopeandfear97.循序渐进stepbystep9&一路平安，一路丿II页风speedsomebodyontheirway;speedthepartingguest99.严以律己，宽以待人bestrictwithoneselfandlenienttowardsothers100鱼米之乡101•有情人终成眷属"JackshallhaveJill,allshallbewell.*102•有钱能使鬼推磨Moneymakesthemarego.Moneytalks.103.有识之士peopleofvision104•有勇无谋usebrawnratherthanbrain105•有缘千里来木冃会Separatedaswearethousandsofmilesapart,wecometogetherasifbypredestination.106.与时俱进advancewithtimes.107.以人为本peopleoriented;peopleforemost.108•因材施教teachstudentsaccordingtotheiraptitude.109•欲穷千里目，更上一层楼toascendanotherstoreytoseeathousandmilesfurther;Ascendfurther,wereyoutolookfarther;Wouldeyeembraceathousandmiles?Goup,oneflight/alandofmilkandhoney 110•欲速则不达Hastedoesnotbringsuccess.111.优胜劣汰survivalofthefittest.112.英雄所见略同Greatmindsthinkalike.113•冤家宜解不宜结Bettermakefriendsthanmakeenemies.114•冤假乍昔案"casesinwhichpeoplewereunjustly,falselyorwronglychargedorsentenced;unjust,falseorwrongcases1115•—言既出，驷马难追Arealmannevergoesbackonhiswords.116.招财进宝Moneyandtreasureswillbeplentiful.117.债台高筑becomedebt-ridden.118.致命要害Achilles"heel.119.众矢之的targetofpubliccriticism120.矢口己矢口彼，百战不殆Knowtheenemyandknowyourself,andyoucanfightahundredbattleswithnodangerofdefeat.121.纸上谈兵beanarmchairstrategist122•左右为难betweenthedevilandthedeepbluesea.123•纸包不住火Truthwillcometolightsoonerorlater.补充：繁荣昌盛thrivingandprosperous.爱屋及乌Loveme,lovemydog.爱财如命skinafleaforitshide.百里挑一oneinhundred.百折不挠beindomitable.半途而废giveuphalfway;leavesthUnfinished.包罗万象all-embracingall-inclusive.饱经风霜weather-beaten.卑躬屈膝bowandscrapecringe.悲欢离合vicissitudesoflife.背道而9也runcountertorunintheoppositedirection.本末倒置putthecartbeforethehorse.笨鸟先飞theslowneedtostartearly.必由之路theonlyway.闭关白守closethecountrytointernationalintercourse.变本加厉befurtherintensified.变化无常chopandchangefantasticality.变化无常chopandchangefantasticality.别开生面havingsthNew.另Ll有用心haveulteriormotives.彬彬有礼refinedandcourteousurbane.兵不厌诈inwarnothingistoodeceitful.博古通今eruditeandinformed.不败之地incincibleposition.不耻下问feelnotashamedtolearnfromone"ssubordinates.不可救药bepastprayingforbeyondredemption.不劳而获reapwhereonehasnotsown.不屈不挠fortitudeindefatigabilityperseveranceperseveretenacity. 不速之客crasheruninvitedguest.不同凡响outstanding.不言而11俞speakforitselftellitsownstorytellitsowntalewentwithoutsaying.彳从遗余力sparenoeffortsparenopains.不以为然notapproveobjectto.不义之财filthylucrefilthypelfthemammonofunrighteousness.不亦乐乎extremely.不远千里gotothetroubleoftravellingalongdistance.不约而同happentocoincide.不择手段byanykindofmeansbyhookorcrookplayhardbyfairmeansorfouL不矢口所措beatalossbealladriftloseone"sheadoutofone"swits.才疏学浅havelittletalentandlearning.惨绝人寰extremelycruel.沧海桑出timebringsagreatchangetotheworlds.沧海一粟/九牛一毛adropinthebucket.草木皆兵astateofextremenervousness.层出不穷emergeinendlessly.层峦迭嶂peaksoverpeaks.察言观色carefullywatchwhatsb.isdoingandsaying.姊紫嫣红verybeautifulflowers・畅行无阻checkless.车水马龙heavytraffic.沉默寡言taciturnity.称心如意well-content.趁热打铁strikewhileironishotHoldawolftheironishot.成群结队ganghorde.诚惶诚恐withreverenceandawe.诚心诚意sinceredesire.承上启下aconnectinglinkbetweentheprecedingandthefollowing.吃苦耐劳tough.吃里*1夕卜liveonsb.whilehelpingotherssecretly.痴心妄想胡思乱想wishfulthinking.持之以恒preserve.叱咤风云ridethewhirlwind・愁眉苦脸pullalongfacesnoot.愁眉苦脸的，愁眉苦脸地woebegonemorosely.臭名远扬，臭名昭著flagrancy,notorious.出乎意料unexpected出口成章haveanoutstandingeloquence.岀类拔萃，鹤立鸡群fillthebillsupereminence.出谋戈ij策givecounselsuggest.岀奇制胜defeatsb.byasurpriseaction.出牛入死gothroughfireandwater.触类旁通comprehendbyanalogy.垂头丧气，无精打采downinthemouthloseone"sspiritswiththetailbetweenthe legs.垂头丧气的blueaboutthegillscrestfallendownhearted・绰绰有余morethansufficient.此起彼伏asonefalls.anotherrises.从容不迫goeasytakeone"stime.从容不迫的leisuredunhurried.从容不迫地byeasystages.粗枝大叶carelessslapdashsloppy-粗枝大叶的broad-brush.措手不及unawareunprepared.错综复杂扑朔迷离anfractuosity.错综复杂的anfractuous;daedal;reticular;sinuous.打草惊蛇actrashlyandabout:theenemy.大材小用wasteone"stalentonapettyjob.大公无私selfless.大海捞针lookforaneedleinabottleofhay.大惑不解beextremelypuzzled.大惊小"怪astorminateacupfoofarawfusslikeahenwithonechicken.大惊小怪的spoffish・大快人心affordinggeneralsatisfaction.大名鼎鼎famouswellknown.大器晚成greatmindsmatureslowly.大千世界theboundlessuniverse.大失所望greatlydisappointed.大同小异largelyidenticalbutwithminordifferences.大显身手大显神通strutone^stuff.大言不惭夸夸其谈fanfaronaderodomontade.大义凛然inspiringawebyupholdingjustice.大义灭亲placerighteousnessabovefamilyloyalty.大智若愚Stillwatersrundeep.AnemptyvesselmakesthemostsoundStillwaterrunsdeep.呆若木鸡dumbstrucktransfixed.待人接物thewaysonegetsalongwithothers.歹单思极虑rackone"sbrains.胆小如I鼠cannotsaybohtoagoose胆战心惊的funky.淡泊明志notseekfameandwealth.道貌岸然besanctimonious.得过且过driftalongmuddlealong・得天独厚的advantaged.得心应手handywithfacility.得意忘形得意洋洋bloatgetdizzywithsuccess.得;意》羊》羊elatedelationexaltationjauntiness.得意扬扬ridehigh.得意洋洋的cock-a-hoophigh-blownperky.得意扬扬的triumphant. 德才兼备havebothabilityandmoralintegrity.德高望重Beofnoblecharacterandhighprestige.登ill筆造极reachthelimitreachthepeakofperfection.地大物博vastterritoryandabundantresources.颠倒黑白颠倒是非混淆是非callwhiteblackswearblackiswhite.颠三倒四confuseddisorderly.雕虫小技insignificantskill.调兵遣将moveforces.调虎离山luretheenemyawayfromhisbase掉以轻心treatsth.Lightly.喋喋不休blatcacklechackleharpharponjaw-jawrattletwitterwag.chatterwithoutstop顶天立t也ofindomitablespirit.东施效颦blindimitationwithludicrouseffection.东山再起bobuplikeacork.独具匠心showoriginality.独树一帜developaschoolofone"sown.独一无二inaclassbyoneself.独一无二白勺uniqueunmatchedunparalleled・度日如年onedayseemslikeayear.断章取义garblequoteoutofcontext-对牛弹琴whistlejigstoamilestoneCastpearlsbeforeswine.对症卜药suittheremedytothecase.多才多艺versatility.多才多艺的accomplishedall-roundallroundmiscellaneousversatile.多愁善感sensitivitysentimentality.多愁善感的moonstruckspoony.多止匕一举bringowlstoAthensholdacandletothesun.多多益善themorethebetter.咄咄逼人aggressive.脱胎换骨thoroughlyremouldoneself阿谀奉承趋炎附势greasiness.恩将仇报以怨报德忘恩负义bitethehandthatfeedsone.尔虞我诈eachtryingtocheattheother.发人深省的thought-provoking.发人深省setpeoplethinking.发扬光大carryforward.翻山越岭trampoverhillanddale.翻天覆地world-shaking.泛滥成灾overrun.飞黄腾达青云直上comeintoone"skingdomriseintheworldstrikeoil.飞黄腾达的successful.飞禽走兽birdsandbeasts.废寝忘食forgetfoodandsleep. 分道扬熊partcompany,eachgoinghisownway.分化瓦解disintegratedivideanddemoralize.分门别类classify.纷至沓来comeinacontinuousstream.纷至沓来的thickashail.奋不顾身dashaheadregardlessofone"ssafety.愤愤不平beindignant.愤世嫉俗的cynical.丰富多彩richandcolorful.丰功伟绩greatachievement.丰衣足食haveamplefoodandclothing.风花雪月sentimentalwritingsoftheexploitingclasses.风马牛不相及betotallyunrelated.风靡一时betherage.风平浪静calm.风起云》甬likearisingwindandscuddingclouds・雨同舟standtogetherregardlessofsituation.风雨无阻inallweathers.锋芒毕露makeashowydisplayofone"sabilities.蜂涌而来pour.逢场作戏joininthefunonoccasion.逢凶化吉trunillluckintogood.奉公守法law-abiding.敷衍了事makeshortshriftofpalterscuffle.釜底扌山薪takeadrasticmeasuretodealwithasituation.赴汤蹈火出牛入死gothroughfireandwater.富丽堂皇magnificence.覆水难4攵spiltwatercannotbegatheredupagainItisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.