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  • 2022-06-17 16:09:17 发布

精编高中英语语法考点专题解析---第9章时态

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高中英语语法考点专题解析第九章时态时态是一种语法范畴,用以表示各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。时间有四个主要部分,即现在、过去、将来和过去将来;动作方面也有四种,即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。四个动作特点,如:1、一般方面:①叙述一个事实,时间可以不具体。②动态动词一般方面,常表示动作已完成。2、完成方面:①表述一个动作已完成。②跨两个时间,动作发生在前一个时间而说话人站在后一个时间。3、进行方面:①表示动作在一时段中进行。②往往有一定的场景,可以生动体现。4、完成进行方面:①兼有完成进行两方面的特点。②跨两个时间段。下面将具体阐述这十六种时态的各自用法。二、一般现在时1、表经常⑴一般现在时的基本用法:一般现在时常表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。这也是一般现在时的基本用法,一般现在表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态时,常和alwaysxoften>usuallyxsometimes>everyday等表示时间的状语连用,但有时可以不表示出来。如:Hegetsupverylateeveryday.Sheoftengoestoschoolearly.Heisalwayslikethat.Wheredoyouwork?What^syourjob?Heneverspeakstostrangers. Wedon?thaveclassesonSundays.Generally,sheisshy.⑵表示人的习惯、能力、职业、特征和现实的情况或状态等。如:Helikestohaveaworkinthepark.(表示习惯)Shedancesverywell.(表示能力)MissWangteachesEnglish.(表示职业)Theflowerlooksverybeautiful.(表示特征)HestudiesatateacherscollegeinAnhuiprovince.(表现实的情况)Sheisangryandsad.(表示现实的状态)⑶表示客观真理、客观事实和客观规律,也用于格言中。如:Theearthmovesroundthesun.Lighttravelsfasterthansound.Knowledgeispower.Firebums.Waterboilsat100°C.Springfollowswinte匚Nomanbuterrs.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Abirdinhandisworthtwointhebush.⑷表示强硬语气、警告或指点道路。如:Youmindyourownbusiness.Ifyoudolikethat,yougotoprison.Youworkalongthestreet,andturnleftatthesecondcorner. ⑸在新闻标题、小说章节或电影、戏剧情结介绍或报纸、杂志、书籍,不强调过去时间时,常用一般现在时。如:Whatdoestoday5spapersay?USpresidentholdstalkswithBritishPrimeMiniste匚Bankrobbery:Robberstake$20,000.2、表现在⑹一般现在时表示现在时刻发生的动作或存在的状态,这一时刻往往即是说话时的时刻,往往是短暂的。如:Now,look,Icutthecake.Whattimeisitnow?Mywatchsaysitiseightcfclock.(7)表示现在时刻的一般现在时,可以表示作为整体已经完成的动作。动词常用see>hear>learn>forget>read>understand等表示"已知、已忘""等,可用一般现在时代替现在完成时;Itbe+时间+since结构中也可用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如:Iforget(haveforget)heraddress.Helearns(haslearnt)thenews.Itis(hasbeen)manyyearssincehedied.⑻用于延续性动词或静动词,表示持续的状态、内心活动、各种知觉、爱憎等。如:Thecontractholdsgood.Theboyliesonthegrass.Iwantacupofcoffee.Iwishyouhappyeveryday.Hehatesdrinkingwine.Ilovenature.Suppertastesdelicious. Thematerialfeelssoft.Whatupsetsyou?Iowenothingtoanybody.3、表示将来⑼一般现在时可表示最近的将来,说话人在说话时动作尚未开始,但即将开始。另外,表示最近将来的一般现在时常和whydon"tyou连用,表示请求或劝告。如:Now,Ileave.Heregiveyouanexample.Fmoff.Whydon^tyoutohavearest.(10)表示按客观时间表将要发生的动作或事先安排好的动作,这种安排很固定,不易改变,好像变成了事实一般。这种一般现在时多用于转移动词。如:arrive>go、come、leave>start、begin>sail>come、depart>end^open>closefinish>dine等,往往后接时间状语。如:Thetrainarrivesat2:00p.m.Thebusleavesat8:00a.m.Whendoyoustart?Themeetingbeginsat8:00o"clock.Isthereafilmtonight?Heretiresnextyea匚Theplanetakesoffat11:00p.m.对此要注意以下三点:a、这种一般现在时常与一般将来时连用。如:Tomorrow,mybrothergoesabroad,Iwillseehimoff.Hedepartsnextweek,youwillneverseehimagain. b、动词suppose>assume>decideknow等后的宾语从句中,一般现在时可表示较近的将来。如:Ihopethatyoustayatmyhomeuntilthenextmonth.Isupposethatoursummerholidaybeginsinthenextmonth.Tomorrowatthistimewewillknowwhichteamwinsthefootballgame.Theyarediscussingtodecidewhochairsthemeeting.Assumingitrainstomorrow,whatshouldIdo?c、一般现在时和现在进行时都可以表示将来,但两者是有区别的,前者多表示非个人计划,指按时间安排将要发生的事;后者则表示说话人自己打算要干什么。如:Ileaveaccordingtothearrangementofmycompany.Iamleavingtomorrow.(11)一般现在时可用于从句中表示将来。a^耳犬语从句中:在由when、if、beforeafter>as、assoonas>themoment(minutesecond)>thenexttime^wheneveruntil>till>though、evenif、incase^unless>solongas^where>wherever#弓丨导的表示时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时,其他状语从句如原因、目的、结果等则不可。如:WhenIgrowup,Iwillbecomeadocto匚Iwillsleepuntilmywifecomesback.Nexttimewemeet,wewillhaveadinnertogether.IfyouwanttostudyEnglishwell,Iwillhelpyou.Unlessyoukickthebadhabit,yourwholelifewillberuined.ThemomentIarrive,Iwillsendamessagetoyou.Whereveryougo,Iwillaccompanyyou.Whateveryousay,Iworftbelieveyou.Iwilldoitasyousay.b、定语从句和宾语从句中:这时主句常用一般将来时。如: F11giveyouanythingyouaskfo匚Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.Tomorrow,weJIknowwhoiselected.Fllmakesurethatthedoorislocked.4、表示过去(⑵一般现在时可以用来表示不确定放入过去时间,但只限于少数动词。如forget、hear、tell、say等,被称作历史现在时。如:Thatislonglongago.Heislongdead.Thefilmissetinthespringof1945.Hesaysyouaskedhimtoeattheapple.Oh,Iforgetwhathesaid.(13)—般现在时可以表示死者的动作或状态,如果死者的理论、著作仍旧存在且有一定影响。如:Marxsaysthataforeignlanguageisaweaponinthestruggleoflife.ShakespeareistheauthorofHamlet.Darwinthinksthatnaturalsectionisthechieffactorinthedevelopmentofspecies.三、现在进行时1>表示现在⑴现在进行时的基本用法是现在正在进行的动作,常与now、atpresentsatthemoment、thesedays等现在时间状语连用,也可不用时间状语。如:Now,thegirliscrying.Whatareyoudoingnow?Thetelephoneisringing.Thesunisrising. ⑵表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事。如:HeisstudyingEnglishabroad.Johnistranslatingabook.Themanislosingweight.⑶现在进行时用于少数瞬间动词,表示反复多次或习惯性动作。常用的这类瞬间动词有jump、knock、kick>hit、nod、tap>wink>drop、shoot等。如:Theboyisjumpingwithgreatjoy.Heisnoddinghishead.Somebodyisknockingatthedoor.Idon"tknowwhysheisblinkinghereyes.Thebabyiskickingandscreaming.但有些短暂性动词的现在进行时并不表示动作的重复,而表示动作的开始。如:Thesunissetting.Theskyisclearing.Theambulanceiscoming.⑷动作动词的进行时与副词always>forever>continuallyconstantly等连用,表示重复的动作,表示赞赏、满意、不满、厌倦等感情。这种用法的现在进行时带有一定的感情色彩。如:Heisalwayshelpingothers.Youarealwaysleavingsomething.It"salwaysraininginthisplace.Themanisconstantlychanginghismind.Heisalwaysboasting. Myheadissplitting.Iammissingyoudreadfully.Peter,Iamtellingyou,youshouldsaysorrytoher.Iamachingallovermybody.Thesituationiskillingme.⑹现在进行时可用来表示一种临时或目前的情况。如:Fmgoingtoschoolat7o^clockthisweek.Meatiscostingmorethesedays.Duringthesummervacation,wearehavingdinnerat6o,clock.⑺表示原来设想“将发生而未发生”的情况,有不耐烦、遗憾等含义。如:Heisattendingthemeeting,buthehasanemergencytodealwith.Mybestisalwayscallingmeeveryotherweek.⑻用来描述、归纳、总结、阐释前面所说的话。如:Shekeepssilent.Sheisconsideringtheproblemcarefully.WhenIsaythat,Fmthinkingofyou.IhadnotanydesiretosleepatallSomethingisworryingme.⑼表示较为温和的命令。如:Youaresleepinginthatroom.Youarenotshouting.(10)表示两个动作进行对比。如:Heisstudying,whilehisbrotherisplaying.Somepeoplearesmilingwhileothersarecrying. (11)表示两个动作是同一动作。如:Ifyoudothat,youaredoingafoolishthing.Peoplewhohelpothersarehelpingthemselves.(1Z)表示一个被动的动作。如:Thedictionaryiscompiling.Thehouseisbuilding.Thedocumentisprinting.这种进行时也可用于过去式和将来时中表示被动。如:Thebuildingwasconstructing.Nothingwillbedoing.(13)现在进行时也可和since(自从)与for(经历)引导的词语连用,表示的动作不仅现在在进行而且继续进行并持续下去。如:Heisteachingmathsincehisgraduationfromcollege.Forfiftyyears,myfamilyislivinginthevillage.(14)wonder>hope等少数动词进行时,可以表示委婉语气。如:FmwonderingifIcanuseyourbike.Fmhopingyouwillhelpme.2、表示将来(15)现在进行时除表“现在”外,还可以表“将来雹现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”“安排”或“打算"等含义,常表示最近或较近的将来,所用的动词多是转移动词(即一次性动词)。如:go^leave>come、arrive>travel>stay^move^returnmeet>dine等。如:Fmgoing.She5scoming.Fmleavingthisafternoon. Whereareyoudining?Thepatientisdying.Thesunissetting.Wearetravellingabroad.表将来的现在进行时,有时含有“决心”的意思,多用于否定句中。如:Fmnotleaving.Fmjoiningyouintheactivity.WhenIgrewup,Iambecomingascientist.3、表示过去(13)现在进行时可以表示离现在较近的过去。如:Whatareyousaying?Whyareyoulaughingatme?AllthatPmtellingyouisafact.4、泛指经常(14)有时现在进行时并不表示具体时间,而是泛指一切时间,表示经常或强调。如:WheneverIenterhisoffice,heisworkinghard.Whenchildrenaredoingnothing,theyaredoingmischief.Riversandlakesareconstantlyflowingintothesea.5、be的进行时系动词be的进行时加动态形容词表示暂时出现的某种情况和本质。主语通常是人,作为一种修饰手法,多含不满、讽刺等意。常见的这类形容词有:carefully>careless>foolish>nice^slow、clever、selfishpatient>crueRattentive>helpfuknaughty>friendly>modest>polite、serioustalkative>sensitivexgreedycalm、thoughtful>wrecked>brave、troublesome等。如:Youarenotbeingpolite. Iambeingserious.Heisbeingmodest.Youarebeingfoolish.Theboyisbeingnaughty.Sheisbeingnoisytoday.Doctorsarebeingpatientwithpatients.Youwerebeingstupid.6、表示感觉、精神活动等的状态动词不可用于进行时。①有些表示感觉、情绪、感情、精神活动和拥有关系等动词一般不用于进行时态。常见的这类动词有:belong>containhold^Iook>adoreown、have^represent>like>love^dislike^hate>preferdespise、understand>rememberwonder>cost>want^mind、hope、wish>agree>believe>mean>realize>intendxplease>respect>forgive>signify>seem^consist>recognizerecalkrecollect>appear>forget>expectnknow、mindxdesirefear>exist^appreciatecare等。如:Heisholdingtheoppositeopinion.(误isholding改为holds)Iambelievingwhatyousaid.(误ambelieving改为believes)但是要注意,上述某些动词在表示无意识的动作时,不能用于进行时态;而表示有意识的动作时,又可以用于进行时态。比如“see”这个动词,作为“看见"解时,是无意识的动作,不能用于进行时态;但作为“接见、访问""时,可以用于进行时态,在谈到“看电影、戏剧""时,也可以用于进行时态。如:Canyouseethattower?Heisseeinghisuncle.Thefamiliesareseeingthefilm.Heisseeingthedoctornow.Itweighs100kilos.Themanisweighinghimselfonthescalenow. TheroommeasurestenmilesIonsandtenmileswide.Theconstructingworkersaremeasuringtheland.Theflowersmellsnice.Thedogissmellingthebones.Heheardthegirlsing.Wearehearingthelecture.Foodtastesdelicious.Theboywillalwaystastedishesbeforeeating.Heholdshalftheshareinthecompany.Heisholdingabookinarms.另外,某些非延续性动词也不能用于进行时,常见的这类动词有:deny>decide>accept>completesdoubtxadmit>allow、refusepromiseresolve>determine>permitconsent等。农口:Heisadmittingthathehasdonethat,(i吴扌巴isadmitting改为admits)①状态动词用于进行时,可以强调某一具体时间的特殊状态或暂时的心理状态活动,也可表示某种认识、感情、思维的发展过程,有时则表示“刚刚开始”的含义。如:Heisunderstandingthemeaningofyourwordsnow・Thesoupistastingbetternow.Theboyisrememberinghisfathermoreandmore.Fmrecognizinghimlittlebylittle.Asthetimegoeson,forgettingmath. ③状态动词用于进行时,常同always>forevercontinuallyconstantly等连用,表示某种行为、情感或思想反复发生,含有赞叹、不满、烦躁等感情色彩。如:Sheisalwaysbelievingthatbadboy.HeisconstantlyremindingmeofthemoneyIownhim.7、表示进行时态的词或短语①带前缀a■的单词有些带前缀a■的单词表示进行意义,大都相当于现在分词,表示主动。如:awake>asleep>ablaze>agape>afloataglow>amiss、astir>awash等。如:Thebabyisasleep.(二sleeping)Thefireisablaze.(=buming)Theboatwasafloat.(=floating)②某些短语a、有些短语表示进行意义,相当于现在分词,表示主动。如:ontheincrease在增加onthedecrease在减少onthewatch在值班,在看守onthewane在衰退onthedecline在下降onthematch在行进ontheebb在退潮ontheboil在煮ontheprowl在徘徊ontheway在路上,在行进onthegamble在赌博onthedrink在喝酒ontherise在上升ontheadvance在前进onthelaugh在大笑onthewhimper在啜泣,在埋怨ontour在旅行onstrike在罢工ontramp在徒步旅行onthelook-out在寻找inaquiver在颤抖inaroar在吼叫 instudy在学习inflight在逃跑inmotion在运动atfeed在进食atwork在工作atrest在休息atprayer在祈祷attable在吃饭b、有些短语含有进行意义,但表示被动,相当于分词被动式。如:onshow在展出onsale在出售onexhibition在展出underconstruction在建设understudy在研究inoperation在手术innegotiation在谈判8、现在进行时和一般现在时的用法比较①暂时性动作和经常性动作。如:Themachineisworkingwell.(暂时性)Themachineworkswell.(经常性)Hisbikehasbrokendown.He,sgoingtoschoolbybus.(暂时性)Hegoestoschoolbybus.(经常性)②永久性动作和短暂性动作。如:Helivesinaflat.(永久性)Hedoesn"thaveenoughmoneysoheislivinginarentroom.(短暂性)③持续性动作和短暂性动作。如: Thecarisstopping.(渐渐停下来)Thecarstops.(迅速停下来) ①带有感情色彩和不带感情色彩。如:Healwayslooksformistakes.(事实)Heisalwayslookingformistakes.(不满)Sheisconstantlyofferingherseattotheoldpeople.(赞扌勿)Sheconstantlyoffersherseattotheoldpeople.(事实)四、一般过去式1、表示过去①一般过去式常表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。这是一般过去式的基本用法,一般过去式时常和过去时间状语连用。如:aminuteago^yesterday>lastweek^in1982>inthosedays等。如:Hisfatherfellillyesterdayallofasudden.Theygotmarriedlastweek.Ithappenedafteramonth.IwenttoBeijinglastsummer.一般过去式可与today>thismorning、thisweek>thisyear>thismonth等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语要指过去,绝不包括现在。如:Ifinishedmyworkthismorning.Didyouseehimtoday?Ilearntalotthisyear.一般过去时可与since(自从)和for(经历)引导的词语连用。如:Nothinghappenedsincethen.Ilivedtherefortwomonths.②表示过去的习惯性动作。如:Whenhewasathome,heoftenwatchedTV. Wheneverhewentinthosedays,hepaidspecialattentiontothepeopleandlifeinaplace.①一般过去式用于since从句,主句的谓语动词如同现在完成时,其后接的since引导的从句一般须用一般过去时。如:Youhaven^tchangedmuchsincewelastmet.IthasbeenthreeyearssinceIwentbacktomyhometown.②一般过去时表示完成的动作,一般过去时所表的动作多已完成。如:Ireceivedaletterfrommyfriendyesterday.Hecutthetreeyesterday.③一般过去式表示某种感情色彩。如:Youaskedforit.(责备)Itoldyouso.(你不听就是了)Didyoueverhearofsuchathing?(当然没有)2、表示现在时间④这种用法使句子在语气上较为婉转客气,能这样的动词有:hope>want、intend、think>wonder等。如:Ididn"tknowyouwerehere.Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.Whatdidyouwant?(婉转)Whatdoyouwant?(较生硬)3、表示将来和过去将来⑤表示将来发生的事或过去将来发生的事。如:ItwillbeagreatthingforamantosaythatIdiedlikeaherointhefuture.Hetoldmethatschoolopenedthefollowingmorning. ①在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。(同前面提到的现在时用法相同)五、过去进行时1、过去进行时的基本用法:表示过去某一时刻或时间段正在发生的动作,和一般过去时一样常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:IwaswatchingTVateighto,clockyesterday.WhenIreturned,hewasplayingcomputergames.Wewereexpectingyouyesterday.(贯穿整个昨天)MrsLiwaspraisingyoutoday,Tom.(用来打开头话)当上下文过去时间清楚时,时间状语也省略。如:Oh,Iwasn^tnoticingthesign.2、不与时间状语连用可以表示逐渐的变化或发展。如:Thewindwasblowing.Itwasgettingdark.3、表示最近的过去发生的事情。如:Iwashearingthataserioustrafficaccidenthappenedinthatstreet.Myfatherwastellingmethatmyfamilywouldhaveatripthismorning.4、表示过去未实现的愿望或打算。如:Iwascoming.Shewascallingonme.Iwasseeingmygrandpatomorrow.5^表示原因Shedidn"tgotoschoolyesterday.Shewashavingacough.Ididnlnoticehe匸Iwaslookingatmybook. 一Howdidyouwitnessthefire?一Iwaswalkinginthestreet.一Whyyouhaven"tfinishedyourhomeworkyet?一Iwastakingcareofmysickmotheralldayyesterday.6、表示对比Mymotherwasdoinghousework.Myfatherwassittingidle.Whilemoststudentswerewastingtimeatschool,theirparentswereworkinginthescorchingsun.7、表示婉转语气,只限于want^hope>wonder等动词,用以提出请求。如:Iwashopingthatyoucouldlendsomemoneytome.Iwaswonderingifyoucouldhelpmewithmypoormath.8>表示某种持续性动作为背景(一个画面或情景),以引岀一般过去时表示的新动作。如:Theprocessionwasgoing.Suddenlyathunderingexplosionwasheard.Thedogwasbitingandsuddenlybitingstopped.Iwasleavinghomewhenthetelephonerang.Weweretalkingwhenthelightwentout.9、与alwaysforeverconstantlycontinually等连用,表示某种感情色彩。如:Hewasalwaysfindingfaultwithothers.Shewasconstantlygrumbling.Thekindladywasthinkingofothers.10、用在时间或条件状语从句中表示过去将来正在进行的动作。如:Heaskedmetowakehimupifhewassleepingatabout7o^clocL11、表示按计划安排过去将来要发生的动作,同现在进行时一样与转移动词连用。如:Hewasleavinghishometownamonthlater.Shewasarrivingtenminuteslate匚 Theplanewastakingoffintenminutes.12、过去进行时和一般过去时的区别。①过去进行时表示正在进行尚未完成的动作,而一般过去时则表示动作已经完成。如:Theywerediscussingabouttheplan,weshouldkeepquiet.Theydiscussedabouttheplanandmadethefinaldecision.Hewasdoinghomeworkattenlastnight.Hedidhomeworkandwentouttoplay.②过去进行时可以表示反复做的动作,而一般现在时表示一次性的动作。如:Thebabywaswavingitshand.Thebabywaveditshand.Thebirdwasjumpingupanddowninthecage.Thebirdjumpedupanddown.③转移动词arrive>come、go、leave>depart>start>die>takeoff等的过去进行时表示“快要完成,即将…",而一般过去式表示“已经完成"。如:Thebuswasarriving.Thebusarnved.Theoldmanwasdying.Theoldmandied.④过去进行时同always>foreverconstantly>frequently>continually等连用,带有感情色彩;而一般过去时则陈述一个客观事实。如:Hewasalwayshelpingothers. Hehelpedthelostboytofindtheway.Themanwasforeverplayingjokesonothers.Themanplayedajokeontheboytomakeushappy.六、现在完成时1、表示影响或结果①这是现在完成时的基本用法,现在完成时身跨两个时间之上,一是过去,一是现在。它的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响或结果。现在完成时常与不确定的时间状语连用,如:just>yet>beforerecently>once等;也可同表示频度的时间状语连用,如:ever、never>oftentwice>onseveraloccasions:也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:now、today>this、morning>thismonth、thisyear•等,但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(yesterdaylastyear>in1990等)。如:Therainhasstopped.Theskyhasclearedup.Haveyouseenthefilm?Hehasboughtacar.Ihaven"tseenmuchofyoulately.Ihavealreadylaidthetable・Hehasn"tfinishedhishomeworkyet.Hehasjustgone.Wewereexperiencedalotthisyear.HehasbeentoBeijing.他去过北京(但现在不在北京)。HehasgonetoBeijing.他已经去北京了(现在还在北京)。havebeen和havegone的意思相同:havebeen表示“去而复归”;havegone表示“去而未归”。②表示一个从过去某个时间开始延续到现在,并可能延续下去的动作。这时常同表示一段时间状语连用,安口:since^upandnow^sofar>uptopresent>forthepast(last)fewyearsforalongtime>thesefewdays(weeks>month>years)等。如: Sofar,Ihavelearnedover8,000words.Hehaslivedhereforalongtime.Thewriterhaswrittenabout20booksforthepast(last)fewyears.②表示某人的经历或已故某人的言论,某个国家的作用对现在和将来具有长久现实意义和深远影响。如:Mymotherhassufferedalotinthelasttwentyyears.Theveteranhasexperiencedmuchthesefewyears.LiBaihasleftusmanygreatpoems.Newtonhasexplainedthemovementsofthemoonfromtheattractionoftheearth.TheWestEuropehashadagreatimpactonthedevelopmentofwordhistory.③现在完成时可同进行时未完成的动作进行对比。如:Idon"tknowwhatheisdoingandwhathehasdone.Everythingischangingorhaschanged.④现在完成时可以表示反问口气,带有一定的感情色彩。如:Whathaveyoudone?Nowyouhavedoneit?2、表示持续和重复⑤现在完成时用于延续性动词,用来表示一种持续性的动作或状态。现在完成时表持续的动作或状态时常和since(自从)或for(经历)连用。如:Ihaveworkedheresince2000.Hehaslivedhereformanyyears.Shehasbeenamemberoftheclubsincefiveyearsago.HehastaughtatourschoolsinceIcame.一般情况下,这种动作可能延续下去,但也有可能不在延续。⑥非延续性动词一般不可用现在完成时表持续性,不能同表示一段时间的状语连用,但在否定结构中 则可用现在完成时,因为"否定""本身是可以延续的,常见的这类动词有:mairy、leave>arriveget、reach>fall、jump>knockfind、die>join>end、come、go、begin>start等。如:Theyhavegotmarriedforamonth.(误)Theyhavebeenmarriedforamonth.(正)Theygotmarriedamonthago.(正)Ihaven,tboughtanythingforthreemonths.MyfatherhasrTttouchedwineforsevennights.但要注意介词for有时并不表示“经历"而表示“目的",在这种情况下则可和非延续性动词连用。如:Icameonlyfortenminutes-Hehascomeforamonth.(=Hehascomeandwillstayhereforamonth.)Thebusinessmanhasleftforaweek.(=Thebusinessmanhasleftandwillbeonbusinessawayforaweek.②现在完成时常可以表示过去重复的动作,这时常与always、often等时间状语连用。如:Hehasoftenstudiedinthelibrary.Ithassnowedeverydaythisweek.Tentimeshehastriedandtentimeshehasfailed.这种现在完成时还常与含有另一现在完成时的when从句连用,除when夕卜,也可用everytime引导的从句。如:IhaveoftenmetherwhenIhavebeeninShanghai.EverytimeIhavebeeninlowspirits,Ihaverememberedmymother3、表示将来⑨同一般现在时一样,现在完成时在when、after>before>assoonas>if等引导的时间状语从句和条件状语中,用现在完成时代替将来完成时。如:WhenIhaveattendedtheentranceexamination,FllhaveatriptoBeijing. Afteryouhavedoneit,youwillrealizethedifficulty.Let"sgoassoonastherainhasstopped.Iwillwaituntilmymotherhaslookedthesuppe匚Ifyouhaveseenthatgirl,youwillknowherbeauty.4、现在完成时的常用搭配①现在完成时与since的连用a、现在完成时常与由since引导的时间状语从句连用,不论用的是延续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时,还是非延续性动词的一般过去时,通常表示动作的完成或结束。如:HehasearnedalotofmoneysincehelivedinNanjing.(自从他离开南京)IhavepaidspecialattentiontomybodysinceIwasill.(自从我病愈以来)b、Since引导的时间状语从句也可用现在完成时,如果有since引导的状语从句的动作或状态延续至今,通常要用现在完成时,这种用法中的since表示动作的延续。如:Itisalreadyfiveyearssincehelivedthere.他不在那住已经五年了。It"salreadyfiveyearssincehehaslivedthere•他住在那里已经五年了。ShehasneverbeentoseehimsincehehasbeenilLIhaven^tmetmybestfriendsinceFvebeenback.c、Since也可用作副词,表示“自从那以后,后来,现在已如:Nothinghashappenedsince.Hehasbeenalittledifferenteversince.(可加ever以强调)注意:since后只能接过去某一时间点,即since+过去一点时间,不可接一段时间,可以说sinceyesterdaysince1997>sinceWorldWarTwo,但不能说sincetwodays>sincefiveyears,若since后是一段时间,应该同ago连用,从而变成时间点,如sincetwodaysago>sincefiveyearsago。②现在完成时有时可和时间状语longago连用,可将longago看作一种添补之辞。如:Hehasgonelongago.(=Hehasgone.Thatwaslongago.) Shehaslongagolefthome.(=Shehaslefthome.Thatwaslongago.)②现在完成时可以和how>why和where等疑问副词连用。如:Howhaveyoucausedthataccident?Whyhaveyoucutclass?Wherehasthechildgone?③动词think>expect>hope的过去式后加上would或would+完成时,表示希望、期望落空,没有实现。如:Ithoughtthatyouwouldhaveansweredthequestion.Sheexpectedthatheshouldhaveofferedtheseattotheoldman.④"It(this,that)is(willbe)thefirst(second,third,last...)timethat"结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。如:ItisthefirsttimethatIhavesungonthestage.Thiswillbethesecondtimethathehaswonthefirstprize.⑤"It(this)is+the+形容词最高级+名词+that...,?结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。如:ItisthebesttimethatIhaveseen.Thisisthemostfamousbookthathehaswritten.七、现在完成进行时1、现在完成进行时的基本用法:现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在,有可能终止,也有可能延续下去,并常和allday>allthistime>thisweek>thismonthsallnightfalltherooming、recently以及since(自从)和for(经历)所引导的状语短语或从句连用,与since和for连用时,动作常会延续下去。如:HehasbeenlookingforhisEnglishbookallthemorning.Hehasbeenwritingabookrecently.Whathaveyoubeendoingallthistime?Ihavebeenwritingtheletterallnight.Howlonghasitbeenraining?Heisill.Hehasbeenlyinginthebedforthreeweeks. Shehasn"tbeensleepingwellsinceherhusbandlefthome.2、表示动作刚刚结束。如:Ihavebeenseeingmycousinoff.Hehasbeenenteringtheroom.3、表示动作的重复(指断断续续,而非一直不停)。如:Myfatherhasbeenshavingsincelastyear.Youhavebeensayingthatforfiveyears.Hehasbeentakingpartinmanyfootballgamesinthisseason.4、表示某种感情色彩。如:Ihavebeenwaitingtohaveadinnerwithyouforalongtime.Toomuchhasbeenhappeningthisyear.Hehasbeenlaughingatme.注意,在否定结构中,现在完成进行时否定状语;而现在完成时则否定谓语。如:Hehasn"tbeenmakingthatmistakesincethatclass.他不是从那节课开始犯那个错误的。Hehasn"tmadethatmistakesincethatclass.从那节课后,他就不犯那个错误了。八、过去完成时1、过去完成时的基本用法:过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前完成,也就是说发生在“过去的过去"(“过去的过去""可谓是过去完成时的核心和本质)。既然过去完成时的动作发生在过去某一时间之前,那么,使用过去完成时时,就必须先有一个过去时间不可。如:Bytheendoflastyear,hehadread100Englishgrammarbooks.(过去日寸间是theendoflastyear)Beforewearrived,shehadlaidthetable.(过去时间是before从句)但过去某一时间也可以暗含在上下文中而不表示出来。如:IrealizedthatIhadangeredher.(hadangered发生在过去时realized之前)Thehousecaughtfire.Wehadn^tforeseenthat,(hadn^tforeseen发生在caughtfire之前) 2、表示“过去的将来""某一时刻之前已经完成的动作。如:Hehasdeterminedtodoituntilhehadsucceeded.Theplanwouldtakeoffassoonasithadstoppedsnowing.3、过去完成常用在有hardly>scarcely>barely>nosooner...than等副词的句子中,这种结构表示“刚刚…就…,一…就…如:Hardly(scarcely)hadtheylefthomewhenitbegantorain.Nosoonerhadtheylefthomethanitbegantorain.Theyhadlivedtogetherformanyyearsbeforetheygotmarried.4、动词think、exceptsuppose>plan^hope>mean>intend等的过去完成时可用来表示本打算做而没有做的事或未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜。如:Ihadthoughtthathehaddiedseveraldaysago,butheisstillliving.Ihadexpectedtoaccompanytoseethefilm.Wehadplannedtogoonapicnic,butitrained・Ihadmeanttopickyouup,butmycarwasbrokentoday.5、think、hope>expect、want等词的过去完成时常用于比较结构中。如:Theplanworkedoutbetterthanwehadexpected.Thingswentmoresmoothlythanwehadhoped.6、"It(this,that)+was+first(second,third,last...)或形容词最高级+that..."结构,从句同过去完成时连用。如:Itwasthesecondtimethathehadgoneabroad・ThiswasthefirsttimethatIhadspokentoaforeigne匚ItwasthemostmovingfilmthatIhadseen.ThatwasthemostexcitingfootballthatIhadwatched.7、过去完成时用于间接引语中。如: Hetoldmethatthetrainhadleft.ThedoctorsaidtomethatIhadcaughtabadcold.8、过去完成时和一般过去时在下列四种情况下可以互换使用。如:a、when从句表示过去时间时,有时一般过去时和过去完成时可互换。如:Whenthebushadarrived/arrived,allthepassengerswentonit.b、after从句表示过去时间的动作先后关系时,一般过去式和过去完成时可换用。如:Hewenttothatcityafterhehadread/readthemap.c、before引导从句表示过去时间时,一般过去时和过去完成时可换用。如:Beforehedecidedtoworkhere,hehadthoughitover.d、在主从复合句中,如果主句包含了过去完成时,从句中一般过去时和过去完成时可换用。如:Hesaidthatthemanhadbeensentintoprisonbecausehehadcommitted/committedaseriouscrime.另外,历史事实通常用一般过去时表示。如:WeknowthatPresidentLincolnledtheAmericanCivilWar.九、过去将来完成时1、过去完成进行时的基本用法:过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,动作有可能终止也有可能继续下去。和完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间未前提。如:Ithadbeenrainingfortendays.IhadbeenlookingforitallthemorningbeforeIfoundit.Thedoorbellhadbeenringingforthreeminutesbeforeitwasanswered.和现在完成进行时一样,如果上下文清楚,过去时间也可省去。如:Thegroundwasverywet.Ithadbeenrainingheavily.Thegirlfeltanxious.Shehadbeenwaitingalongtime.2、表示最近的情况、反复的动作、情绪等。如: Hehadbeenmakingaplan.Theteacherhadbeenexplainingthequestiontous.Youhadbeenhelpingmealot.3、否定句中通常用过去完成时代替过去完成进行时。如:Wehadnotgonetotheparkforalongtime.(一$殳不说:Wehadnotbeengoingtotheparkforalongtime.)4、过去完成进行时后接when引导的从句,含有“突然""的意思。如:Hehadbeensittingdownwhenthedoorbellrang・Ihadonlybeenstudyingwhenthelightwentout.十、一般将来时1、一般将来时的基本用法:一般将来时用来表示单纯的将来事实。一般将来时有两个助动词will和shall,will用于第二和第三人称,shall用于第一人称。一般将来时常和表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,nextweek,nextmonth,nextyear,inafewdays,也可与now,today,tonight等时间词连用,当上下文清楚时,时间状语可以省去。如:Hewillreturnnextmonth.Ishallattendanexamintwodays.Therewillbenoraintoday.Ishallcallmymothernow.Yougofirst;Iwillfollowup.2、一般将来时的其他结构及其用法。①begoingto+动词原形这种结构表示“打算,计划,安排,决定要做什么事或有迹象表明即将发生"等。如:Wearegoingtohaveatriptothebeach.Iamgoingtochangemyjob.Sheisgoingtogetmarried. Lookattheblackcloud,itisgoingtorain.begoingto有时表示"预测、肯定、注定会",begoingto通常不可和静态动词连用,如like、believe^think、hope等,但是表示此层含义时则不可同静态动词连用。如:Nobodyisgoingtolikethebadguy.Seeingthedifficultpaper,heisgoingtobelievethathecarftpassit.另外,begoingto还可表示建议、询问或命令。如:Whatareyougoingtodowithit?Thefinalexaminationiscoming.Youaregoingtomakegooduseoftimetostudy.①begoingto和will的比较a、will表示说话人希望、认为或假定要发生的事情,有时含有一种必然将来的味道,不含任何具体时间;而begoingto表示计划、打算、安排要做某事或有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生。如:IthinkChinawillbecomestrongerandstronger.FishwilldieoutofwaterListentothestrongwind.Wearegoingtosailwithdifficulty.Herfacebecomesred.Sheisgoingtogetbette匚b、begoingto和will都可以表示意图,但事先考虑过的意图用begoingto,不是事先考虑的意图用willo如:一Whydoyouputoffallthepictures?一Iamgoingtorepaintthewall.一Theboxistooheavytocarry.一Oh,Iwillhelpyou.c、begoingto可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来,而will不能。如:Ifyouaregoingtojointhearmy,yoiTdbetterthinktwiceandthenmakethefinaldecision.②现在进行时某些转移动词的现在进行时可以表示按计划或安排将要发生的事,常见的有:go、come、arrive、leave、depart> start>stay>die>do>move^sleep>eat>join>returnwear等。如:PmleavingtomoiTow.Wearehavingameetingthisafternoon.Theplaneistakingoffatsix.Theseriouslyinjuredmanisolying.①be+不定式这种结构表示计划、安排或征求意见。如:Iamtogofinishing.Thestoreistobeclosedat10:00p.m.Areyoutogooutwithus?但是,如果不是人能够安排的动作就不能用betodo表示将要发生的动作。如:IfeelIamtofaint.(误:是否晕倒自己不能安排)IfeelIamgoingtofaint.(正)Itistorain.(误:是否下雨人不能安排)Itisgoingtorain.(正)②beabout+不定式这种结构表示即将发生的动作,不可和表示将来的时间状语连用,但常和when引导的时间状语连用。如:Thefilmisabouttobegin.(正)Thefilmisabouttobeginsoon.(误)Heisabouttoleavehomewhenthetelephonerings.注意:benotabouttodo表示“不愿意",相当于benotwillingtodoo如:Thestubbornboyisnotabouttoturntoanybodyforhelp. ①onthepoint(brink,eve,verge)of表示即将发生的事。如:Heisonthepointofbecomingacollegestudent.Theareaisonthebrinkofdisaster.Theworldisonthevergeofwar.十一、将来进行时1、将来进行时的基本用法:表示将来某一时刻正在进行或持续的动作,不表示意愿,常表示安排好之事,给人以期待之感。与表将来的时间状语连用,但当上下文清楚时,也可省去时间状语。如:Iwillbeattendingthemeetingatsixthisafternoon.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?Fllbetakingmyholidayssoon.Fllbewaitingforyou.YoiTllbehearingfromme.一般将来时和将来进行时的区别:一般将来时既可表示“将来",也可表示“意志、意图",而将来进行时则表示“纯粹的将来,指说话者意志无意图的动作雹如:Flldomybest.(意愿或将来)Fllbedoingmybest.(纯粹的将来)2、代替一般将来时将来进行时可用来代替一般将来时,表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况或某种动作将在发生而未完成。如:Iwillbeseeingmygrandparents.Themeetingwillbeendingsoon.StopthechildorheJIbefallingove匚3、表示某种可能或推测,表示“我料想,我估计"含义。如:Youteacherwillbetellingyouaboutthis.Hewon^tbewantingtheseoldbooks. Flowerswillbecomingoutsoon.4、表示委婉语气,如询问别人的计划、打算,比一般将来时更礼貌,也可表示缓和的命令。如:Willyoubehavingacupofcoffee?Willyoubestayingatmyhome?Whatwillyoubehavingfordinner?Whereshallwebemeeting?在下列句中,will是情态动词表示“大概、一定",不表示将来而表现在常与now连用。如:ItwillbesnowinginthenorthofChinanow.Theywillbehavingdinnernow.5、表原因或结果,表原因的将来进行时可用在because从句中,表结果是常与讦条件状语从句连用。如:Iwon?tseethefilmbecauseFllbeattendingameeting.YoucanborrowmycarbecauseIwon"tbeusingit.Ifyoudon5tspeak,theywillbethinkingyouareangry.Ifyoudon^ttellhim,heTlbedoingitagain.十二、将来完成时1、将来完成时的基本用法:表示在将来某一时间之前或某动作之前已经完成的动作。如:Weshallhavecompletedtheprojectbytheendofthisyear.Beforelong,thetrainwillhaveleft.2、表示一个持续到将来某时间或某动作之前的动作。如:Bynextmouth,hewillhavelivedherefortenyears.Thebasketballmatchwillbeginateight,itwillhaveplayedfortwentyminuteswhenyoureturn.3、表示对现在或将来可能已经完成动作的推测(这里的will是情态动词,表示“我料想,大概)。如:Myunclewillhaveleftbynow. Itisalreadyelevenc/clock,hewillhaveslept.十三、将来完成进行时将来完成进行时表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间,是否延续下去要视上下文而定,常和表示将来某一时间的状语连用。如:Bythattime,hewillhavebeenstudyingforsixhours.Ifitrainsagaintomorrow,itwillhavebeenrainingforawholeweek.将来完成进行时也可以表示推测,表示“我料想,大概",这里will应看作情态动词。如:Theywillhavebeenhavingaholidaythissummei;It"seighto"clock;thebuswillhavebeencomingback.十四、过去将来时过去将来时的基本用法:表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。第一人称应用助动词should+动词原形,其它人称用would+动词原形。如:Iknewyouwouldsaythat.Ihopedthattheywouldmakeupsomeday.表示过去的某种习惯性行为只用wouldo安口:HewouldtakeawalkintheparkeverySunday.另外,同一般将来时一样,过去将来时也可用was(were)goingto^was(were)abouttodo和was(were)onthepointof表达用法相同,只有现在和过去之分,就不再重复。十五、过去将来完成时表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作,常和表过去将来的时间状语连用。如:Theywouldhavearrivedbysunset.Hesaidhewouldhavehaddinnerbeforehissoncameback.Ithoughtthathewouldhavegraduated.下面句子中would是情态动词表示“大概,我料想"。如: Thatwouldhavebeenadifficultchoice.十六、过去将来进行时表示从过去某事看将来某时正在进行的动作或计划中的事,常和表示将来的时间状语连用,但有时上下文清楚时也可省略。如:IneverthoughtthatIwouldbebecomingasoldiersomeday.Shesaidthatshewouldbehelpingyou.Theysaidthattheywouldbediscussingtheproblemtogether.Hepaidtherentbecausehewouldbeleavinghere.Thepersonhewouldbeconsultingwashisclassmaste匚十七、过去将来完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间,是否延续下去由上下文决定。如:Hesaidthatbytheendofthesummerhewouldhavebeenworkinginthefactoryforfiveyears.过去完成将来进行时可以表示推测,表示“大概""的含义,would应看作情态动词。如:Heaskedwhyyouhadn"tcaughtme,heknewthathewouldhavebeenthinkingaboutsomethingelse.十八、时态的呼应 英语从句(特别是宾语从句)中的谓语动词的时态常常受到主句中谓语动词的制约,这种现象称为“时态呼应"。时态呼应的基本规则如下:1、如果主句中谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时,从句可以根据需要选用相应的时态。如:Iknowheis(was,willbe,hasbeen)themanagerinthecompany.Iwillremainedyouthattheysolved(solve,willsolve,havesolved)theproblem.2、如果主句中谓语动词的时态是一般过去时,则从句要用过去范畴时态(如:一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。如:Hesaidthatthebookwashis.Ihopedthathewasmakingprogress.HetoldmethathehadlearnedEnglishforsevenyears.MyfatherpromisedthathewouldtakemetoBeijingtohaveatrip.3、如果从句表示的是客观事实、规律、真理或一个人习惯性的动作,其时态通常用一般现在时,不受住主句时态的制约。如:Ourteachertoldusthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.Hesaidthattheplanetakesoffatsix.Weallknewthathandsomeisthathandsomedoes.Hismothersaidthathersongetsupat7(/clockeverymorning•4、如果从句表示的仍是现在或将来的时间,即所表示的现在或将来的情况依然存在,其时态不受主句的影响。如:Hesaidheisthinkingaboutthatproblem.Hetoldmethatthemeetingwillbeheldnextweek.Hesaidthathewillcometoseemethedayaftertomorrow.5、as...as结构和比较级-f-than结构不受主句时态的影响,可根据实际情况选用时态。如: shedid.HespokeEnglishaswellasshewilldo.shehasdone.HewillspeakEnglishshehaddone.youareHeistallerthanyouwereinprimaryschool.6、在有些情况下,未表达的需要,要对时态进行调整,特别是在状语从句和定语从句中,这时时态不需要呼应。如:Themanthatsavedthegirlfromthefireisahero.7、一般现在时时态呼应中的三种特殊情况。①我们知道如果主句是一般将来时,在由when、before、after、until引导的时间状语从句以及在由if和unless等引导的条件状语从句中,要用一般现在时表示一般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。这个规则也同样适用于as、than、whether和where引导的从句。如:Fllgowhereyougo.HewillbeonthesametrainasIamtomorrow.Whetheritrainsorshines,wewillvisityou.②如果主句未一般将来时,句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语用一般现在时表示将来。如:Iwilltellyouwhoisthewinnerofthegame.Anyonethatwantstohaveabrightfuturewillmakegreatefforts.③在Idon"tmind、Idon"tcare、itdoesn"tmatter、itisnotimportant等结构后,多用一般现在时,通常不用将来时。如:Idon5tcarewhetherhehelpsmeornot. Itdoesn"tmatterwhenwemeeteachothe匸