精编高中英语语法考点专题解析---第16章主谓一致 18页

高中英语语法考点专题解析第十六章主谓一致一、概说主谓一致是英语中一致关系中的一种。一致是一个语法范畴，指词语之间在人称、数、格、性等方面的一致。对于人称、格、性方面的一致比较简单易懂，本书在有关章节都以涉及，所以本章主要讨论数的一致。关于数的一致，英语中有三个原则。1、语法一致，即形式上的一致。Thebookisuseful.Thebooksareuseful.2、语义一致，即意义上的一致。Thefamilyarehavinglunch.Tendollarsisenough.3、临近原则，即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。Eitheryouorheattendsthemeeting・Amanofabilitiesareneeded.下面我们将着重从七大方面详细阐述英语中的主谓一致。二、特殊种类名词的谓语动词单复数1、集合名词单复数①集合名词作主语时，如果着眼于整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果着眼于个体，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类名词有：family>class>crowd>armyaudience>team^club>offspringchoir>crew^company>cavalry>hotelcouple、committee>village>jury^government>staff>union>public>faculty board、orchestra>party>population>group等。如:Thefamilyisabigone.ThefamilyarewatchingTV.Thepopulationintheworldisincreasingquickly.Twothirdsofthepopulationherearefarmers.Thecompanyproducescars.Thecompanyworkhard.Theteamisunitedwell.Theteamaregoodplayers.对此应注意以下几点：a、上述集合名词作主语时，有时谓语对此用单复数均可。如：Theschoofsteachingstaffis(are)excellent.Theenemyhasto(haveto)escape.Thejuryis(are)disinterested.b、theproletariat(无产阶级)、thebourgeoisie(资产阶级)、thelaity(俗人)等作主语时，通常用单数谓语动词。如：Theproletariatisgreat.Thenewbourgeoisiehascomeintopowe匚c^population>offspring>screw等词也可有复数形式，但要指不同的范围和所属。如：Thepopulationsofthetwocountriesaredifferent.Theiroffspringarelikelytoliveabetterlife.Thecrewsofthetwoshipscomeintothesametrouble. Everyoneoftheclassishard-working.Amemberoftheteamhasbeenoverthirty.e、thewhole+集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；allthe+集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。如：Thewholeaudiencecheersup.Alltheaudiencecheerup.②有些有生命的集合名词作主语时，谓语动词只用复数形式，常见的这类名词有：police、cattle、folk、peoplemankindxmilitia、youthvermin>personnel、kindred、clergy等。如：Thecattlearegazingonthehill.Thepolicehavetriedtheirbesttoairestthecriminal.Themankindlongforpeace.对此应注意以下三点：a、这些集合名词有些有其相应的表示个体成员的词，有单复数变化。如：police一policeman>mankind一man>militia一militiaman>clergy一clergyman>nobility一noblemanpeasantry一peasant、theEnglish一Englishman>theSpanish一Spaniard、theBritish一Briton等。b、集合名词有些前面可加数词进行修饰。如：Tencattlearekilledforbeef.Fivepolicehuntedforthelostboyintheforest.c、people表示“人、人民""时为复数意义，不可加・s,但表示“民族"时，有单复数形式。如：TheChinesepeopleareabravepeople.③无生命的集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，常见的这类名词有:poetry‘jewellery、millinery、scenery>weaponrymachinery>clothing、underwear>glasswear、hardwear>merchandise>cutlery>stationary等。如：Poetryisabigwealthforourhumanbeings-Weapontryisthemainforceofacountry.Clothingisnecessaryforallofus.Thesceneryhereisbeautiful. 2、用作书名、报纸名、国家名、组织机构等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但如果是山脉、群岛、瀑布等的名称时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：RomeoandJulietisatragedy.TheNewYorkTimesisverypopularwithpeople.TheUnitedNationsisaninternationalorganization.TheUnitedStatesisapowerfulcountry.TheHimalayasaretheroofoftheworld.ThePhilippineslieintheAsia.TheNiagaraFallsliebetweentheUSAandCanada.TheOlympicsareheldeveryfouryears.3、一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类名词有:clothes,trousers>shorts>scissors>scales>oats^assets>fireworksaremains>quarters>woods>jeans>glasses、wages>binoculars>gloves、stockingsarms^goodsspectales>belongs、braces>earningsfilings、doings>surroundings>thanks等。如：Thescissorsareusedtocutthings.Thescalesweighthingsaccurately.Thegoodsareexportedabroad.若表示成取成对的东西的名词前面有数量词pair、cluster、bunch、collection等时，要根据paii•等的单复数来确定谓语的单数或复数形式。如：ThescissorsaremadeinChina.ThispairofscissorsismadeinChina.AscissorsismadeinChina.Abunchofflowersissenttoher.Severalbunchesofflowersissenttohe匚4、单复数同行的名词作主语时，谓语形式要根据句义确定。常见的这类动词有：deer、bear>sheep、fish、aircraft 、means>speciesworkscrossroads>antelopesalmontrout>lodging>barracksgallowskennels等。如：Adeerishuntingforadog.Severaldeerarehuntingforadog.Alodgingsiseasytofindhere.Somelodgingsareeasytofindhere.Poultryisingreatdemandinthemarket.Poultryisdelicious.Thepoultryfeedonwheat.5^以-ics结尾的学科名词和疾病名词。如：statistics、chalices、acousticsathleticspolitics>mathematics、physics>ethics>optics>electronicsclassics>linguistics>economics>plastics、tactics>measles>diabetes>mumps、singles、AIDS等是单数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。如果转义表示具体实践活动、性能、现象等时，是复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Mathematicsisdifficultforhimtolearn.Diabetescancausedeath.Statisticsisanimportantmajoratcollege.Statisticsinthereportareaccurate.Tacticsisdifferentfromstrategy.Histacticsaresuccessful.Economicsisastudyofproductionandconsumption.Theeconomicsinthisareaarestable.6、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时。谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：Fivefaysisenough.Onehundredmilesisn"talongdistance.Twothousanddollarsismorethanthemancanafford. 但如果强调这类词组复数意义时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：Thefiftymilesarecoveredbythewinnerwithintwohours.Onethousanddollarsarehighforsuchanoldcar.7、"the+形容词"作主语时，谓语动词的单复数问题。①泛指一类人时，谓语动词用复数，这类词有：theold>theyoung>thepoor^therich^thedeaf、thedead^thebeloved>thedeceased>theassured>thedying>theexploitedthedumb>thesick>theinnocentstheguilty>thewise>theliving>thewounded>theinjured>thelearned>thestrong>theweak>theagedtheunemployed等。如：Theinjuredarecarriedtothehospital.Theunemployedliveapoorlife.Thelivingmournforthedead.Theyoungcarefortheold.②指个别人时，看作单数，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Thedyingisasickoldman.Hisbelovedisaprettygirl.Theaccusedwasfoundinnocent.Someoftheaccusedwerefoundinnocent.Thedepartedisgoneforever（一人）Thedepartedaregoneforeve匚（多人）③表示不可数的事物或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：thebeautiful>thetrue>theunknownsthebestxtheworst>thelatesttheroughthesentimentaltheridiculous>theevil>thefalse>theugly^thegood>theforeign>theexciting^themysterical等。如:Thebeautifulexistseverywhereinourlife.Themystericalisattractivetopeople.Thegoodistheoppositeoftheevil. Theunknownwillcomeonedayinthefuture.①以・ese、・sh、和・ch等结尾的表示民族及国籍的名词，表示总称，谓语动词用复数形式。如：theChinese^theJapanesethePortugueseCongolese>theEnglish、theBritish>theSpanishtheSwedish>thePolish、theDanish>theTurkish>theIrishtheWelsh、theFrench>theDutch、theRussian等。如:TheJapanesearebraveandstrong-willed.TheChinesearehard-working.（正）TheChineseishard-working.（误）8、某些企业、公司、俱乐部、球队等具有集体意义的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：JohnLingandSonLtdannouncethelong-distancecompletion.AirCanadaarebeingrebuilt.Scotlandareplayingfootballverywell.9、以-s纟吉尾白勺游承戈名i司，如:billiards>fives>bowls>draughtsdarts>checkers>ninepins>skittles>dominoes>marbles等作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：Billiardsishishobby.Fivesisplayedbythehand.但cards作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如:Cardsareforbiddeninschool.10、商店名称作主语时，可看作单数，也可看作复数，因此谓语动词用单复数皆可。如：HarrocTsis（are）verypopular.Longman^sis(are)oppositetheroad.11、数词和量词的单复数问题。①数词作主语时，无论指人还是物，谓语动词常用复数形式(one除外)。如：Twoareenough.Twentyheadofcattlearegazinginthefield.Fewworkitout. ①量词作主语时，常看作单数，谓语动词也用单数。如：Alittleisenough.7oomuchapplesfallsoffthetree.(这里用much修饰表示“太多”的量，不是一个一个去看的，而是从总量上去看的，故谓语动词用单数。)12、“复数量词+of+不可数名词""作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。如：Onlyfiveslicesofmeatis(are)leftinthedish.Twobarsofchocolateis(are)inthebox.三、动名词短语、动词不定式短语及其他短语和从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Toseeistobelieve.Keepinggoodhoursisagoodhabit.Whetheryoucomeornotdoesiftmatter.“Howdoyoudo?”isagreeting.Nonewsisgoodnews.OnSundayissuitable.Slowandsteadywinstherace.另外，由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：Whatyousaidisbesidethepoint.Whatweneedareskillfulworkers.Whatisneededarecourageandwisdom.Whathesaysanddoesdon"tagree.（“说"和“做"是两件事）Whathesaysanddoesisnoneofmybusiness.（“说"和“做^是两件事）四、主语为表示部分的名词+of+名词的谓语动词单复数。1、在6apairof+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词与pair保持一致，通常用单数形式。但若强调个别成员时，也可用复数谓语动词。如：Apairofglovesisneeded.Twopairsofglovesareneeded.Apairofthievespickpocketonthebus.3、neitherof+名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式，但也可用复数形式。如：Neitherofusgoesthere.Neitherofthemenwasinjured.Neitherofthefilmsismoving・Neitherofthemarestrong.Neitherofhisparentsarealive.4、abodyof+复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Abodyofpeoplestandsonthestreet.Abodyofwordshasdifferentmeanings.Abodyofwaterisusedasaswimmingpool.5、akindof和thiskindof等后的谓语动词单复数。①akind(sort、type)of+单数名词和thiskind(sort>type)of+单数名词，后用单数谓语动词。如：Thereisakindoffishthatcanlivewithoutwater.Thiskindofappleissour. 后接复数名词时，也可用复数谓语动词，这时强调名词的复数概念。如：Thiskindofspidersarepoisonous-Thekindofanimalsaredangerous.①these(those)kindof+单数名词或复数名词作主语时，要用复数谓语动词。如：Thesekindofbook(s)arevaluable.②these(those)kindsof+单数名词或复数名词作主语时，用复数谓语动词。如：Thosekindsoffruitsaredelicious.③whatkindsof4-单数名词，用复数谓语动词。如：Whatkindsofflowercomeoutinthisseason.注意：有时可将ofthis(that)kind等放在名词后，这时谓语动词的单复数要与名词保持一致。如：Birdofthiskindisrarenow.Birdsofthatkindarerarenow.6、“anumberof+复数名词"的中心词是短语中的名词，故谓语动词用复数形式；而"thenumberof4-名词”的中心词是number,故谓语动词用单数。类似的还有a/thetotalof和an/theaverageof。如：Anumberofpagesaremissing.Thenumberofthebookis500pages.Atotalof2000studentsareadmittedtothecollege.Thetotalofstudentsadmittedtothecollegeis2000.Anaverageofthreefilmsareseeneveryweek.Theaverageofthefilmsseeneveryweekisthree.7、aflockxagroupof、apackaherdof>adroveof、aswarmof>aschoolof等表示数量的集体名词短语，如果指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；如果侧重于组成群体的成员时，可以用复数，如：Aherdofcowshasbeensold.Apackofsheeparedrivenintotheshedoneafteranothe匚 8^apieceof、aspeciesof>aseriesof、aportionof等+名词(单数或复数)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：AseriesofactivitiesabouttheOlympicGamesmakesusproud・Alargeportionofhisworkswascreatedinhismiddleage.9、most(of)、all(of)、some(of)>plentyof、apartof>alotof>lotsof>therestofremainderof^abundanceof、bulkof、massof、aheapof、aproportionof>aworldof、afloodof、astoreof、apercentageof、percentof>twothirdsof^noneof、heapsof等+名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后的名词是单数还是复数。如：Therestofthemilkissour.Therestofthestudentsholdtheoppositeopinion.Mostofhismoneywasspentonclothes.Mostofthepeoplearefarmers.Three-fourthofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.Threefourthoftheclassareboys.Alargeproportionofherincomeisspentonlivingthings.AlargeproportionoftheinhabitantsareChinese.Fiftypercentoftheprojecthasbeencompleted.Fiftypercentofthestudentsdowellintheexam.五、别列主语与动词单复数1、表示数量的oneandahalf后面一般要接复数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。如：Oneandahalfapplesisleftontheplate.Oneandahalfdollarswasinhispocket.Onedollarandahalfwasinhispocket.2、用both...and连接两个名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Bothmyfatherandmymotherareteachers.Boththetableandthechairaremadeofwood. 3、用and连接两个单数名词作主语，若前面有everyeach>no>manya等修饰，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Everyboyandeverygirlhastherighttoeducation.Nomanandnowomanisallowed.Manyateacherand(manya)studentattendsthelecture.Nosoundand(no)voiceidheard・注意：①many和another搭配为一种特殊用法。如：Likemanyanotherstudent,heworkshard.②manyisthe后跟单数名词，放在句首，意为"多的是，很多"。如：Manyisthesubjecthelikes.4、用and连接的两个名词作主语时，指同一个人活物或通常由两部分构成的物品时，用单数谓语动词，指不同的人或物或分开的东西，用复数谓语动词。如：Thepoetandwritercomes.(诗人兼作家)Thepoetandthewritercome.(诗人和作家)Myclassmateandfriendcallsonmetoday.Theironandsteelindustryisvitaltothenationaleconomy.Thefoodandthetextileindustrydependmainlyonagriculture.WarandPeaceisthethemeoftheworld.Eggandriceishisfavoritefood.Saltandwaterisamedicine.Trialanderrorisawealthforpeople.Hamandeggsisagooddinner.Thehammerandsicklewasflyingfromatallflagpole.Thewheelandaxleisbroken. 表示成套白勺东西还有:aknifeandfork>acoatandskirt、acupandsaucer>aneedleandthread>cheeseandwine>baconandeggs>whiskyandsoda、awatchandchain>acoachandfour>adeskandchair、acartandhorse>acarriageandpair等。对此要注意以下四点：①如果一个不可数名词被两个形容词修饰，指两样东西，动词用复数；如果指一样东西，动词用单数。如：EnglishandFrenchgrammararesimilar.Coldandstrongwindisblowing.②如果两个名词重复，但指不同的东西时，谓语动词用复数。如：Thesituationbeforehermarriageandthesituationafterhermarriagearedifferent.③两种以上的不同物质混为一体作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。如：Thesmokeandgasfillstheroom.Waterandoilfloatsontherive匚④在下面一个句子中，两个动名词由and连接作主语，谓语动词要用单数，因为包饺子吃饺子作为一种传统和习俗看待，表语为单数。如：MakingandhavingdumplingsonChineseNewYearnsEveisatraditioninChina.六、邻近原则的谓语动词单复数1、用or、either...or...>neither...nor...>notonly...butalso等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词形式要同最近的主语保持一致。如：Youorhecomesup.NeitherhenorIamastudent.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherattendstheexam.2、两个主语一个肯定一个否定，谓语动词的数与肯定的主语一致。如：I,notyou,amtherightpersontodothework.3、如果是疑问句谓语动词数与前一个主语保持一致。如： Washeoryouinthenextroomjustnow?4、单数名词作主语，后面跟aswellas、nolessthan>morethan>ratherthanxbut>except、besideswith、alongwith>togetherwith>like、including、inadditionto>combinedwith>accompaniedby等B寸，谓语动词用单数形式。如：He,withhisparents,iswatchingTV.Thestudents,aswellastheteacherwerepresentatthemeeting.I，aswellastheyamgoingtovisityou.Thedriverratherthanthepassengersareresponsiblefortheaccident.Theboy,accompaniedbyalotoffriends,attendstheparty.七、一些重要名词及词组的谓语动词单复数1、a+单数名词+ortwo作主语时，谓语动词用单数，但oneortwo+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Atrainortwohasarrived.Oneortwotrainshavearrived.2、morethanone+单数名词，结构虽有复数意义，但谓语动词用单数形式。如:Morethanonequestionwasraised.(相当于Morequestionsthanonewereraised.)3^manya+单数名词作主语，尽管意义上是复数，但谓语动词用单数。如：Manyastudenthaspassedtheexam.4、both、(a)few>many^several等修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Both(of)thehotelsarecomfortable.Fewpeoplecanlivetobe100.Severalguestshaveleft.5、代词each>everyone、noone>one>eitherneither>theother>another及合成代词somebody>someoneanobody>anybodyanyone>everything>something>anythingnothing、以及each^every>either、neither、theother等+名词(代词)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Eachhasachance. Nothingisimpossibleintheworld.Somethingiswrongwithhisteeth.Eitherplanispractical.Eachofthemdonates10dollars.6、population的单复数问题。Population作为一个整体而言时，谓语动词用单数；当表示不分人口时，谓语动词用复数。如：Thepopulationinthecountryislargerthanthatinthecity.Twothirdsofthepopulationinthecityareworkers.7、none的单复数问题。none单独使用时，代表不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，代表复数名词，谓语动词用复数或单数；noneof+不可数名词接单数动词，noneof+复数名词接复数动词或单数动词均可。如：Thebabycriesformilk,butnoneisleftinthebottle.Ihaveinvitedfiftyfriends,butfinallynonehave(has)come.Noneofthewateriscleananddrinkable.Noneofthepenswrite(writes)smoothly.8、manners的单复数问题。manners作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。如：Goodmannersis(are)veryimportantinpublic.ItwasrTtmannerstospeaktootherswithyourmouthfull.Itisbadmannerstoenterwithoutknockingatthedoo匚Hismannersareimprovedalot.9、worth+名词的单复数问题。①worth+单数名词或复数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Theworthofthepaintingisbeyondestimation. Theworthofstonesisvaluedat1,000dollars.①金额+worth,谓语动词的单复数形式要依金额是单数或复数而定。如：Onedollar^worthofnotebookisbought.Twodollars9worthofnotebookarebought.10>majority的单复数问题。①majority是可数名词，含义为greatnumber,指可数的概念，不指量；themajority作主语时，如果泛指多数(与少数相对)，谓语动词用单复数均可。如：live(lives)agoodlife.Themajorityare(is)fortheplan.Themajorityhave(has)their(its)aiminlife.②如果指整体、统一体，majority常被看作单数。如:Themajoritysupportshim.Themajoritylikestobossothers.②如果指多数中的各个成员时，majority被看作复数。如：Themajorityholddifferentopinions.③如果指多出的数目，majority被看作复数。如：Hismajorityisabigone.Hismajorityistwovotes.④amajorityof+复数名词。表示“多数、许多"，谓语动词用复数。如：Amajorityofchildrenlikethisgame.©themajorityof+复数名词，表示“大多数…"，谓语动词用复数。如：Themajorityofanimalsfeedonmeat.⑦themajorityof+集体名词，谓语动词用单数或复数均可。如： Themajorityoftheaudiencelike(likes)thefilm.Themajorityofthepopulationlive(lives)onthehill.⑦表示量的感念时，要用most,不用majority。如：Themajorityoftherivershavebeenpolluted・(误)Mostoftherivershavebeenpolluted.(正)11amount的单复数问题。①alarge(great>vast^good^small)amountof4-不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。如:Alargeamountofheatissentfromthesun.Onlyasmallamountofmilkisleft.②theamountof+不可数名词或复数名词，谓语动词用单数。如：Theamountofhismoneysurprisesus.Theamountofthevisitorsisvast.③large(increasingsmall)amountsof+不可数名词，谓语动词用复数。如：Largeamountofmoneywereputinthebank.Increasingamountsofairarefresh.注：quantity和amount的用法相同。12、同位语的单复数问题。同位语作并列主语时，谓语动词要同第一个词(中心名词)一致。如：Allthepossessionofthefamily,houses,moneyandfaculties,wasruinedbytheearthquake.八、倒装结构中的主谓一致。在倒装句中，其它成分放到句子前部，而主语往往置于句子后面，这时要注意辨认主语，谓语动词要同主语保持一致。如：Infrontofthehousestandtwomen. Onthegroundliesaboy.Therestandsatoweronthehill.