精编高中英语语法考点专题解析---第10章被动语态 18页

高中英语语法考点专题解析第十章被动语态一、概述及构成1、语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。2、被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，也可由系动词get加及物动词过去分词构成（被动语态构成的核心：及物动词或及物动词短语才可以构成被动语态）。①被动语态可以用于各种时态，但常用于下列十种时态中。a、一般现在时Patienceisneededwhateverwedo.Youarewantedonthetelephone.b、一般过去时HewaskilledinWorldWarII.Ourschoolwasfoundedin1897.c、一般将来时Ameetingwillbeheldheretomorrow.Thecasewillbelookedintoassoonaspossible.d、一般过去将来时Hesaidthatthebuildingwouldbetorndownnextyear.Theyweretoldthattheresultofthegamewouldbeannouncedthenextweek.e、现在完成时Thehousehasbeenpainted. Thethiefhasbeencaughtbythepolice.f、过去完成时Hesaidthatthefirehadbeencontrolled.AlltheticketshadbeensoldoutbeforetheyaiTived・g、将来完成时Thesupperwillhavecookedbyyourmotherbeforeyougoback.Thefilmwillhavebeenplayedtentimesbynextspring.h、过去将来完成时Hesaidthatthebookwouldhavebeenfinishedbyeighto，clock.TheleadersaidthattheprojectwouldhavebeencompletedbeforeMay.i、现在进行时Themeetingisbeingheld.FmafraidIambeingfollowed・f、过去进行时WhenIarrived,thelecturewasbeinggiven.Thebridgewasbeingbuilt.注：完成进行时态一般不用被动语态，它的被动意义可用完成时来表示。将来进行时与过去将来进行时一般也不用被动语态，其被动意义可用一般时态表示。②“get+过去分词”型被动语态get+过去分词也可构成被动语态,get常同dressmarrybreak、damagehurt^catch>repair>invite等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态。get加过去分词被动语态一般指动作的结果而非动作本身。如：Shegetscaughtinthestorm・Hesothurtinthehead. TomandJanegotmarriedfinally.The1让tiegirlcangetdressedbyherselfWegotlostintheforest.③get型被动语态和be型被动语态的比较a、get型被动语态一般都能用be型被动语态替代，但有些be型被动语态可用get型被动语态代替,而有些则不行。如：Hewasborninarichfamily.Thebuildingisbeenconstructed.b、get+过去分词构成的被动语态后不用by短语表示动作执行者，而be+过去分词构成的被动语态句,后常用by短语表明动作执行者，但通常省略。如：Theboywasbeaten（byhisfather）.（正）Theboygotbeatenbyhisfather.（误）c、get+过去分词有时表示刚开始进入某种状态，而be+过去分词则只表示存在的状态。如：Hegottired.Hewastired.（1、get+过去分词不能用于间接宾语作主语的被动句中，而be+过去分词则可以。如：The1让tiegirlwasgivenanicebirthdaypresent.（正）Thelittlegirlgotgivenanicebirthdaypresent.（误）e、get+过去分词有时具有感情色彩或言外之意。如：Thebadboygottaughtalesson.（有"活该""之意）Howdidtheboygetdressed?（有"本不能自己穿衣服"之意）④含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时结构为:一般式：情态动词(can、couldxmay、might>must、should、wouldneed等)+be+过去分词完成式：情态动词(can、couldnmay^might>must>should>would、need等)+havebeen+过去分词如： Thewindowshouldbeclosed.Thegrasscanbeeaten.Theroomneedn^tberepainted.Thatmustn"tbeneglected.Theymusthavebeentoldaboutthesecret.Theprojectshouldhavebeencompletedearlier.③haveto等不定式被动语态这类不定式结构的被动形式为：haveto(oughtto>begoingto>hadto、beto、beaboutto>bedueto>hasto、becertainto>besureto^beboundto)+be+过去分词如：Thematterhastobetakenintoconsideration.Thelawisgoingtobeputintouse.Foodoughttobekeptwell.Suchpeopleareabletobefined.Thecriminalwascertaintobecaught.二、被动语态的使用场合英语中多用主动语态，但用被动语态的场合也不少，英语的被动语态常用于下列几种场合。1、不知道确切的动作执行者时。Thecupisbroken.PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.2、不必指出动作执行者时。Iwasbornin1988.Themistakeshouldbeavoided. 3、强调动作的承受者时。Themanwasseriouslyinjuredintheaccident.Sheisrespectedbyallofus.4、处于礼貌、婉转等避免说出动作执行者。You"llbecontacted-Visitorsarerequirednottopinkflowers-5、避免更换主语，以求行文流畅。Theprofessorcameinandwaswarmlywelcomed・（连贯）Theprofessorcameinandwewelcomedhimwarmly.（不连贯）6、下列几个习惯结构中常用被动语态。①It+be+过去分词（said、believed>supposed>reported>proved>excepted）+that从句。如:Itissaidthathewasgoneabroad.Itisexpectedthatitwillgetcoole匸②be+过去分词+不定式。如：HeisthoughttobeamanagerHewassaidtohavebrokentherecord.©there+be+过去分词。如：Thereissaidtobeafamoustowerinthatplace.Therearethoughttobewildanimalsintheforest.三、被动语态的用法1、语态制约用主动语态还是被动语态或主动语态与被动语态的互换都受到某些客观的制约，总体来说，语态制约 可分为语义制约和句法制约两种。1、语义制约a、并不是所有的主动句都能改成被动句：不及物动词和表示状态的及物动词都不能构成被动语态，如不及物动词die、appear>rise、happenoccur、breakout、takeplace>lie>depart等。下列表示状态的动词都不能构成被动语态，这类状态动词多表示“拥有、容纳、适合、明白、缺少""等，如：havehold、contain、fit、lack^mean^become>possess>fail、equal>resemble、suit>cost^last>comprise、benefitown>want^befa11等。如：Inrecentyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.（正）Inrecentyears,greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinChina.（误）Thecoatfitsyouverywell.Thelecturehallcanhold500people.Hepossessesagreatfortune・（正）Agreatfortuneispossessedbyhim.（误）不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态。如：Theplanshouldbelookedinto.Ourteacherwasmuchlookedupto.带有名词的短语动词如payattentionto>makefulluseof>takecareof可以有两种被动形式。如：Theproblemmustbepaidattentionto.Attentionmustbepaidtotheproblem.Timeshouldbemadefulluseoftostudyandwork.Fulluseshouldbemadeoftietostudyandwork.Hermotherwastakengoodcareof.Goodcarewastakenofhermothe匸b、并不是所有的被动语态都能改成主动语态：有些句子只能用被动句，不用主动句。下列是天生的被动动词，不能用主动态。攻口：bebornbeengagedinabecalculatedbecomposed（of）、besaidtodo等。如：Thegreatwriterwasborninasmallvillage. Hewasengagedinhisworkdeeply.2、句法制约如果主动句中是以反身代词、相互代词、物主代词修饰的身体部分名词、同源宾语、非限定词、宾格状语、抽象名词、客体it等作宾语时，不能构成被动语态。⑴宾语是反身代词时不能改成被动句，因为反身代词没有主格形式。如：Sheblamedherself.（正）Herselfwasblamed.（误）Iabsentedmyselffromthemeeting.（正）Myselfwasabsentedfromthemeeting.（误）⑵宾语是相互代词时，不能改成被动句。如：Theyloveeachothe匚（正）Eachotherislovedbythem.（误）Weshouldhelponeanothe匚（正）Oneothershouldbehelpedbyus.（误）⑶宾语是主语身体的一部分并含有物主代词时不能构成被动句。如：Helowedhishead.（正）Hisheadwaslowedbyhim.（误）Tomraisedhishand.（正）Tom^shandwasraisedbyhim.（误）⑷宾语是同源宾语时，一般不能构成被动语态，因为同源宾语实际上是宾格状语。如:Helivedahappylife.=Helivedhappily.（正）Ahappylifewaslivedbyhim.（误）Shedreamtasweetdream.（正）Asweetdreamwasdreamtbyher.（误） 但是带准同源宾语的句子则可以改成被动句。如：Weoncefoughtagreatbattlehere.Agreatbattlewasoncefoughthere.⑸当句子中有表示地点、方向、数量、长度、程度、价格等意义的宾语时，这种宾语实质上是宾格状语，不能改为被动句。如:Ihavedonemybest.（正）Mybesthasbeendonebyme.（误）Helefthomeforschool.（正）Homewasleftforschoolbyhim.（误）Theelephantweighsoneton.（正）Onetonisweighedbytheelephant.（误）Sheruns500mileseverymorning.（正）500milesisrunbyhereverymorning.（误）TheWalkmancosts100Yuan.（正）100YuaniscostbytheWalkman.（误）⑹当宾语是动词不定式时，不能构成被动句。Iliketohaveatriptomorrow.（正）Tohaveatripislikedbymetomorrow.（误）⑺当宾语是动名词或抽象名词时，有时不能改成被动句。如:Heenjoystalkingwithothers.（正）Talkingwithothersisenjoyedbyhim.（误）Thebookcanserveyourwill.（正）Yourwillcanbeservedbythebook.（误）但少数已名词化的动名词则可用于被动语态。如： Swimmingislikedbymostofpeople.⑻如果reach、leave>enter等的宾语表示处所、地点（国家、组织、团体、军队等），不能变为被动语态。如：Heenteredtheroomjustnow.（正）Theroomwasenteredbyhimjustnow.（误）Heleftthearmyin2000.（正）Thearmywasleftbyhimin2000.（误）⑼虚指il作宾语时，不可变为被动语态。如：Wewillbattleitout.（正）Itwillbebattledoutbyus.（误）（10）含有hadratherxwouldrather或情态动词dare的句子不可变为被动语态。如：Iwouldratherdoitagain.（正）Itwouldratherbedoneagainbyme.（误）但可以说，IthadbetterbedoneagainShedarenotdoit.（正）Itdarenotbedone.（误）(ll)have作为行为动词表示“吃、接收、经历、度过^解时，一般不可变为被动语态。如:Wehavehadbreakfast.（正）Breakfasthasbeenhadbyus.（误）但当have作“得到、获得、欺骗"解时，可用于被动语态。如：Thefoolwashadbyachild.Theticketcanbehadfortheasking.（⑵如果谓语时态是将来进行时或完成进行时，不能变为被动语态。如：Hewillbeattendingtheexamthistimetomorrow.Shehasbeenmakingupallthemorning. （13）某些动词和宾语构成一个固定词组，不能变为被动语态。如：makebed、takenotes>loseheart>losepatience>changecolor^takefightschangetrains>acceptbattle>takeeffecttakeoffice>keepsilence、takeuparms>takeone^sleave>takeonJstime、keepsb.companyspeakone"smind、loseone9sheartdoone^sbest>makeaface>keepwatchtakeone5splace>makeupone^smind^makeroom>makeascene、keepcompanywith>setfoodon、seteyeson^joinhandswith>giveearto>bearwitnessto等。如:Weshouldmakeroomfortheoldpeopleonthebus.Iwillkeepcompanywithyouforeve匚Theboylosthishearttothegirl.Weshouldgiveeartothelatelyeventsinourcountry.2、主动语态变为被动语态关于如何将主动语态变为被动语态，可以从以下几种情况进行考虑。①“主语+谓语+宾语”句型变为被动语态：这一基本句型变为被动语态时，先将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语（宾语若为人称代词，须将宾格变为主格），然后将主语结构中谓语动词的主动语态变为被动语态，最后在谓语动词的被动语态之后加by,再将主动结构中的主语置于介词by之后（如为人称代词，须将主格变为宾格）。如：Heinventedthetelephonein1876.Thetelephonewasinventedbyhimin1876.Sherefusedhimdirectly.Hewasrefuseddirectlybyhe匚如果宾语是that从句，变为被动结构时可用it作被动句的形式主语或把主句中宾语从句的主语变为被动句的主语，宾语从句中的谓语部分变为不定式短语。如：Peoplesaythatheisagreatscientist.Itissaidthatheisagreatscientist.Heissaidtobeagreatscientist.②“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语"句型变为被动语态：这种句型中有两个宾语变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一个宾语不变，这一保留不变的宾语称为保留宾 语。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语之前则应加上介词3（可省去）或for（一般不可省）。如：Itoldherthesecret.Shewastoldthesecret.Thesecretwastoldtoher.Fatherboughtmeanewbike.Iwasboughtanewbike.Anewbikewasboughtforme.Themangivesmealotofusefuladvice.Iamgivenalotofusefuladvice.Alotofusefuladviceisgiven（to）me.当被动句强调间接宾语时，其前的介词to不可省去。如：Thisorderisgiventoyou,nottome.①“主语+谓语+符合宾语"句型变为被动结构：这种结构含有一个宾语加宾语补足语构成符合宾语。变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变。如：Weelecthermonitorofourclass.Sheiselectedmonitorofourclass.Workerspaintedthehousewhite.Thehousewaspaintedwhite.Everyoneregretshimasahero.Heisregardedasahero.Thebossforcedhimtofinishthetaskwithintwohours.Hewasforcedtofinishthetaskwithintwohours.Iseethelostboyplayingontheriver.Thelostboyisseenplayingontherive匚Hefoundtheroombrokeninto. Theroomwasfoundbrokeninto.注意：在主动语态中，如果使级动词或感官动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前面往往不带to,但在被动语态中要带to。如：Mymothermakesmegotoschoolalonetoday.Iammadetogotoschoolalonetoday.Isawthethiefescapefromtheroom.Thethiefwasseentoescapefromtheroom.①祈使句的被动语态肯定祈使句的被动语态为：let+宾语+be+过去分词；否定祈使句的被动结构为：don"tlet+宾语+be+过去分词=let+宾语+not+be+过去分词。如：Letustakearest.Letarestbetaken.Correctthemistakesinyourcomposition.Letthemistakesinyourcompositioncorrected.Don^tbelievehim.Don?tlethimbebelieved.Dorftforgettolockthedoor.Don"tletthedoorbeforgottentobelocked.Letitnotbeforgottentolockthedoor.另外，疑问代词作主语时，改为被动语态要用“by+特殊疑问句"结构；反义疑问句改为被动语态时,把宾语变为主语。如：Whobroketheglass?Bywhomwastheglassbroken?Whichteamwonthegame?Bywhichteamwasthegamewon? Hedoesit,doesn^the?Itisdonebyhim,isn"tit?Theyareholdingameeting,aren9tthey?Ameetingisbeingheldbythem,isn"tit?3、被动语态的转移问题V+sb.+todosth是一种复合宾语结构，表示“请求、禁止""等。这种结构可以转换为多种被动句，可以把逻辑主语sb.变为句子主语，也可以把宾语sth.变为句子主语，还可以把sth.变为句子的宾语，后用不定式被动式，构成双重被动结构。如：Heaskedustofinishthepaperatonce.Wewereaskedtofinishthepaperatonce.Thepaperwasaskedtobefinishedatonce.（取重被动）Heaskedthepapertobefinishedatonce.Idon^tintendmydaughtertodothatjob.Mydaughterisrftintendedtodothatjob.ThatjobisrTtintendedformydaughtertodo.Thatjobisn"tintendedtobedonebymydaughter.（双重被动）有时候，双重被动结构中的第二个被动式不是不定式，而是过去分词。如：ThehousewasforcedtomdowflHewasfoundsurroundedbyacrowdofpeople・4、双重被动句双重被动句指的是：句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构。句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者,又是不定式动作的承受者。下面三种句型可以变为双重被动句：①主语+谓语动词+不定式+宾语②主语+谓语动词+that从句③主语+谓语动词+宾语+不定式的被动式。如：Heaskedtosendapresenttome.Apresentwasaskedtobesenttome.（正） Apresentwasaskedtosendtome.（误）Iexpectthathehasfinishedhiswork.Heisexpectedbymetohavefinishedhiswork.（正）Hisworkisexpectedbymetobefinishedbyhim.（误）Hisworkisexpectedbymetofinishbyhim.（误）Hisworkisexpectedbymetohavebeenfinishedbyhim.（正）Shewantsherbabytobelookedaftertomorrow.Herbabyiswantedtobelookedaftertomorrow.（正）Herbabyiswantedtolookaftertomorrow.（误）5、含有被动意义的主动语态英语中有时候主动语态却含有被动的含义。有的语法家和语法书认为此种语言现象为“假主动语态",英语中有些不及物动词可以表示被动意义，这种不及物动词主要有下列几种。①某些感官动词和连系动词，如：smell>taste>sound>prove>feel>look等。如：Thesongsoundsverybeautiful.Flowerssmellsweet.Themanlooksstrong.Themanprovedpractical.②某些can"t、won"t等连用的不及物动词，如：open、close>lock>shut>move等。如：Thedoorwon"topen.Thetablecan"tmove.③某些行为动词后加副词well>easily等的不及物动词，如：read、write>wash、clean>burn、look、sell>open>cut^photograph、keep^shut>play>pack>lock等。如：Thepenwritessmoothly.Thecoatwasheswell.Thenovelsellswell. Theroomdoesn^tcleaneasily.Iteatswell.Waterheatsrapidly.Thegirlphotographswell①want、requireneed>deserve>standwon"tbear和worth等词的后面用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。这时动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系，若动名词是不及物动词，应加适当介词。如：Thebikeneedsrepairing.Thebookisworthreading.Thatworftbearthinkingof.Theherodeservespraisingandrespecting.⑤某些行为动词的进行时也可表示被动意义，常见的这类动词有cook、bake^brew>printsbuild、sell>firesfinish>owe等。如:Themeatiscooking.Thebreadisbaking.Thebookisprinting.Thesoupisbrewing.Themoneyisstillowing.Thegunsarefiring.Thetaskisfinishing.四、被动语态结构和系表结构的比较所谓系表结构在此指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构，它同被动语态的形式完全一样，那么如何区分它们呢？可以从以下几个方面考虑。1、被动语态的过去分词更多具有动词性质，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词表示主语的特点、状态或性质。前者可用by短语表示动作执行者；后者则一般不用by短语（这是被动语态与系表结构的最根本最本质的区别）。 Thebookiswrittenbyafamousexpert.（被动语态）Thebookiswellwritten.（系表结构）Theproblemissettledquickly.（被动语态）Theproblemissettled.（系表结构）2、系表结构一般只用于一般现在时和一般过去时，且一般说来，一般现在时的“be+过去分词""为系表结构，因为被动语态不常用在一般现在时中（除非表示经常性、习惯性或多次重复的动作或表示客观真理时，才用一般现在时的被动语态）。被动语态则除可用上述两种时态外，还可用于其它时态。如：Hewasbeenfired.（被动语态）Moretreeswillbeplantednextyear.（被动语态）Thecavewasbroken.（被动语态）Thecaveisbroken.（系表结构）3、如果过去分词前有very>too、so等程度副词修饰，该结构常为系表结构。如：Sheisverypleased.Hewassofrightened.Sheissuiprisedatthegoodnews.4、如果过去分词前有much、verymuch>toomuch>somuch修饰时，该结构为被动语态。如：Hewasmuchagitated.Hewasbeatensomuchthathecouldn"tstandup.5、过去分词是反身动词或表示心理、感情等时，为系表结构（因为系表结构有主动意义，被动结构只有被动意义）。如：HeisresolvedtobecomeanexpertinEnglishfield.Thehillisbathedinsunlight.（batheditself）Thepathwaslostintheforest,（lostitself）Shewasseatedinthefirstrow.（seateditself） Fmpuzzledaboutit.Thegirlwasscaredoutofwits.6、被动语态中可使用fast、quickly>slowly>rapidly>soon等表示速度、时间的副词修饰（因为被动语态中的过去分词相当于动词表示动作），而系表结构不可以。如：Theproblemwassoonsettled.Thebabyisquicklydressedbyhismother.7、系表结构可同形容词并列使用，而被动语态结构则不可。安口：TheyweremarriedinApril.（被动语态）Theyweremarriedandhappy.（系表结构）8、过去分词表示“必然性、命中注定、趋向性、意向、决心"，等意义的动词为系表结构。如:Peoplearedoomedtodeath.ThetrainisdestinedforBeijing.Heisdeterminedtogotocollege.9、be+不及物动词的过去分词为系表结构有些不及物动词的过去分词说明动作的状态或后果，同be动词连用为系表结构，表示主动意义。这类动词有：rise>go^amve^set>fall、grow、flee>mistake>retire>fade^changeadvance等。々口：Thesunisset.Themoonisrisen.Themanhasbeenretired.Theleavesarefallen.Timeisgone.Alltheguestsarearrived.10、be+表示占据、充满意义的过去分词4-with为系表结构表示“占据、充满、遍及""等意义的动词，其过去分词常同with连用。以地点作主语，构成“地点主语+be+过去分词+with+名词宾语”的结构，这种结构表示状态或结果，因此是系表结构而不是被动语 态，常见的这类过去分词有：coveredfilled>crowded>dotted>laden、piled>coatedmarkedsplashed>crownedinvested、sprinkled、spotted、ornamented、decorated、crammed、packed、overcrowded、overgrown、heaped>littered>stained等。安口：Themountainsarecoveredwithsnow.Thebasketisfilledwithapples.Thepilliscoatedwithsugar.Thetheatreiscrowdedwithpeople.Thesuitcaseispackedwithlivingthings.Thetablewaspiledwithbooks.Theroomisdecoratedwithflowers.